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The purpose of Cognitive Cumbria is to improve understanding of the local and regional knowledge processes that encourage the growth and quality of innovative and creative businesses across Cumbria. This report has been prepared by the Centre for Regional Economic Development (CRED) at the University of Cumbria to contribute towards this overall purpose. Definitions of research and innovation are specified and applied to the County of Cumbria using relevant available data and sources of information. The report concludes by considering future prospects for innovation and business performance in Cumbria. This report has been commissioned at a time when there is intensified interest in research activity, technological development, science and innovation at virtually all levels of economic policymaking. At the European scale, research priorities specified in the Horizon 2020 and also European Regional Policy give much greater attention to understanding the process of research and innovation than in the recent past. So too at national level, UK Government is placing much greater emphasis on business innovation as a key to unlocking productivity and international competitiveness: Business innovation is a vital ingredient in raising the productivity, competitiveness and growth potential of modern economies. Providing the right economic conditions for and using appropriate policy instruments to encourage innovation in the UK is a central objective. Measuring the level of innovation activity in the UK and identifying where policy might be best targeted contributes to the pursuit of that objective. (UK Innovation Survey, 2015) Vince Cable, Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills under the Conservative-Liberal Coalition Government, in a speech delivered in July 2014 (BIS, 2014a), stated that "Of the productivity growth that took place in the UK between 2000 and 2008, one third (32%) was attributable to changes in technology resulting from science and innovation. Innovative firms are also more resilient and more likely to export." More recently, Science Minister, Jo Johnson (BIS, 2015b), has also stated in a speech in July 2015, that "UK taxpayers invest £10 billion a year in research and innovation…and we will invest new capital on a record scale – £6.9 billion in the UK's research infrastructure up to 2021 – which will mean new equipment, new laboratories and new research institutes."

Bibliography: leaves 50-51. ; In the late 1980s, many governments in the low-income countries could not fund their health care budgets adequately due to poor availability of fmancial resources. This resulted into deterioration of the public health sectors in general. Inadequacy of consumables and other supplies, and low payment for health workers were among the problems faced. Governments in some of these countries introduced public private mix (PPM) to address these problems. In 1996, the government of Tanzania allowed private practice in public hospitals called 'the fast track' service. This study investigated the organizational and management system of this type of PPM, its impacts and the factors determining people's demand for the fast track service. Data was collected through interviews with health care providers and patients, and document reviews. Systematic and random sampling methods were used to select participants. Data was analysed using STAT A package. The study found that the executive directors of the hospitals headed the fast track management teams, with the executive committees coordinated by the executive secretaries. The committees included specialist doctors involved in the PPM. The study findings also show that about 85% of health care providers reported that the practice played an important role in supplementing the hospitals' budgets as well as health workers' incomes. In one of the study hospitals, the "fast track" services contributed more than 26% of the total income during a 5-year period. Likewise, it has significantly improved the access to health care services. This was achieved through retaining health workers, improving the infrastructure, adequate supply of consumables and drugs, and raising funds to subsidise treatments for poor patients. However, the fast track services resulted in specialists spending less time with public patients. In addition, the standards of private care were still lower in the "fast track" when compared to what is expected in a private health care setting, and private patients were offered very poor diagnostic tests and investigation services. Concerns were also raised about the poor management of the funds generated from private services.

