There are three reasons for promoting mutual building societies: they are less prone than banks to pursue risky speculative activity; a mixed system produces a more stable financial sector; and a stronger mutual sector enhances competition within the financial system. The banking crisis highlighted the importance of retaining diverse models of financial service providers, and while mutuals were affected by the recession, they were not themselves responsible for causing the recession, as were private banks. The UK Government needs to secure a financial return for the failed financial institutions it nationalised and a low level of overall economic risk for the taxpayer. Given a trade-off, the long-run benefits of financial sustainability and reduced risk, plus enhanced competition, need to be given proper weighting compared with any short run gain through a trade sale and the repayment of the government's support. This paper focuses on the case of Northern Rock as the most suitable candidate for remutualisation, and whose disposal is under current consideration, but the analysis applies more widely.
Art as a social action in the public space is becoming more popular in various forms, especially in the digital space, and especially after the recent events that have had an effect on the whole world. However, theatre as art is changing its forms of accessibility not only due to global events but also due to the changing society from various aspects, i.e., psychological, social, economic, political, etc. The article provides a comparative analysis of the concepts of social art actions and performance art, presents the features of social art actions organisation in performance art organisations in Lithuania and abroad, determines the impact of social art action on human health from the psychosocial and spiritual point of view as well as in a community; it also provides a discussion of similarities and differences of performance as not only theatre but also performance art and social art, social art actions as performance art. Moreover, the article analyses how performance is compared to social art performance, how spectator and participant audiences manifest, what inclusion of performance art as a social art action into human spiritual-psychological space provides. The article provides an analysis of how performance art cooperates with performance art organisations.
Art as a social action in the public space is becoming more popular in various forms, especially in the digital space, and especially after the recent events that have had an effect on the whole world. However, theatre as art is changing its forms of accessibility not only due to global events but also due to the changing society from various aspects, i.e., psychological, social, economic, political, etc. The article provides a comparative analysis of the concepts of social art actions and performance art, presents the features of social art actions organisation in performance art organisations in Lithuania and abroad, determines the impact of social art action on human health from the psychosocial and spiritual point of view as well as in a community; it also provides a discussion of similarities and differences of performance as not only theatre but also performance art and social art, social art actions as performance art. Moreover, the article analyses how performance is compared to social art performance, how spectator and participant audiences manifest, what inclusion of performance art as a social art action into human spiritual-psychological space provides. The article provides an analysis of how performance art cooperates with performance art organisations.
Art as a social action in the public space is becoming more popular in various forms, especially in the digital space, and especially after the recent events that have had an effect on the whole world. However, theatre as art is changing its forms of accessibility not only due to global events but also due to the changing society from various aspects, i.e., psychological, social, economic, political, etc. The article provides a comparative analysis of the concepts of social art actions and performance art, presents the features of social art actions organisation in performance art organisations in Lithuania and abroad, determines the impact of social art action on human health from the psychosocial and spiritual point of view as well as in a community; it also provides a discussion of similarities and differences of performance as not only theatre but also performance art and social art, social art actions as performance art. Moreover, the article analyses how performance is compared to social art performance, how spectator and participant audiences manifest, what inclusion of performance art as a social art action into human spiritual-psychological space provides. The article provides an analysis of how performance art cooperates with performance art organisations.
Art as a social action in the public space is becoming more popular in various forms, especially in the digital space, and especially after the recent events that have had an effect on the whole world. However, theatre as art is changing its forms of accessibility not only due to global events but also due to the changing society from various aspects, i.e., psychological, social, economic, political, etc. The article provides a comparative analysis of the concepts of social art actions and performance art, presents the features of social art actions organisation in performance art organisations in Lithuania and abroad, determines the impact of social art action on human health from the psychosocial and spiritual point of view as well as in a community; it also provides a discussion of similarities and differences of performance as not only theatre but also performance art and social art, social art actions as performance art. Moreover, the article analyses how performance is compared to social art performance, how spectator and participant audiences manifest, what inclusion of performance art as a social art action into human spiritual-psychological space provides. The article provides an analysis of how performance art cooperates with performance art organisations.
