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Here, we introduce a novel scFv antibody, G2-D11, specific for two adjacent Tn-antigens (GalNAc- Ser/Thr) binding equally to three dimeric forms of the epitope, Ser-Thr, Thr-Thr and Thr-Ser. Compared to other anti-Tn reagents, the binding of G2-D11 is minimally influenced by the peptide structure, which indicates a high degree of carbohydrate epitope dominance and a low influence from the protein backbone. With a high affinity (K Dapp = 1.3 × 10 -8 M) and no cross-reactivity to either sialyl-Tn epitope or blood group A antigens, scFv G2-D11 is an excellent candidate for a well-defined anti-Tn-antigen reagent. Detailed immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue sections from a cohort of 80 patients with gastric carcinoma showed in all cases positive tumor cells. The observed staining was localized to the cytoplasm and in some cases to the membrane, whereas the surrounding tissue was completely negative demonstrating the usefulness of the novel Tn-antigen binding antibody. ; This work was supported by the European Union, Seventh Framework Programme, GastricGlycoExplorer (GGE) initial training network [grant number 316929 to OB]; The Danish Research Council [grant number DFF-4005-00285 to OB]; Innovationsfonden in the framework of the EU-ERAsynBio-SynGlycTis project to OB; The EU-IMI 2 Joint Undertaking project EbolaMoDRAD [grant number 115843 to OB]; grants from Mrs. Berta Kamprad's Foundation to CW; FEDER funds through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors COMPETE [grant number FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER028188 to CR] and National Funds through FCT projects [grant numbers PEst-C/SAU/LA0003/2013, PTDC/BBB-EBI/0567/2014 to CR].

I 2019 er det 100 år siden, at nobelpristageren Irving Langmuir publicerede sin berømte artikel "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" i tidsskriftet Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS). Med denne artikel bidrog Langmuir væsentligt til udbredelsen af den moderne kemi baseret på en forståelse af orbitaler, valenselektroner og isotoper. På det tidspunkt var kemien en overvejende eksperimentel videnskab med en kun spirende vekselvirkning med den moderne fysik. Langmuir var en alsidig videnskabsmand, som bidrog til flere naturvidenskabelige discipliner og ingeniørvidenskab. Nobelprisen i kemi i 1932 blev givet som anerkendelse af Langmuirs arbejde med overfladekemi. Langmuir udtog endvidere flere patenter vedrørende glødelamper, elektronudladning og Röntgen-stråling. Spændvidden i Langmuirs forskning og teknologiske bidrag er imponerende, og man kan finde det naturligt at spørge om, hvem der finansierede dette vigtige arbejde? Langmuir var hele sin karriere ansat i virksomheden General Electric Company. Det er ganske tankevækkende, at frem til 1980'erne havde adskillige store industrivirksomheder i USA forskningsafdelinger med meget langsigtet og stærk grundforskning; indlysende eksempler er General Electric, AT&T Bell Labs, Kodak og IBM. Det nærmeste vi kommer på noget lignende i Danmark, er måske det anerkendte Carlsberg Laboratorium. I dag er der meget få industrielle (grund)forskningsinstitutioner tilbage. Forventningen var vel, at de voksende universiteter gennem flere bevillinger skulle udfylde tomrummet og give mere stabile rammer for grundlagsskabende forskning. Det er vanskeligt at svare entydigt bekræftende på den antagelse. Den offentlige forskningsstøtte har siden 1990'erne været drevet frem af det politisk velklingende "fra forskning til faktura" – i starten udtalt og i dag som en implicit forventning hos for eksempel Innovationsfonden. Universiteternes ansøgninger mødes med krav om betydelig medfinansiering fra frie midler samt et ønske om industriel nyttiggørelse "lige om lidt". På den måde opnås muligvis et større økonomisk volumen, men det sker på bekostning af den videnskabelige mangfoldighed på universiteterne. For at afslutte på en positiv note skal vi måske slutte ringen og rette blikket mod fremsynede private fonde som for eksempel Velux Fondene og Novo Nordisk Fonden. Disse industrifonde støtter i stigende omfang den langsigtede grundforskning.