Machine generated contents note:pt. IUnderstanding PPPs in Developing and Emerging Countries --ch. 1Top 10 Reasons Why (Not) and How (Not) to Implement PPPs in the Developing and Emerging Economies /Petra Ferk --ch. 2Infrastructure Development through Public -- Private Partnerships in Africa /Emelly Mutambatsere --ch. 3Degree of Private Participation in PPPs: Evidence from Developing and Emerging Economies /Maria Basilio --ch. 4Public -- Private Partnership in Developing China: Evolution, Institutionalization and Risks /Qi Song --ch. 5Public -- Private Partnership for Development: Governance Promises and Tensions /Stella Pfisterer --pt. IIMaking PPPs Work for the Poor --ch. 6Pro-Poor Public -- Private Partnerships for Development in Africa: Where Are Local Communities? /Bram van Helvoirt --ch. 7Public -- Private Partnerships for Agricultural Transformation -- Trends and Lessons from Developing Countries /Costanza Rizzo --ch. 8Understanding the Nature of PPPs in Social and Commercial Infrastructure Sector using Qualitative and Quantitative Indicators: Insights from Emerging India /Tanvi Kiran --ch. 9Making PPPs Work for the Poor: PPPs at the African Development Bank /Khaled Hussein --pt. IIIPublic Policy, Public Management Practices and Entrepreneurship --ch. 10How to Support African PPPs: The Role of the Enabling Environment /Christian Kingombe --ch. 11Social Entrepreneurship as a Success Factor in Public -- Private Partnerships: Three Case Studies from Pakistan /Mohsin Bashir --ch. 12Public -- Private Partnership Evolution in Kosovo: An Approach to Achieve the Dream of Being an European Union's Member /Liliana Reis --pt. IVImplementation and Evaluation of PPPs: Practical Considerations and Case Studies --ch. 13Achieving Affordability in the Delivery of PPP-Based Services /Arthur L. Smith --ch. 14Infrastructure Development through PPPs: Framework of Guiding Principles for Sustainability Assessment /Ganesh A. Devkar --ch. 15Public -- Private Partnerships for Sustainable Healthcare in Emerging Economies /Asli Pelin Gurgun --ch. 16Boosting Public -- Private Partnership in Infrastructure: PPP Expansion in Colombia /Francisco Carballo-Cruz --ch. 17Towards Rethinking Public -- Private Partnership Implementation: Insights from the Nigerian Context /Osikhuemhe O. Okwilagwe --ch. 18Opportunism Galore: The Case of Delhi -- Gurgaon Super Connectivity Limited /Diptiranjan Mahapatra --ch. 19Practical Considerations on the Implementation of Public -- Private Partnership in Water Utilities in Emerging Markets of Central Asia /Murod Sattarov --ch. 20Public and Private Partnerships for Renewable Energy Enhancement in Developing Countries: A Case of the Solar Rooftop Project in Gujarat, India /Kyoo-Won Oh --ch. 21Unsolicited Proposals in Infrastructure -- Lessons from Brazil and Chile /Heldo M.M. Vieira --ch. 22Theory-Based Evaluation of Public -- Private Partnership Projects and Programmes /Mehmet Uzunkaya.

This work examines the main directions of the Japanese Arctic policy, its impact on the development of Russian-Japanese cooperation in the region.Aim. The study aims to analyze the formation of the Japanese Arctic strategy, to define promising areas and problems of Russian-Japanese relations.Tasks. The authors identify the main stages of the Japanese Arctic policy, determine the significance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for Tokyo, study the areas of Russian-Japanese cooperation, assess the problems and prospects of bilateral cooperation in the Arctic.Methods. Using the method of comparative analysis, content analysis, event analysis, we have identified areas that contribute to the strengthening of Russian-Japanese relations in the Arctic and factors that can weaken this cooperation.Results. The study shows that Japan seeks to be an active actor in the Arctic processes, since this region will play a significant role in the development of the Japanese economy through the energy supplies diversification. Japan's key partner here is Russia, and they are implementing a major energy project — Arctic LNG-2. The modernization of the NSR's infrastructure is another promising area for the development of Russian-Japanese relations. However, there are contradictions that may affect their cooperation — this is the differences in definition the NSR status and the international legal status of the Arctic.Conclusion. Despite Japan's interest in using the NSR and participation in energy projects in the Russian Arctic, there are some issues that make it difficult to strengthen their Arctic cooperation. There are the problem of the Kuril Islands and the difference in determining the status of the Arctic region.