Art as a social action in the public space is becoming more popular in various forms, especially in the digital space, and especially after the recent events that have had an effect on the whole world. However, theatre as art is changing its forms of accessibility not only due to global events but also due to the changing society from various aspects, i.e., psychological, social, economic, political, etc. The article provides a comparative analysis of the concepts of social art actions and performance art, presents the features of social art actions organisation in performance art organisations in Lithuania and abroad, determines the impact of social art action on human health from the psychosocial and spiritual point of view as well as in a community; it also provides a discussion of similarities and differences of performance as not only theatre but also performance art and social art, social art actions as performance art. Moreover, the article analyses how performance is compared to social art performance, how spectator and participant audiences manifest, what inclusion of performance art as a social art action into human spiritual-psychological space provides. The article provides an analysis of how performance art cooperates with performance art organisations.
"This handbook is founded on a course of lectures on 'Business organisation,' delivered at the London school of economics and political science in the early part of 1909."--Pref. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Innovation is widely recognised as an important engine of growth. The underlying approach to innovation has been changing, shifting away from models largely focused on Research and Development (R&D) in knowledge-based globalised economies and giving more emphasis to other major sources of the innovation process. Understanding how organisations build up resources for innovation has thus become a crucial challenge to find new ways of supporting innovation in all areas of activity. This report supports and contributes to this widened approach to innovation analysis and policy by showing the importance of work organisation, interactions within organisations, as well as individual and organisational learning and training for innovation. The analytical tools and empirical results it provides are designed to open the black box of what a learning organisation is, that is, a work organisation supporting innovation through the use of employee autonomy and discretion, supported by learning and training opportunities. ; L'innovation est largement reconnue comme un important moteur de croissance. L'analyse sous-jacente de l'innovation a évolué, s'éloignant de modèles principalement axés sur la recherche et le développement (R & D) dans les économies globalisées et fondées sur la connaissance, pour donner plus d'importance à d'autres sources majeures du processus d'innovation. En effet, comprendre comment les organisations construisent des ressources pour l'innovation est devenu un enjeu crucial afin de soutenir l'innovation dans tous les domaines d'activité.Ce rapport s'inscrit dans cette approche élargie de l'analyse et de des politiques d'innovation en montrant l'importance pour l'innovation de l'organisation du travail, des interactions au sein des organisations, ainsi que l'apprentissage individuel et organisationnel et de la formation. Les outils d'analyse et les résultats empiriques qu'il fournit sont conçus pour ouvrir la boîte noire de ce qu'est une organisation apprenante c'est-à-dire une forme d'organisation qui soutient l'innovation en s'appuyant sur l'autonomie et les marges de manœuvre des salariés renforcées par des opportunités d'apprentissage et de formation.
Innovation is widely recognised as an important engine of growth. The underlying approach to innovation has been changing, shifting away from models largely focused on Research and Development (R&D) in knowledge-based globalised economies and giving more emphasis to other major sources of the innovation process. Understanding how organisations build up resources for innovation has thus become a crucial challenge to find new ways of supporting innovation in all areas of activity. This report supports and contributes to this widened approach to innovation analysis and policy by showing the importance of work organisation, interactions within organisations, as well as individual and organisational learning and training for innovation. The analytical tools and empirical results it provides are designed to open the black box of what a learning organisation is, that is, a work organisation supporting innovation through the use of employee autonomy and discretion, supported by learning and training opportunities. ; L'innovation est largement reconnue comme un important moteur de croissance. L'analyse sous-jacente de l'innovation a évolué, s'éloignant de modèles principalement axés sur la recherche et le développement (R & D) dans les économies globalisées et fondées sur la connaissance, pour donner plus d'importance à d'autres sources majeures du processus d'innovation. En effet, comprendre comment les organisations construisent des ressources pour l'innovation est devenu un enjeu crucial afin de soutenir l'innovation dans tous les domaines d'activité.Ce rapport s'inscrit dans cette approche élargie de l'analyse et de des politiques d'innovation en montrant l'importance pour l'innovation de l'organisation du travail, des interactions au sein des organisations, ainsi que l'apprentissage individuel et organisationnel et de la formation. Les outils d'analyse et les résultats empiriques qu'il fournit sont conçus pour ouvrir la boîte noire de ce qu'est une organisation apprenante c'est-à-dire une forme ...