©2017 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. We study the relation between mesogranular flows, convectively driven sinks and magnetic fields using high spatial resolution spectropolarimetric data acquired with the Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment on board Sunrise. We obtain the horizontal velocity flow fields of two quiet-Sun regions (31.2 × 31.2 Mm2) via local correlation tracking. Mesogranular lanes and the central position of sinks are identified using Lagrange tracers. We find $6.7\times {10}^{-2}$ sinks per Mm2 in the two observed regions. The sinks are located at the mesogranular vertices and turn out to be associated with (1) horizontal velocity flows converging to a central point and (2) long-lived downdrafts. The spatial distribution of magnetic fields in the quiet-Sun is also examined. The strongest magnetic fields are preferentially located at sinks. We find that 40% of the pixels with longitudinal components of the magnetic field stronger than 500 G are located in the close neighborhood of sinks. In contrast, the small-scale magnetic loops detected by Martínez González et al. in the same two observed areas do not show any preferential distribution at mesogranular scales. The study of individual examples reveals that sinks can play an important role in the evolution of quiet-Sun magnetic features. ; The work by I.S.R. has been funded by the Basque Government under a grant from Programa Predoctoral de Formación de Personal Investigador del Departamento de Educación, Universidades e Investigación. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, through Projects No. ESP2013-47349-C6-1-R and ESP2014-56169-C6-1-R, including a percentage from European FEDER funds. The German contribution has been funded by the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie through Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), grant number 50 OU 0401, and by the Innovationsfond of the President of the Max Planck Society (MPG). This work was partly supported by the BK21 plus program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea. ; Peer reviewed

Open Access. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; We study the photospheric evolution of an exploding granule observed in the quiet Sun at high spatial (similar to 03) and temporal (31.5 s) resolution by the imaging magnetographSunrise/IMaX in 2009 June. These observations show that the exploding granule is cospatial to a magnetic flux emergence event occurring at mesogranular scale (up to similar to 12 Mm(2)area). Using a modified version of the SIR code for inverting the IMaX spectropolarimetric measurements, we obtain information about the magnetic configuration of this photospheric feature. In particular, we find evidence of highly inclined emerging fields in the structure, carrying a magnetic flux content up to similar to 4 x 10(18)Mx. The balance between gas and magnetic pressure in the region of flux emergence, compared with a very quiet region of the Sun, indicates that the additional pressure carried by the emerging flux increases the total pressure by about 5% and appears to allow the granulation to be modified, as predicted by numerical simulations. The overall characteristics suggest that a multipolar structure emerges into the photosphere, resembling an almost horizontal flux sheet. This seems to be associated with exploding granules. Finally, we discuss the origin of such flux emergence events. © 2020. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; This research has received funding from the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme under the grant agreement No. 312495 (SOLARNET project) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreements No. 739500 (PRE-EST project) and no. 824135 (SOLARNET project). S.L.G. and F.Z. acknowledge support by the Italian MIUR-PRIN grant 2017APKP7T on Circumterrestrial Environment: Impact of Sun-Earth Interaction, by the Universita degli Studi di Catania (Piano per la Ricerca Universita di Catania 2016-2018 -Linea di intervento 1 "Chance"'; Linea di intervento 2 "Dotazione ordinaria"; Fondi di Ateneo 2020-2022, Universita di Catania, Linea Open Access), by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (PRIN INAF 2010/2014), and by the Space Weather Italian COmmunity (SWICO) Research Program. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 695075) and has been supported by the BK21 plus program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea. The National Solar Observatory (NSO) is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, through Projects ESP2006-13030-C06-01/02/03/04 and AYA2009-14105-C06, by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through Project ESP-2016-77548-C5, and by Junta de Andalucia, through Project P07-TEP-2687, including a percentage from European FEDER funds. L.R.B.R. and J.C.T.I. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). The German contribution to SUNRISE is funded by the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie through Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), grant No. 50 OU 0401, and by the Innovationsfond of the President of the Max Planck Society (MPG). Use of NASA's Astrophysical Data System is gratefully acknowledged. This article honors the memory of Prof. Egidio Landi degl'Innocenti, who passed away while this paper was being written. The most important results were discussed during the Solar Polarization Workshop 8, which was held in his honor. ; Peer reviewed