The Sudan's experience with devolution & regionalization, & the problems of implementing decentralization in a developing nation are examined. The theoretical arguments for decentralization are reviewed & compared with those offered for creating a system of local administration in the Sudan in the early 1970s. Progress toward large-scale devolution of development planning & administrative functions to the provinces during the 1970s is traced, & proposals for regional administration in the Sudan are outlined. The following obstacles to effective implementation of decentralization policies in the Sudan are discussed: (1) weaknesses in political commitment to decentralization at the national & provincial levels; (2) ambiguity in decentralization laws & procedures & in the division of responsibilities; (3) inadequate financial resources & administrative capacity at the local levels, & weaknesses in the support capacity of national ministries & agencies; & (4) the lack of physical & organizational infrastructure in Ru regions. Modified AA.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction: Mapping Multiple Chinas on the Development Landscape -- Part I. WHO OR WHAT IS CHINA IN CENTRAL AMERICA? -- 1. Transpacific Assemblages: Tracing Development Encounters over Space and Time -- 2. Chinese Diasporic Communities: Migration and the Making of Central American Modernity -- 3. Taiwan: Diplomatic, Economic, and Cultural Associations with the "Other China" -- Part II. MATERIALIZING TRANSPACIFIC DEVELOPMENT -- 4. Infrastructure: Laying the Groundwork for Sovereignty and National Identity -- 5. Trade: Brokering Economic Exchange across Markets and Cultures -- 6. Corruption: Hunting Tigers and Chopping Chorizo across the Pacific -- Conclusion: Locating Development Futures -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index

The hope and hype about African digital entrepreneurship, contrasted with the reality on the ground in local ecosystems. In recent years, Africa has seen a digital entrepreneurship boom, with hundreds of millions of dollars poured into tech cities, entrepreneurship trainings, coworking spaces, innovation prizes, and investment funds. Politicians and technologists have offered Silicon Valley–influenced narratives of boundless opportunity and exponential growth, in which internet-enabled entrepreneurship allows Africa to "leapfrog" developmental stages to take a leading role in the digital revolution. This book contrasts these aspirations with empirical research about what is actually happening on the ground. The authors find that although the digital revolution has empowered local entrepreneurs, it does not untether local economies from the continent's structural legacies. Drawing on a five-year research project, the authors show how entrepreneurs creatively and productively adapt digital technologies to local markets rather than dreaming of global dominance, achieving sustainable businesses by scaling based on relationships and customizing digital platform business models for African infrastructure challenges. The authors examine African entrepreneurial ecosystems; show that African digital entrepreneurs have begun to form a new professional class, becoming part of a relatively exclusive cultural and economic elite; and discuss the impact of Silicon Valley's mythologies and expectations. Finally, they consider the implications of their findings and offer recommendations to policymakers and others.

Traditionally, environmental policy in most countries is based on command and control and - to a lesser extent - on the more modern economic instruments. Today, there is a strong need for complementing this traditional policy with a set of approaches that rely on communication and informal influence to stimulate voluntary and cooperative action. The comprehensive and analytical description of these approaches and the related instruments presented in this book extend environmental policy thinking by in-depth treatment of tools for communication and diffusion, collaborative agreements, as well as service and infrastructure instruments. The different types of approaches and instruments are described in detail from an actor-oriented perspective. Special emphasis is put on new approaches based on principles of social and behavioural psychology. To date, these have barely been discussed in relation to conventional instruments. Several empirical studies carried out in Switzerland illuminate selected aspects

China's struggle to develop its economy and improve the material well being of its population has been in progress since the end of the Cultural Revolution and has gathered momentum since 180. Important facets of China's "modernization" have been the reform of land policies, the improvement of efficiency of the construction industry and the attraction of foreign investment. These three aspects are closely linked in providing the infrastructure and building assets required by mature and progressive economies. China has a long way to go to, but it is clear that the role of land and construction in this process is fully understood. Translating this understanding into reality, however, requires a level of application that is often difficult to achieve.