Innovation is widely recognised as an important engine of growth. The underlying approach to innovation has been changing, shifting away from models largely focused on Research and Development (R&D) in knowledge-based globalised economies and giving more emphasis to other major sources of the innovation process. Understanding how organisations build up resources for innovation has thus become a crucial challenge to find new ways of supporting innovation in all areas of activity. This report supports and contributes to this widened approach to innovation analysis and policy by showing the importance of work organisation, interactions within organisations, as well as individual and organisational learning and training for innovation. The analytical tools and empirical results it provides are designed to open the black box of what a learning organisation is, that is, a work organisation supporting innovation through the use of employee autonomy and discretion, supported by learning and training opportunities. ; L'innovation est largement reconnue comme un important moteur de croissance. L'analyse sous-jacente de l'innovation a évolué, s'éloignant de modèles principalement axés sur la recherche et le développement (R & D) dans les économies globalisées et fondées sur la connaissance, pour donner plus d'importance à d'autres sources majeures du processus d'innovation. En effet, comprendre comment les organisations construisent des ressources pour l'innovation est devenu un enjeu crucial afin de soutenir l'innovation dans tous les domaines d'activité.Ce rapport s'inscrit dans cette approche élargie de l'analyse et de des politiques d'innovation en montrant l'importance pour l'innovation de l'organisation du travail, des interactions au sein des organisations, ainsi que l'apprentissage individuel et organisationnel et de la formation. Les outils d'analyse et les résultats empiriques qu'il fournit sont conçus pour ouvrir la boîte noire de ce qu'est une organisation apprenante c'est-à-dire une forme d'organisation qui soutient l'innovation en s'appuyant sur l'autonomie et les marges de manœuvre des salariés renforcées par des opportunités d'apprentissage et de formation.
This open access book presents case studies of twelve organisations which the public have come to view as institutions. From the BBC to Doctors Without Borders, from the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra to CERN, this volume examines how some organisations rise to prominence and remain in high public esteem through changing and challenging times. It builds upon the scholarly tradition of institutional scholarship pioneered by Philip Selznick, and highlights common themes in the stories of these highly diverse organizations; demonstrating how leadership, learning, and luck all play a role in becoming and remaining an institution. This case study format makes this volume ideal for classroom use and practitioners alike. In an era where public institutions are increasingly under threat, this volume offers concrete lessons for contemporary organisation leaders.
Stovepiped systems and difficulties associated with managing cross-functional boundaries are problems that are hindering the successful implementation of customercentred systems and processes within public organisations. The present study covers public organisations, and discusses and analyses the results in relation to those from a previous study in the banking sector. While problems with stovepiped systems and departments have, in general, been solved in the banking sector, the results from the interviewed public organisations confirm that the stovepipe problem is still evident and that cross-functional collaboration, processes, customer focus and integration of services and channels all require additional improvement or development. The present study concludes that the goals with the highest priority for leaders in public organisations are not those associated with customer relations and that the political level rates higher than the customers' demands. The public organisations are following a similar path to that of the private sector, but there are differences in both the time-frame and ability to implement changes due to weaker incentives for customer related work, and additionally, a larger organisational inertia of both culture and collaboration to overcome. Similarities are found in IT organisations and projects, and in the views regarding business organisations and the necessity for an enterprise architecture. ; PI - Publika Informationssystem
By analysing the interactions between political opportunity structures and immigrant organisations' mobilising their members to political participation, this article suggests and applies a systematic classification comprising three forms of democratic mobilisation: immigrant organisations function as a public arena for their members; they increase knowledge of political participation among members; and they develop a political culture among members. The article concludes that open political opportunity structures offer scope for action to resourceful activists. These activists see that the local political opportunity structures allow scope for political participation by persons with immigrant background, and use the immigrant organisations as an arena to develop a political culture of political participation. Immigrant organisations can serve as agents of political integration through projects, which aim to mobilise members to political participation.