Spildevandsslam er restproduktet dannet ved rensning af spildevand fra husstande. Siden implementeringen af strengere krav til rensning af spildevand i den Europæiske Union i 2005 er produktionen af slam steget markant, hvilket øger efterspørgslen for mere effektiv behandling og genanvendelse af slam. I Danmark er en af de mest anvendte genanvendelsesstrategier for spildevandsslam ud-bringning på landbrugsjord, da dette giver mulighed for at recirkulere næringsstoffer og mikroelementer, og derved erstatter brugen af handelsgødning. I Danmark behandles spil-devandsslam konventionelt via mekanisk afvanding. I slutningen af 1980'erne blev der imidlertid indført en alternativ slambehandlingsmetode, biologiske slamanlæg (BSA). I 2016 var der i Danmark mere end 100 BSA i drift. Behandling af slam i BSA betragtes ofte som mere miljøvenlig i forhold til konventionelle slambehandlingsmetoder. Der er imidlertid kun udført få undersøgelser med formål at vurdere de miljømæssige effekter ved brug af BSA ift. andre slambehandlingsmetoder. Grundet et sparsomt datagrundlag for BSA er resultaterne af allerede udførte miljøvurderinger desuden behæftet med væsentlig usikkerhed. Formålet med projektet var at udføre en miljøvurdering af behandling af spildevandsslam i BSA, og at sammenligne denne med mekanisk behandling på centrifuge og efterfølgende oplagring. Projektet fulgte Erhvervs Ph.d. Programmet, udbudt af Innovationsfonden, og foregik som et samarbejde mellem Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU) og den danske miljøingeniørvirksomhed Orbicon A/S. Resultatet af projektet var et metodespecifikt datasæt for BSA til brug i livscyklusvurderinger, og en livscyklusvurdering af BSA og mekanisk behandling, baseret på danske forhold. For at opnå pålidelige resultater var målet at generere nye data repræsentative for behandling af slam i BSA. Tre fokusområder blev valgt: Kvantificering af biologiske gasemissioner fra selve behandlingsprocessen i BSA, kortlægning af massestrømme gennem behand-lingsprocessen og en undersøgelse af dynamikken i omdannelse og udvaskning af kulstof- og nitrogenforbindelser i det færdigbehandlede slamprodukt i forbindelse med udbringning på landbrugsjord. For at gøre vurderingen af de to behandlingsmetoder så præcis som muligt, blev der for de samme fokusområder også indsamlet data repræsentative for mekanisk behandling af slam. Felt- og laboratoriearbejde udgjorde en væsentlig del af arbejdsprocessen. Data blev ind-samlet fra tre danske BSA kendt for at være veldrevne og for at levere et færdigt slamprodukt af god kvalitet. Endvidere blev data, repræsentative for mekanisk behandling af slam og for de samme fokusområder, også indsamlet. For at gøre data for de to behandlingsteknologier så sammenlignelige som muligt, blev størstedelen af data indsamlet på et renseanlæg, som anvender både BSA og mekanisk afvanding på centrifuge. Livscyklusvurderingen inkluderede 14 miljøpåvirkningskategorier. De miljømæssige bidrag blev normaliserede til at repræsentere de miljømæssige påvirkninger som følge af behandling af 1000 kg slam (vådvægt). Livscyklusvurdering fulgte de internationale standarder for livscyklusvurderingsprincippet. En attributionel tilgang til vurderingen blev valgt, hvilket betyder at sammenligningen tager udgangspunkt i teknologiernes aktuelle formåen. For alle påvirkningskategorier blev bidragene normaliserede til personækvivalenter (PE), hvor én PE repræsenterer det årlige bidrag produceret af én gennemsnitlig person. Tre scenarier for slambehandling blev opstillet: 1) mekanisk behandling, efterfulgt af oplagring udbringning på landbrugsjord (S-CEN), 2) behandling i BSA efterfulgt af udbringning på landbrugsjord (S-STRB) og 2) behandling i BSA efterfulgt af efterbehandling på omlasteplads og udbringning på landbrugsjord (S-SPA). Målsætningen om at producere et datasæt for BSA brugbart i livscyklusvurderinger, samt et datasæt, repræsentativt for mekanisk behandlet slam, blev nået. Biologiske slamanlæg viste sig at klare sig tilsvarende eller bedre end mekanisk slambehandling. Miljøpåvirkningen forårsaget af de to scenarier baseret på BSA (S-STRB og S-SPA) var stort set ens. I forhold til toksikologiske effekter var miljøpåvirkningen den samme for alle tre scenarier, svarende til 2.010-2 PE for påvirkningskategorierne Human Toksicitet – Ikke-kræftfremkaldende