A key issue for ecological economics concerns the processes whereby people engage in ecologically responsible behavior and contribute to environmental quality even when they involve a personal cost for a shared benefit. This paper explores the relative impact of intrinsic motivation versus external conditions and economic incentives on eight pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs). Previous research has mostly focused on one of these two aspects or studied whether external incentives can crowd out moral motivation. More comprehensive accounts of the interplay of these factors are rare and mostly dated or report small-scale experiments and case studies. Using a data set measuring PEBs and environmental attitudes in the European Union's 28 member states, this paper tests both sets of variables on a wider scale. It assesses the importance of intrinsic motivation as a dominant factor and shows how differing levels of intrinsic motivation influence the effectiveness of external conditions, such as monetary incentives and green infrastructures. External incentives are found to interact positively with intrinsic motivation. The findings also suggest that the influence of external factors varies depending on whether the behavior examined is cost neutral or implies costs or rewards. We further show that other non-strictly-related factors can affect the salience of an environmental norm and consequently the adoption of the corresponding behavior. Pressing economic preoccupations can distract individuals from behaving pro-environmentally, and PEBs are more likely to arise in individuals who care about the future. The results suggest that two-pronged policies, which take into account intrinsic motivation and external conditions, are needed to reach a high observance rate in the population in the short and in the long term. The wider significance of these results for environmental policy and policy guidance for each of the eight PEBs is discussed.

Introduction : a cultural history of famine / Ayesha Mukherjee -- Famine and food security in early modern England : popular agency and the politics of dearth / John Walter -- Subsistence crises and economic history : a study of eighteenth century Bengal / Rajat Datta -- Climate signals, environment, and livelihoods in the long seventeenth century in India / Vinita Damodaran, James Hamilton, and Rob Allan -- Famine chorography : Peter Mundy and the Gujarat famine, 1630-32 / Ayesha Mukherjee -- Rivers, inundations, and grain scarcity in early colonial Bengal / Ujjayan Bhattacharya -- Chaotic interruptions in the economy : droughts, hurricanes and monsoons in Harriet Martineau's illustrations of political economy / Lesa Scholl -- Poorhouses and gratuitous famine relief in colonial North India / Sanjay Sharma -- Farming tales : narratives of farming and food security in mid-twentieth century Britain / Michael Winter -- The economy of hunger : representing the Bengal famine of 1943 / Amlan Das Gupta -- Are we performing dearth or is dearth performing us, in modern productions of William Shakespeare's Coriolanus? / Julie Hudson.

BackgroundDHS and Its Components; Tracing Mission Needs to Program Requirements; Types of Requirements; DHS's Joint Requirements Council and Other Offices; DHS's Joint Requirements Process; Prior GAO Work on DHS Requirements Development; Over Half of the Selected Programs Changed Requirements; One of the Seven Selected Components Has a Policy for Requirements Development; U.S. Coast Guard Has an Approved Requirements Policy, While the Other Six DHS Components in Our Review Do Not; Without Requirements Policies, Components Risk Failing to Meet Mission Needs

Moving into the modern era: transporting the dead in Mexico City -- "An extraordinary tool": building a modern public health system through anatomical dissection -- Wet or dry remains: funerary technology and protecting public health -- Undermining progress: workers, citizens, and the moral economy of death

Security Blurs makes an important contribution to anthropological work on security. It introduces the notion of "security blurs" to analyse manifestations of security that are visible and identifi able, yet constructed and made up of a myriad and overlapping set of actors, roles, motivations, values, practices, ideas, materialities and power dynamics in their inception and performance. The chapters address the entanglements and overlaps between a variety of state and non-state security providers, from the police and the military to vigilantes, community organisations and private security companies. The contributors offer rich ethnographic studies of everyday security practices across a range of cultural contexts and reveal the impact on the lives of ordinary citizens. This book presents a new anthropological approach to security by explicitly addressing the overlap and entanglement of the practices and discourses of state and non-state security providers, and the associated forms of cooperation and confl ict that permit an analysis of these actors' activities as increasingly "blurred".