Lifelong learning policies are subject to various approaches of educational governance. Our research presents a hypothesis that lifelong learning policies are creating and engaging with new facets of governance. To test for proof of concept, the lead author conducted interviews with officials and policy makers from international organisations such as the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organisation, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Labour Organisation and the Council of Europe. The thematic analysis of the data revealed lifelong learning governance is characterised by an "effects spiral" or "interactive governance" – an institutional formation, functioning and conditioning in decision making of international, European and national actors. A double issue is also highlighted: the economic difficulties (employability, flexi-security, funding and mobility) and the monitoring process (expertise, comparison, transposition, supervision and control), which are prioritised over the social role of education. This is important because it is the social role of education that empowers citizens to realise national, regional, and international strategic plans, and the monitoring process for sustainable development. The thematic analysis reveals new forms of governance in lifelong learning policies, namely collaborative governance, competitive governance, control governance and thematic governance. The authors present this taxonomy on lifelong learning governance with recommendations of how lifelong learning policies can be optimised. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Lebenslanges Lernen wird von der Bildungspolitik auf unterschiedliche Weise gefördert. Unsere Untersuchungen gehen davon aus, dass die politische Förderung lebenslangen Lernens neue Formen finden muss. Um die Beweiskraft dieses Konzepts zu testen, führte der Erstautor Gespräche mit Beamten und politisch verantwortlichen Vertretern internationaler Organisationen wie der UNESCO, der OECD, der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO) und dem Europarat. Die thematische Analyse der Ergebnisse zeigte, dass die Förderung lebenslangen Lernens von einem "spiralenförmigen Effekt" oder von "interaktiven Bemühungen", mithin einer institutionellen Zusammenarbeit gekennzeichnet ist, die sich bei der Entscheidungsfindung internationaler, europäischer und nationaler Gremien ergibt und die Bedingung dafür ist. Gleichzeitig ergab sich ein doppeltes Problem, nämlich die wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten (Beschäftigungsmöglichkeit, Arbeitsplatzsicherheit und Flexibilität, Finanzierbarkeit, Freizügigkeit) sowie das Überprüfungsverfahren (Expertise, Vergleichbarkeit, Übertragbarkeit, Überwachung und Kontrolle), Gesichtspunkte, die gegenüber der gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Bildung Vorrang genießen. Dies ist wichtig, weil es die soziale Rolle der Bildung ist, die es dem Bürger ermöglicht, nationale, regionale und internationale politische Vorhaben Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen und weil es das Überprüfungsverfahren ist, das für nachhaltige Entwicklung sorgt. Die Auswertung der thematischen Analyse der Gesprächsergebnisse zeigt deutlich neue Formen der Förderung lebenslangen Lernens, beruhend auf Zusammenarbeit, Wetteifern um die beste Politik, Kontrolle und thematischen Schwerpunkten. Die Autoren taten sich zusammen, um gemeinsam diese Taxonomie der Förderung lebenslangen Lernens vorzustellen und Empfehlungen zur bestmöglichen Förderung lebenslangen Lernens auszusprechen. (DIPF/Orig.)
By analysing the interactions between political opportunity structures and immigrant organisations' mobilising their members to political participation, this article suggests and applies a systematic classification comprising three forms of democratic mobilisation: immigrant organisations function as a public arena for their members; they increase knowledge of political participation among members; and they develop a political culture among members. The article concludes that open political opportunity structures offer scope for action to resourceful activists. These activists see that the local political opportunity structures allow scope for political participation by persons with immigrant background, and use the immigrant organisations as an arena to develop a political culture of political participation. Immigrant organisations can serve as agents of political integration through projects, which aim to mobilise members to political participation.
