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The study scrutinizes the infrastructural development in Rural India. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and provide the information regarding the development schemes in rural area. Rural sector which plays an important role in India is still seeking the advancement and development for their present and future. The paper provides the information regarding the development of roads, electricity, transportation and facilities like hospitals, schools etc. The study reveals that the work of development is tougher in rural areas in comparison to urban areas due to many social and physical barriers. Though the progress is very slow but the analysis shows that the actions taken by Indian Government, International Organizations like World Bank and Indian NGO's would definitely be fruitful and long lasting.

Abstract The ensemble of European traffic roads is changing in relation to the economic geography that has been developing these recent years and also to the localisation of production centres, logistics and the demand linked to the transportation of goods. The development of communication has been defined through the project of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T). This network has been progressively defined until it has reached the present architecture in which Italy is crossed by four of the nine total corridors that compose the whole network - which means by almost half of the main traffic roads at European level -. Undoubtedly this new geography of European communication offers member States new development opportunities, but it is also true that the distance of the different territories from the major traffic roads can be a disparity factor. In fact, this phenomenon can worsen the marginalisation processes of some European territories, contrary to the objective of the interconnection policy of the EU territories. In front of these possible territorial disparities, the Planning discipline in Italy has not been adequately questioned, aiming instead at the research of the "territorial patching up", progressively decreasing, rather than at the exploration of new development forms. As a consequence, mobility planning becomes strategic for Italy, especially for its Alpine area. Hence the need to set up valid tools for the environmental evaluation as regards planning and programmes, such as the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), but also projects, as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The idea to realise an important road infrastructure, which may connect Belluno directly with Austria, is presented in this paper as an emblematic case, in which the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) permits to verify the best performing infrastructure on a territorial scale.

The Interoperability, continuous data and technology flow are core requirements of a proper smart city. Smart cities take on the characteristics of innovative, competitive and attractive megalopolises, which is strategically important for residents and investors. The aim of the article was to identify the current state and current issues of the Smart City concept implementation in Ukraine in the context of the experience of developed countries. The main methodological tools included the observation, statistical and comparative analysis. The study found that the effective development of digital transformation of territorial units in Ukraine requires focusing on certain factors during the implementation of the Smart City concept. Such factors conditionally include: technology-based infrastructure; environmental comments; constructive level of public transport; progressive city plans; opportunities for citizens to use appropriate resources. It was found reasonable to introduce infrastructural development of smart cities in Ukraine as a foundation of digital transformation of territorial units. Smart Cities were substantiated as an important tool for effective prevention and control of the pandemic without the introduction of restriction policies. A comparative analysis of the practice of Ukraine and developed countries in the implementation of infrastructural development of Smart Cities is a promising area of further research.

The paper presents the data on the governorship of Publius Cornelius Dolabella (14 to 20 A. D.) in the province Gornji Ilirik/Dalmatia. The significant number of epigraphic monuments indicates his activity in this area. These testimonies have important historical value, because they explain political and economic aspects of the West Balkans in the period of the early Principate. At the beginning of his governing career, he started to alleviate the consequences of the conflicts between the Romans and the locals. In his actions and projects in the province of Dalmatia, he had in mind the Roman strategic interests and the interests of the inhabitants as well. Peace and development of the province were his main aims. His governorship symbolizes the beginning of the new age in the area of Dalmatia. Numerous epigraphic monuments show the developed system of administration for the regulation of territorial and land-ownership relations (inscriptions and forma Dolabelliana). The great infrastructure was built during his governorship, and in this manner, the neglected area of Illyria was approachable and urban again. This undoubtedly influenced domestic people and their living in comparison to the previous period. It could be said that the Dolabella united Roman and local interests, thus bridging the gap between these interests. The big projects were completed during Dolabella's governorship; therefore the domestic people began to adopt values and achievements of the developed civilizations. It is sure that Publius Cornelius Dolabella contributed to the consolidation of the organization and structure of the Roman province Gornji Ilirik/Dalmatia. In the historical context, this province approved its functionality; it was a long-lasting administrative formation.

Infrastructural development is characteristically multifaceted, but studies tend to be focused on limited context which has shed more light on structural issues at the cost of increased ambiguity as regards institutional factors that influence infrastructural development. Combining institutional theory and institutional analysis and development framework (IADF), this research studies how institutional factors influence infrastructural development. In particular, it explores three questions: what are the main differences that exist in policymaking processes? How do stakeholders interact in infrastructural development in Nigeria? How can institutions enhance infrastructural development? The findings show that institutional arrangements and legitimacy pressures are the main reasons for organizational passivity which produce under-performing infrastructures. Initially, mimetic pressures influenced infrastructural development practices as companies imitated other company's structures that were perceived to be beneficial to attain certain goals. However, coercive pressures by government and normative pressures wielded through professional network of actors appear to be more potent institutional instruments for reducing unresponsiveness. We concluded that favourable institutional pressures support infrastructural development practices, which indicates the need for more structured decision-making process based on collective participation of relevant stakeholders.

Infrastructure is vital for urbanisation and development. While infrastructural projects have been carried out many levels, seldom does anyone question the politics of gender embedded in the formulation and implementation of projects. Most infrastructural projects only take masculine perspectives under consideration; seldom is there a focus on female aspirations and mobility needs. This paper examines and highlights the importance of gendered analysis in all steps of infrastructural project making. It examines the role of the World Bank in promoting the role of women in infrastructural development and discusses its shortcomings. The paper concludes by providing certain suggestions intended to increase the role of women in the debate surrounding infrastructural development.

China-Pakistan's economic corridor provides a strategic link to Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) and its global outreach. The infrastructural connectivity between China and Pakistan is primarily focused on the trade route to get access in the markets of theMiddle East, Europe, and Africa. In the context of CPEC,what does infrastructure mean? What does it reflect/represent? And to whom is it? Are the major questions that have been explored in this paper.Infrastructural development encompasses a holistic social sphere that relates to physical and institutional structures. It also facilitates the flow of commodities, including capita land sources of production. After the 9/11 incident, Pakistan became a front line state against the war on terror; then, its internal and external factors compelled Pakistan towards Chinese-led infrastructural development to consolidate State power. This paper is an attempt to explore the politics of infrastructure development in the context of CPEC. The findings are based on empirical evidence with strong insights from a theoretical framework. Positivist, post positivist, and critical approaches have been used to explore the relationship between CPEC and the politics of infrastructural development.

This research was funded by an RGS Environment and Sustainabilty Grant and by a Vice-Chancellor's Fellowship at the University if Bristol. ; In this paper, I extend the analytical framework of infrastructural citizenship with political ecology and reorientate analysis to rural geographies, extractive infrastructure and indigenous territorial movements. Drawing from recent fieldwork in Bolivia, I argue that an extended conceptual framework of 'infrastructural ecological citizenship' better acknowledges the multiple, changing and contested ways that people and rural places co-exist and how these relationships are being reworked as infrastructure and citizenship are co-constituted. I use this framework to analyse a conflict over road building in an indigenous territory and national park in lowland Bolivia – the Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park (Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure; TIPNIS), revealing how the road building project weakened the pre-existing political and material infrastructures that underpinned modes of indigenous territorial citizenship within Bolivia's Plurinational State, as well as foregrounding how transnational extractive capital has shaped negotiations of territorial place-based citizenship in the TIPNIS. In doing so, I contribute to debates on infrastructural citizenship, resource extraction and sustainable development, revealing the ongoing potency of place-based claims on land and related claims for territorial citizenship. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed