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In the public discourse on issues of international security in the context of threats created by the Russian Federation, such threats are determined primarily by actions below the threshold of "war" (of a hybrid nature) and are made using non-military means, e.g. in relation to cyberspace. Actions of this nature are carried out by the aggressor's special services or groups of hackers and activists associated with them whose aim is to paralyse the functioning of the attacked state (its administration, critical infrastructure). Such activities are multilateral; activity is undertaken in many fields (social media, provocative events, establishing pro-Russian organizations, creating information portals) and is still escalating. The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, is to identify the activities and assess the impact of Russian information warfare conducted by the Russian Federation in cyberspace in 2014 and 2022 on the security of Ukraine. The research used general-methodological research methods – primarily, analysis and critique of literature. The case study method was used to identify specific examples of information warfare used by the Russian Federation against selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Keywords: security, information warfare, cyberspace, Ukraine, Russian Federation Streszczenie: W dyskursie publicznym zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego w kontekście zagrożeń kreowanych przez Federację Rosyjską determinowane są przede wszystkim przez akcje z użyciem działań poniżej progu wojny (o charakterze hybrydowym) za pomocą środków niemilitarnych, m.in. w odniesieniu do cyberprzestrzeni. Działania o takim charakterze prowadzone są przez służby specjalne agresora lub powiązane z nimi grupy hakerów oraz aktywistów, których celem jest paraliżowanie funkcjonowania państwa atakowanego (jego administracji, infrastruktury krytycznej).

The paper presents the methods and means of conducting information policy by the Ukrainian authorities after the outbreak of the full-scale Russian invasion on 24 February 2022. The analysis is presented in institutional and functional terms using the method of functional analysis, which demonstrated that the information policy of Ukraine during the period of martial law is effective and provides the state (with) information security in terms of military aggression.

Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia są jedynymi państwami wchodzącymi w skład byłego ZSRR, które współcześnie przynależą zarówno do Unii Europejskiej, jak i do Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego, przez co zajmują specjalne miejsce na mapie interesów swoich wschodnich sąsiadów. Praca ma na celu wykazać, że wojna informacyjnawymierzona w państwa bałtyckie jest elementem i przejawem szerszej strategii Federacji Rosyjskiej, wykraczającej daleko poza wspomniany region. Na podstawie analizy kilkuset przekazów medialnych z lat 2016–2020, wyciągnięto wnioski na temat ostatnich trendów i metod prowadzenia kampanii dezinformacyjnych, jak i przedstawiono główne narracje na płaszczyźnie wspólnotowej, politycznej, społecznej, historycznej i gospodarczej. ; Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are the only countries that were part of the USSR, which today belong to both the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance, therefore they occupy a special place on the map of interests of their eastern neigbours. The intention of this article is to demonstrate that the information warfare activity against the Baltic States is an element and expression of Russia's broad strategy, which extend far beyond this region. Based on the analysis of several hundred 2016–2020 media covereges, the conclusions were drawn about the latest trends and techniques for conducting disinformation campaigns, as well as the main narratives at the community, political, social, historical and economical level.

The objective of this study is to identify and analyse the methods of disinformation utilized by Russia to disseminate information in the Ukrainian information field. The main tasks include defining the concept of disinformation and explaining its societal dangers, characterising Information-Psychological Operations (IPSO) as a component of Russia's disinformation campaign against Ukraine and investigating the most prevalent elements utilised by Russia in the dissemination of disinformation. This study is aimed at the synthesis and combination of methods of monitoring, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The article selects publications that exhibit disinformation targeted at Ukrainian society. Disinformation propagated by Russia is subsequently refuted by either foreign or Ukrainian publications, including the "NotaEnota" organisation. The study reveals that Russian disinformation aims to propagate specific narratives and manipulate mass consciousness. Disinformation involves intentionally creating misleading and manipulative content, often in the form of artificially created fakes. The information field of Ukraine has become the primary battleground for Russia's hybrid warfare tactics, which include disinformation, propaganda, and fakes. To effectively counter these tactics, society needs to develop critical thinking skills and media literacy to discern and evaluate information critically. Future research aims to delve deeper into the methods employed in creating disinformation, their objectives, and potential strategies to prevent or counteract their influence.

The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that organize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. Anegative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and internal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental function, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and technological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical interpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law. ; The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that organize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. Anegative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and internal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental function, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and technological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical interpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law.

The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that orga-nize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. A negative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and in-ternal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental func-tion, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and tech-nological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical in-terpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law.

