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This book chapter presents the authors' theory of Information Interchange. The theory draws upon the authors' earlier research on government and parliamentary information service provision, and on citizens' information behaviour, at the regional, UK and European levels. The theory considers the roles and aims of both the information provider and the information user in assessing the effectiveness of the information communication process. It builds upon the dichotomy that appears to exist between the view of the provider and that of the user.

Cognitive processes underlying the interchange of cultural information are twofold: on the one hand, the anthropospheric level of cultural knowledge organization allows the recipient to receive it in a processed and ready-to-use form. On the other hand, obtaining from the culture ready-made solutions to the problems faced leads to a decrease in the individual's ability to produce his or her own creative ideas. The processes of cultural information processing are divided into assimilative (aimed at the inclusion of input into the recipient's mental system) and accommodative (aimed at adapting his or her own worldview to information coming from outside) ones. The information received in the process of cultural communication is internalized by the recipient to the extent he or she is sensitive to it. In this case, sensitivity is understood as the ability to harmoniously embed the input data into the existing system of cognitive schemes. At the same time, the act of informational translation becomes a stimulus, while the internalization of data is a reaction to it. A fundamental principle of cultural information assimilation is cognitive economy — the desire to obtain the most effective solution to the problem with the minimum expenditure of mental resources. Often, the result is development of cognitive laziness, inability and unwillingness to use the resources freed up for creative work which could then be used by the person as a donor of cultural information. With the increase in the amount of assimilated information, the level of its recipient's adaptability to the system of culture increases both in the local and global sense applicable to humanity as a whole as the largest of the cultural groups. At the same time, increasing the degree of cultural adaptation leads to a decrease in the person's creative potential since creativity takes a person beyond the general group vector of cultural development.

Abstract
Materiality has often been a neglected factor in discussions of digitally encoded information. While a lot of early works in media studies suffered from this shortcoming, questions regarding the materiality of digital technology and artefacts have slowly gained prominence in recent debates. Matthew Kirschenbaum's concept of "forensic" and "formal" materiality has proven particularly useful to the study of digital artefacts, differentiating the (routinely overlooked) physical existence of digital data from their (commonly discussed) logical character. However, analyses concerning the materiality of digital artefacts are often one-sided, focussing on the physicality of the medium in which digital data are inscribed. To counter this bias, I present the concept of a 'reciprocal materiality' of digital data: It is not only that digital data are always inscribed in some material substrate (Kirschenbaum's 'forensic' dimension of data); conversely, the materiality of the medium inscribes itself into the structure of digital data (its 'formal' level). The 'body of code' is shaped by the material framework it inhabits. I will illustrate this using as an example one of the most important encoding schemes in the history of digital technology: the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). A 'close reading' of the technical specifications of ASCII - a standard designed in the early 1960s to work across multiple technological platforms - will reveal the extent to which this code incorporates the materiality of media such as punched tape and teletype terminals.

В статье анализируются тенденции правового регулирования обмена информацией между таможенными органами и налоговыми органами в условиях формирования Единого экономического пространства ЕврАзЭС, дается характеристика действующих актов в сфере обмена информацией в Европейском Союзе, предлагаются пути совершенствования действующего законодательства. = In the article tendencies of legal regulation of exchange of information between customs and tax authorities in the conditions of formation of the Common economic space of EurAsEC are analyzed, the characteristic of the existing acts in the sphere of exchange of information in the European Union is given, ways of improvement of the current legislation are offered.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) can bring many benefits. It allows orders, invoices and other commercial information to be relayed directly between different firms' computer networks. Distribution contractors must, like the suppliers, become integrated into these EDI networks.

Standardization and simplification of trade procedures constitute
an urgent need to line up the document flow with the goods flow in
international trade. Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a co‐operative
inter‐organizational information system providing electronic exchange of
messages agreed between trade partners. Outlines a possible
implementation procedure for EDI. A first part consists of a six‐step
feasibility study. If this study ends with a positive recommendation the
implementation procedure can start. Discussions of this process concern
several requirements: completely understand about EDI; agree on
standards with business partners; modify existing systems; translate
data: prepare communications; and management and audit of the whole
process. Concerning the cost‐benefit analysis for the EDI application
– a step which is mandatory in the feasibility study – gives
further details on different types of cost (recurring and non‐recurring,
direct and indirect) and on both quantifiable and non‐quantifiable
benefits.

State‐of‐the‐art communications are fast becoming a necessity in
today′s international freighting and transportation industries.
Sophisticated logistics chains, offering a fast and flexible response to
customer demands, require an accurate flow of information for tracking,
planning and control. From the outset, many sectors of the shipping and
containerization industries saw EDI as a natural technology for the
communication of much of this vital information. Describes how EDI is
used in port operations and the consequent improvement in scheduling and
reduction of paperwork.

The core purpose of the book is to account for the apparent discrepancy between the business benefits frequently attributed to the implementation ofElectronic Data Interchange and the relatively small number of actual adopters. To solve this problem, the book has been divided into two main parts: The first part examines the theoretical foundations of EDI, contains a descriptive analysis of its various technical and operational prerequisites, and analyzes the extent of the business benefits that may be derived. Furthermore, relevant aspects of innovation diffusion theoryare reviewed. The second part reports the findings of a broad empirical investigation in Europe and North America. Statistical hypothesis testing isemployed to draw specific conclusions with respect to EDI's implications for user-organisations, telecommunications services providers, and public policy

Reluctance of organizations to invest in electronic data interchange (EDI, Internet-based EDI, and XML/EDI) is largely due to their inability to assess the return on these investments. We identify prescriptive and evaluative methodologies for analyzing investment in EDI: non-financial methods, purely financial methods, and financial and strategic consideration methods. We also show how computer simulation can be used as a tool for assessing EDI. Evaluating the benefits resulting from EDI implementation was illustrated through the well-known Beer Game. Our analysis and review also identifies difficulties involved in assessing the benefits of EDI in supply chains.

This paper aims to provide a review of information and communication technology (ICT) models and frameworks in the implementation of one communication technique namely electronic data interchange (EDI). The main body of this paper describes and explains the usage of these tools and any specific industries in which they are applied. The tools are then individually analysed and then compared for similarities, dissimilarities, and their associated attributes. The methodology used divides the models into two categories, electronic data interchange specific and more generic. A set of integrated questions based on conceptual, research, and practical issues are then applied. These answers are rated, using a Likert type scale system, and then compared. This analysis informs the construction of a generic model for inter‐organisational analysis, and conclusions concerning approaches are discussed. The analysis also forms the basis for the model selection process in specific scenarios.

Provides an introduction to EDI for those managers who are new to the field and wish to know more about it. Covers what EDI is, how it works and the technology involved, and provides a comprehensive account of the development, implementation and use of EDI. Gives guidelines for the successful adoption of EDI, from planning, analysis and design to construction, installation and operations, and lists critical success factors for EDI projects.