stoffer og Økotoksicitet, og 5.0 10-4 PE for kategorien Human Toksicitet – Kræftfremkaldende stoffer. Toksikologiske effekter blev primært forårsaget af metaller, hvilke for alle tre scenarier blev opkoncentreret i det færdigbehandlede slam, og derved ultimativt udbragt på landbrugsjord. Emissionsrater for CO2, CH4 og N2O fra biologiske processer i slam under behandling i BSA, blev målt for alle fire årstider. Resultaterne viste, at årstidsvariationer giver anledning til væsentlige udsving i emissionerne af de nævnte gasarter, og derfor bør inddrages, når gennemsnitlige årsrater beregnes. For mekanisk behandlet og efterfølgende oplagret slam var emissionsraten af CO2 meget lavere end for BSA, hvilket afspejler mindre biologisk aktivitet i mekanisk behandlet slam. Den procentvise andel af kulstof og nitrogen omdannet til de potente klimagasser CH4 og N2O var derimod lavere for BSA, hvilket betød at de miljømæssige bidrag til påvirkningskategorien Klimaforandringer var lige store for BSA (S-STRB og S-SPA) og mekanisk behandling (S-CEN), begge 9.0 10-4 PE, på trods af højere biologisk aktivitet i BSA. Som følge af den lavere biologiske aktivitet i oplagret, mekanisk behandlet slam viste mas-sestrømsanalysen at koncentrationerne af kulstof- og nitrogenforbindelser i det færdigbe-handlede slamprodukt, produceret af denne teknologi, var højere end i det færdigbehandlede slamprodukt fra BSA. Derfor var bidragene til påvirkningskategorier relateret til eutrofiering og forsuring højere fra mekanisk behandlet slam, især for kategorien Marin Eutrofiering, hvor det samlede bidrag fra mekanisk behandlet slam (S-CEN) udgjorde 8.0 10-4 PE, mens det for slam, behandlet i BSA (S-STRB og S-SPA), udgjorde 3.0 10-4 PE. Behandlingsprocessen knyttet til BSA havde et lavere forbrug af abiotiske ressourcer, ho-vedsageligt på grund af at den mekaniske behandlingsproces kræver et input af polymer-masse, hvilket BSA ikke gør. Desuden giver mekanisk behandlet slam ofte anledning til lugtgener, mens slam, behandlet i et velfungerende BSA, er uden lugt. Dette betyder, at slam behandlet i BSA typisk hurtigt bliver afsat til landbrug i lokalområdet, mens mekanisk afvandet slam må transporteres over længere afstande til landbrug, der er villige til modtage det, hvilket resulterer i et højere forbrug af brændstof i forbindelse med transport. I fremtiden vil det være relevant at bruge de nygenererede data for BSA til at udføre livs-cyklusvurderinger, der sammenligner teknologien med andre ofte anvendte slambehand-lingsmetoder. Det vil desuden være relevant at skabe lignende datasæt for BSA beliggende i andre klimazoner, og at udvide datasættende med detaljer om de økonomiske aspekter af behandlingsprocessen. ; Sewage sludge is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewaters at wastewater treatment plants. Since the implementation of stricter requirements for wastewater treatment in the European Union in 2005, the amount of sludge produced has increased, creating the demand for more effective treatment and recycling. In Denmark, the application of sludge on agricultural land is an often-used recycling strategy, as it returns nutrients and microelements to the soil, which can substitute for commercial fertilisers. Conventionally, sludge produced in Denmark is dewatered with mechanical devices; however, in the late 1980s, sludge treatment reed bed (STRB) systems were intro-duced in Denmark and in 2016, more than 100 STRB systems were operating in the country. Sludge treatment in STRB systems is often considered more environmentally friendly compared to mechanical sludge treatment technologies, albeit only a few life cycle assess-ments (LCAs) comparing the environmental performances of sludge treatment technologies include STRB systems. Furthermore, as data on the STRB system technology suitable for LCA are scarce, the results of these LCAs are unreliable. The project aimed at generating data on the STRB system technology that would be useable for LCA. Based on identified knowledge gaps, research focused on three areas; quantification of gas emissions directly related to treatment, establishment of substance flows through the technology and the fate of carbon and nitrogen-based compounds in treated sludge when applied to the land. The overall goal of the project was to perform an LCA comparing the environmental performance of the STRB system technology with a conventional technology based on mechanical dewatering of sludge on a decanter centrifuge and subsequent storage. Geographically, the project focused on Denmark, and was carried out as a collaborative effort between the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and the Danish environmental consultancy Orbicon A/S. The outcome of the project was a dataset on the STRB system technology usable for LCA, and an LCA comparing the environmental profiles of the STRB system technology and a mechanical treatment technology, constituting