The article presents a proposal for changes in the regulations concerning broadly understood wiretapping. The dynamics of the development of crime using new technologies, in particular cybercrime, poses increasing challenges to the judiciary, law enforcement authorities and special services, which can only be met by introducing new legal solutions to enable the latest technological developments to be applied. At the same time, judicial case law imposes an obligation on the legislator to seek and create new legal solutions that would be able to reconcile the interests and rights of an individual with the common good. The question, therefore, arises whether a further revision of the rules is necessary in this regard, or whether a completely new approach is needed to look at the way of legal regulations concerning issues related to procedural and operational wiretapping. The article attempts to present this issue, taking into account, in particular, the changes in surveillance regulations due to the continuous and progressive development of the 5G network and the planning of the gradual implementation of the 6G network. In the authors' opinion, the presented constructive comments de lege ferenda should be helpful in establishing a new law on operational control. The law that would comply with constitutionally guaranteed standards on civil rights while equipping the state and its law enforcement and special services with effective tools to combat new forms and manifestations of crime. The authors intend to present the issue of wiretapping – in the broad sense, against the background of modern technologies and new legal solutions, while respecting the principles of the Polish criminal trial and the expectations of practice in combating the most serious crimes effectively. ; W artykule przedstawiono propozycję zmian w przepisach dotyczących szeroko rozumianego podsłuchu. Dynamika rozwoju przestępczości posługującej się nowymi technologiami, a w szczególności przestępczości cybernetycznej, stawia przed wymiarem sprawiedliwości, organami ścigania i służbami specjalnymi coraz większe wyzwania, którym można sprostać, jedynie wprowadzając nowe rozwiązania prawne pozwalające na stosowanie najnowszych osiągnięć technicznych. Jednocześnie orzecznictwo sądowe nakłada na ustawodawcę obowiązek poszukiwania i tworzenia nowych rozwiązań prawnych, które potrafiłyby pogodzić interesy i prawa jednostki z dobrem ogólnospołecznym. Powstaje zatem pytanie, czy konieczna jest kolejna nowelizacja przepisów w tym zakresie czy też niezbędne jest całkowicie nowe spojrzenie na sposób unormowań prawnych dotyczących zagadnień związanych z podsłuchem procesowym i operacyjnym. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia tej problematyki, biorąc pod uwagę przede wszystkim zmiany przepisów inwigilacyjnych w związku z ciągłym i progresywnym rozwojem sieci 5G i planowaniem stopniowego wdrażania sieci 6G. Przedstawione konstruktywne uwagi de lege ferenda w ocenie autorów powinny stać się pomocne do ustanowienia nowego prawa dotyczącego kontroli operacyjnej. Prawa, które czyniłoby zadość normom gwarantowanym konstytucyjnie w zakresie praw obywatelskich i jednocześnie wyposażałoby państwo i jego organy ścigania oraz służby specjalne w skuteczne narzędzia walki z nowymi formami i przejawami przestępczości. Intencją autorów jest przedstawienie problematyki dotyczącej podsłuchu sensu largo na tle współczesnych technologii i nowych propozycji rozwiązań prawnych przy jednoczesnym poszanowaniu zasad polskiego procesu karnego oraz oczekiwań praktyki w skutecznym zwalczaniu najpoważniejszych przestępstw.

Information in the modern world is a strategic resource that decisive the competitive advantage of countries on the international arena. In order to ensure the appropriate quality of the information resources held as well as the processes and mechanisms of their acquisition, processing and protection, individual countries develop and implement an information security policy. The implementation of this policy is supported by various instruments, among which the supervision and control of the Internet deserve attention. The aim of the article is to discuss the supervision and control of the Internet as an instrument of information security policy, considering the specificity of democratic, totalitarian and authoritarian states. For the purposes of the research, the method of analyzing the literature and the method of synthesis were used. It has been proven that, regardless of the political regime, state-owned entities use Internet supervision and control, while the main objectives of these activities are different. In democratic countries, it is primarily for the protection and defense of cherished social values and goods, in totalitarian and authoritarian countries for the realization of the particular interests of those in power.

The subject of the study is to outline the boundaries within the legislator may sanction the obligations to provide information to tax authorities using tax sanctions. The author analyzes tax sanctions as instruments guaranteeing the effectiveness of legal norms related to information obligations in the light of the protection of the taxpayer's rights. In the author's opinion, there is a clear outline of the possible shape of the sanction, which limits the legislator in excessive interference with the rights of taxpayers. These limits, both in national and international law, are determined primarily by the principle of proportionality, which is decisive for the degree of discomfort associated with the application of sanctions. It should be indicated that the shape limits of these sanctions, characterized in this study, guarantee, in turn, the protection of the rights of these entities. At the same time, it should be emphasized that tax sanctions are, in principle, a complementary element of the system of the guarantees of the law effectiveness and the legislator deciding on their wider use should properly balance the degree of "saturation" of tax law with sanctions taking into account its nature. ; Przedmiotem opracowania jest nakreślenie granic, w ramach których ustawodawca może sankcjonować obowiązek informowania organów podatkowych za pomocą sankcji podatkowych. Autor analizuje sankcje podatkowe jako instrumenty gwarantujące skuteczność norm prawnych związanych z obowiązkami informacyjnymi w świetle ochrony praw podatnika. Zdaniem autora granice możliwego kształtu sankcji podatkowych mają istotne znaczenie z uwagi na konieczność ochrony podatników przed nadmierną ingerencją w ich prawa. Ograniczenia te, zarówno w prawie krajowym, jak i międzynarodowym, wyznacza przede wszystkim zasada proporcjonalności, która decyduje o stopniu dolegliwości związanej z zastosowaniem sankcji. Należy wskazać, że scharakteryzowane w niniejszym opracowaniu granice kształtu tych sankcji gwarantują z kolei ochronę praw tych podmiotów. Jednocześnie należy podkreślić, że sankcje podatkowe są co do zasady elementem uzupełniającym systemu gwarancji skuteczności prawa, a ustawodawca – decydując się na ich szersze zastosowanie – powinien odpowiednio zrównoważyć stopień "nasycenia" prawa podatkowego sankcjami, uwzględniając jego charakter.

