Suchergebnisse

Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Theorising entrepreneurship in the informal sector -- An institutionalist perspective -- Determinants of institutional asymmetry -- Informal sector entrepreneurship in global perspective -- Prevalence of informal entrepreneurship -- Impacts of informal entrepreneurship -- Reasons for informal entrepreneurship -- Tackling informal sector entrepreneurship -- Policy options and approaches -- Hard direct policy measures -- Soft indirect policy measures -- Conclusions -- Index

Intro -- Testimonials -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 When Will Formality Become the Norm? -- Introduction -- Taxes and Financial Intermediation -- A Theoretical Framework -- The Role of Indirect Taxation -- Direct and Indirect Taxes -- Availability of Formal Finance and Judicial Efficiency -- Concluding Comments -- Bibliography -- 2 Self-Employment and Human Capital -- Introduction -- Labour Allocation -- Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- 3 Informal and Formal Employment in a Liberalizing Economy -- Introduction -- Informal Employment in the Formal Sector -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 4 Migrants and Informal Casual Labour Markets -- Informal Casual Labour Markets -- Wage Regulation -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 Wage Disparity and Human Capital Accumulation -- Human Capital, Technology, and Development -- The Process of Accumulation -- Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- 6 The Pervasiveness of Self-Employment -- Introduction -- Efficiency Wages and Self-Employment -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 7 Secure Livelihoods -- Introduction -- Equality of Opportunity -- Stochasticity and Institutions -- Credit-Cum-Insurance Services -- Bibliography.

"The informal economy - broadly defined as economic activity that is not subject to government regulation or taxation - sustains a large part of the world's workforce. It is a diverse, complex and growing area of activity. However, being largely unregulated, its impact on the environment has not been closely scrutinised or analysed. This edited volume demonstrates that the informal sector is a major source of environmental pollution and a major reason behind the environmental degradation accompanying the expansion of economic activity in developing countries. Environmental regulation and economic incentive policies are difficult to implement in this sector because economic units are unregistered, geographically dispersed and difficult to identify. Moreover, given their limited capital base, they cannot afford to pay pollution fees or install pollution abating equipment. The informal manufacturing units, often operate under unscientific and unhealthy conditions, further contributing to polluting the environment. The book emphasizes and examines these challenges, and solutions, faced by various sectors of the informal economy, including urban waste pickers, small-scale farmers, informal workers, home-based workers, street vendors, and more. If the informal sector is to "Leave no one behind" (as the Sustainable Development Goals promise) and contribute to "Inclusive growth" (an objective of the green economy), then its impact on the economy as well as the environment has to be carefully considered. This book marks a significant contribution to the literature on both the informal economy and sustainable development, and will be of great interest to readers in economics, geography, politics, environment studies and public policy more broadly. Ranjula Bali Swain is Visiting Professor and Research Director at Center for Sustainability Research (CSR), Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden. She is also Professor of Economics at Södertörn University, Sweden. Uma Kambhampati is Head of School in the School of Politics Economics and International Relations and Professor, Department of Economics, University of Reading, UK"--

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- COMPARING ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION -- CONTRASTING BUSINESS PROFILES -- BUSINESS STRATEGIES -- COMPARATIVE SECURITY RISKS -- STRATEGIES OF SELF-PROTECTION -- CONCLUSION -- ENDNOTES -- REFERENCES -- Back cover.

This study estimates the size of the informal economy, and the relative contribution of each underlying factor, for the Caucasus and Central Asia countries in 2008. Using a Multiple Indicator-Multiple Cause model, we find that a burdensome tax system, rigid labor market, low institutional quality, and excessive regulation in financial and products markets are determinant factors in explaining the size of the informal economy, which ranges from 26 percent of GDP in Kyrgyz Republic to around 35 percent of GDP in Armenia. Furthermore, the results show that higher levels of informality increase th

"The Informal Economy: Measures, Causes, and Consequences provides a comprehensive account of the economics of informality through the lenses of various economic perspectives. Although informal economic activity is widespread all around the world, many issues around its nature and consequences remain largely under-explored or unresolved. Most importantly, the evidence presented in the existing literature on informality has failed to generate a consensus on the measurements, causes, and effects of the informal sector among researchers. Most, if not all, of the empirical results are inconclusive or dependent on the nature of the dataset used in the analysis. This book aims to address that gap by exploring different definitions and measures of the informal economy, including different perspectives, then subjecting these measures to a battery of empirical tests to examine the determinants and effects of informality. Through this analysis and an extensive review of the literature, the book explores many of the economic, political, and social factors of the informal economy including the relationship between informality and the tax burden, tax enforcement, and institutional quality. This key text makes for compulsive reading to scholars and students interested in the informal or shadow economy. Ceyhun Elgin is a Lecturer in Discipline and Director of the Master's Program in Economics at Columbia University, USA, and Professor of Economics at Boğaziçi University, Turkey."