a basis for decision-making in relation to choice of technology. A major part of the project involved performance of fieldwork and laboratory work. Data were collected at three Danish, well-operated STRB systems; furthermore, data required to represent the mechanical treatment technology were collected alongside data on STRB sys-tems. Most of the data collection was undertaken at a wastewater treatment plant housing both technologies, thereby making it possible to make the two datasets as comparable as possible. Fourteen environmental impact categories were included in the LCA, and the environmental loadings and saving provided by the sludge treatment technologies normalised to represent the treatment of 1000 kg wet weight of sludge. The life cycle inventory and the choices underlying the life cycle impact assessment were based on international acknowledged standards and recommendations. An attributional LCA approach was chosen, and the loadings and savings for all impact categories were normalised to people equivalents (PE) (the annual loadings and savings provided by one average person). Three sludge treatment scenarios were defined: 1) mechanical treatment on centrifuge, followed by storage and finally land application, 2) treatment in an STRB system and finally land application (S-STRB), and 3) treatment in an STRB system, followed by post-treatment on a stockpile area (SPA) and finally application (S-SPA). The project succeeded in generating data on STRB systems, which could form the basis for a LCA, and comparable data related to mechanical sludge treatment. The results of the LCA revealed that STRB systems performed comparable to or better than mechanical treatment. The two scenarios based on the STRB system technology (S-STRB and S-SPA) performed comparable which only minor differences. According to toxic impact categories, which for both technologies were mainly impacted by metals contained by treated sludge applied on land, the three scenarios performed com-parable. Indeed, the substance flow analyses revealed that the metals held by sludge subjected to treatment for all scenarios were accumulated in the final sludge product. For all scenarios, the net-loadings for the impact categories Human Toxicity – Non-Carcinogenic and Ecotoxicity corresponded to 2.010-2 PE, and for Human Toxicity – Carcinogenic to 5.0 10-4 PE. Emission rates of CO2, CH4 and N2O related to biological processes in sludge subjected to treatment in STRB systems were measured during all four seasons of the year. The results revealed that seasonal variations were considerable, and should be taken into account when calculating annual, average emission rates. The emission rate of CO2 measured from external storage of mechanically treated sludge was much lower compared to those measured for STRB systems, reflecting a lower microbial activity in the mechanical dewatered sludge. As the emission rates of the potent greenhouse gasses CH4 and N2O were larger for mechanical dewatered sludge, the net environmental loadings provided to the impact category Climate Change by this technology (S-CEN) and the STRB system technology (S-STRB and S-SPA) ended up being equally sized (9.010-4 PE), despite of higher biological activity in the STRB systems. As a consequence of the lower microbial activity in mechanically treated sludge, the con-centration of carbon and nitrogen-based compounds in the final sludge product produced by this treatment technology was higher compared to the final sludge product produced by treatment in STRB systems. Hence, the loadings affecting impact categories related to eu-trophication and acidification were higher for the mechanical treatment technology, espe-cially in relation to the category Marine Eutrophication, the net-loadings to this category being 8.0 10-4 PE for mechanical treatment (S-CEN) and 3.0 10-4 PE for STRB systems (S-STRB and S-SPA). The STRB system technology consumed fewer abiotic resources, due mainly to the fact that the mechanical treatment process requires an input of polymer coagulant, while a STRB system does not require this contribution. Furthermore, as mechanically treated sludge often have a stronger odour compared to sludge treated in STRB systems, the latter is often claimed by the local land application sites, while mechanically treated sludge often must be transported longer distances to land application sites willing to apply it. Hence, the STRB system technology required a lower input of fuel for transportation. In the future, it would be relevant to use the obtained data on STRB systems to compare the technology with other sludge treatment technologies commonly used. Furthermore, it would be relevant to generate a comparable dataset on representing the performance of the technology in other climate zones, and to expand the data set with more data related to economics, making it possible to make more detailed economical assessments.