In the article conceptual bases of collaboration of Ukraine are examined with Europe, which are based on a policy which determines support of supremacy of right and strengthening of democracy as bases of relations between Ukraine and incorporated Europe. The idea of European belonging of Ukraine means, from one side, the radical turn of historical fate of the state, from other is determination of the Ukrainian way to European community, taking into account that Ukraine is the state which changes, obtains reputation in the international area,take partner relationships with the key countries of the world. Expansion of Europe opens new possibilities and growings prospects of deepening of eurointegration strategy of Ukraine. ; Artykuł prezentuje koncepcyjne podstawy współpracy Ukrainy z Europą, które są oparte na polityce determinującej wsparcie nadrzędności prawa i wzmocnienia demokracji jako podstawy stosunków między Ukrainą a Zjednoczoną Europą. Idea przynależności Ukrainy do Europy oznacza z jednej strony radykalny przełom historyczny losów tego państwa, z drugiej zaś jest określeniem drogi Ukrainy do Unii Europejskiej, biorąc pod uwagę, że jest ona państwem, które podlega zmianom, wzrasta jej znaczenie na arenie międzynarodowej, podejmuje partnerskie relacje z kluczowymi krajami świata. Rozszerzenie UE otwiera nowe możliwości i perspektywy wzrostów zależnie od przyjętej strategii eurointegracji Ukrainy.

In the article conceptual bases of collaboration of Ukraine are examined with Europe, which are based on a policy which determines support of supremacy of right and strengthening of democracy as bases of relations between Ukraine and incorporated Europe. The idea of European belonging of Ukraine means, from one side, the radical turn of historical fate of the state, from other is determination of the Ukrainian way to European community, taking into account that Ukraine is the state which changes, obtains reputation in the international area,take partner relationships with the key countries of the world. Expansion of Europe opens new possibilities and growings prospects of deepening of eurointegration strategy of Ukraine. ; Artykuł prezentuje koncepcyjne podstawy współpracy Ukrainy z Europą, które są oparte na polityce determinującej wsparcie nadrzędności prawa i wzmocnienia demokracji jako podstawy stosunków między Ukrainą a Zjednoczoną Europą. Idea przynależności Ukrainy do Europy oznacza z jednej strony radykalny przełom historyczny losów tego państwa, z drugiej zaś jest określeniem drogi Ukrainy do Unii Europejskiej, biorąc pod uwagę, że jest ona państwem, które podlega zmianom, wzrasta jej znaczenie na arenie międzynarodowej, podejmuje partnerskie relacje z kluczowymi krajami świata. Rozszerzenie UE otwiera nowe możliwości i perspektywy wzrostów zależnie od przyjętej strategii eurointegracji Ukrainy.

The chapter presents the most important element of propaganda used as a tool to create attitudes in society. The environmental determinants of information were identified and the scope of information security responsibilities was presented, taking into account such areas as information security, information warfare, disinformation. The main focus was on identifying the components of propaganda, the scheme by which it is implemented, and its socio- historical and cultural determinants. The most important techniques of manipulation used in propaganda as well as the way of identifying propaganda campaigns are presented.

Abstract Scandal is an action, or an event considered immoral or legally non-applicable causing widespread public outrage. Scandal is covered by media being widely discussed in society. There are areas easily accessible as for the content of a scandal, those are primarily sexual, financial, and relating to the sphere of power. Scandal is present in democratic system and plays a crucial role in it. It can create or destroy political image, help to keep a good name, reputation which politicians have among voters, and which constitutes a legitimacy to exercise power. In the context of political scandal, there is an important aspect of it – Investigative journalism. Scandal plays a very important role on the political scene. There are methods in political marketing used to extinguish political scandals: from ignoring it to information warfare. A well-chosen way to extinguish a scandal by political advisers and the candidate's team is vital. The political image of presidential candidates and public figures in general depends on it. The latest presidential election in Ukraine held on March 31, 2019 was unprecedented, mainly due to the way the election campaign was conducted and because of its results. Comedian, film producer Volodymyr Zelensky became the 6th Ukrainian President amassing the historically highest voters support – 73,22%. For the first time in Ukraine, in the age of the Internet and advanced communication technologies, the election campaign of Volodymyr Zelensky took advantage of social media possibilities, provoking a sharp discussion in society and involving both opponents and supporters of Petro Poroshenko into it, changing Ukraine's current political course.The 2019 elections in Ukraine are characterized by a large number of political scandals. Those evoked emotions in the society; additionally, they influenced election results and were tools of political manipulation. Effectively, series of journalistic investigations influenced presidential candidate rankings.