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Successful animal systems often manage risk through synchronous behavior that spontaneously arises without leadership. In critical human systems facing risk, such as financial markets or military operations, our understanding of the benefits associated with synchronicity is nascent but promising. Building on previous work illuminating commonalities between ecological and human systems, we compare the activity patterns of individual financial traders with the simultaneous activity of other traders—an individual and spontaneous characteristic we call synchronous trading. Additionally, we examine the association of synchronous trading with individual performance and communication patterns. Analyzing empirical data on day traders' second-to-second trading and instant messaging, we find that the higher the traders' synchronous trading is, the less likely they are to lose money at the end of the day. We also find that the daily instant messaging patterns of traders are closely associated with their level of synchronous trading. This result suggests that synchronicity and vanguard technology may help traders cope with risky decisions in complex systems and may furnish unique prospects for achieving collective and individual goals.

International audience ; Nowadays, digital communications are pervasive and as such, they carry a huge amount of both professional and private information all around the world. Given the knowledge that can be extracted from such information, its confidentiality is of utmost importance for both companies and individuals. Recent news related to massive breaches of privacy by both external actors such as government agencies, rogue teams, and internal actors such as communication services providers (i.e., Google, Apple, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon) have exacerbated the need for more secure communication technologies. Although message content can be encrypted end-to-end by so-called off-the-record techniques, message metadata such as sender, recipient, time sent and size can still leak a lot of information about communicating parties. Oblivious RAM (ORAM) systems form a promising new branch of research for hiding such metadata from the hosting servers, but they have not yet been deployed in production environments. Due to their complexity and performance penalty, they can currently be used only for very simple client-server applications such as instant messaging (IM). In this context, we show that accessing metadata on a messaging server can leak information that could be concealed by ORAM systems. More specifically, we show the differences observed in metadata collection between a classic XMPP server and two ORAM-based servers. In order to assess those systems , we have designed a new attack based on live forensic techniques in order to retrieve metadata from the RAM of a running IM server. We have used two datasets of instant messages for carrying out this assessment. Our experimental attack setup can highlight the leak of metadata from a standard messaging server and can also be used for testing the security of an ORAM-based messaging server.

International audience ; Nowadays, digital communications are pervasive and as such, they carry a huge amount of both professional and private information all around the world. Given the knowledge that can be extracted from such information, its confidentiality is of utmost importance for both companies and individuals. Recent news related to massive breaches of privacy by both external actors such as government agencies, rogue teams, and internal actors such as communication services providers (i.e., Google, Apple, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon) have exacerbated the need for more secure communication technologies. Although message content can be encrypted end-to-end by so-called off-the-record techniques, message metadata such as sender, recipient, time sent and size can still leak a lot of information about communicating parties. Oblivious RAM (ORAM) systems form a promising new branch of research for hiding such metadata from the hosting servers, but they have not yet been deployed in production environments. Due to their complexity and performance penalty, they can currently be used only for very simple client-server applications such as instant messaging (IM). In this context, we show that accessing metadata on a messaging server can leak information that could be concealed by ORAM systems. More specifically, we show the differences observed in metadata collection between a classic XMPP server and two ORAM-based servers. In order to assess those systems , we have designed a new attack based on live forensic techniques in order to retrieve metadata from the RAM of a running IM server. We have used two datasets of instant messages for carrying out this assessment. Our experimental attack setup can highlight the leak of metadata from a standard messaging server and can also be used for testing the security of an ORAM-based messaging server.

Modern communication technologies have vastly increased the reach and influence of political rumors, with negative consequences for democratic political systems globally. Rumor communication can be theorized as a form of political talk that helps citizens grapple with the uncertainty inherent in politics, form opinions, and build solidarity with others. The present study examines how one type of communication technology—instant messaging platforms—might facilitate forms of rumor communication that can influence participation in and knowledge about politics. Using original panel survey data from the 2017 South Korean election, we find that rumor communication on the popular instant messaging platform KakaoTalk predicts increased campaign participation, but not campaign knowledge. Further, political rumor communication on instant messaging platforms appears to exacerbate participatory inequality between those with weak and those with strong political interest and ideology.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Instant messaging services (IMS) are widely used in medical practice. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perceptions regarding use and usability of IMS within clinical practice and assess users' knowledge of the ethical and legal context involved in using IMS within medical practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in different hospitals and medical institutions in Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Medical students, medical residents, primary care physicians and specialist doctors answered an online questionnaire regarding epidemiological data, graduation level and use of IMS for medical communication. Responses were collected over a five-month period and data were assessed using the IBM-SPSS software. RESULTS: 484 people answered the questionnaire: 97.0% declared that they were using IMS for medical-related purposes; 42.0%, to elucidate medical concerns every week; 75.0%, to share imaging or laboratory tests and patients' medical records; and 90.5%, to participate in clinical case-study private groups. Moreover, only 37.0% declared that they had knowledge of the legislative aspects of use of smartphones within clinical practice. Differences in the frequency of discussion of medical concerns within the daily routine between student/residents and general practitioners/specialists, and in the frequency of image-sharing and patient-guiding/assistance between students and medical doctors, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide reliable proof that medical doctors and students use IMS, as a tool for clinical case discussions, interactions between healthcare providers and patients, or dissemination of knowledge and information. Nonetheless, because of limitations to the ethical and legal regulations, evidence-based discussions between authorities, academics and medical institutions are needed in order to fully achieve positive outcomes from such platforms.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Information, Communication and Society on 07 Aug 2017, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1350730 ; Mobile instant messaging services (MIMS) are emerging as important digital environments in citizens' everyday lives. We explore the use of MIMS for talking about politics with unique survey data on samples representative of Internet users in Germany, Italy, and the UK. First, we show that robust percentages of our respondents who use MIMS employ them for posting political messages and discussing politics. Second, we demonstrate that political talk on MIMS is positively associated with users' tendency to censor themselves politically on social networking sites (SNS) and, to a lesser extent, with ideological extremism. Third, we find that the association between self-censorship on SNS and the likelihood of publishing political contents on MIMS is stronger for individuals living in former East Germany where, due to historical reasons, large segments of the population are reluctant to talk about politics in public. Our findings suggest that MIMS make a distinctive contribution to contemporary repertoires of political talk, with important implications for the quality and inclusiveness of interpersonal political discussion.

Background. In KwaZulu-Natal (KZ-N), South Africa, recent reports have indicated that spontaneous use of smartphones has occurred, providing access to specialist dermatological care to remote areas. This informal use has raised a number of practical, legal, regulatory, and ethical concerns. Aim. To assess the nature and content of WhatsApp messages sent to dermatologists, to determine the referring doctors' reasons for, and satisfaction with, their interactions, as well as their knowledge of legal, regulatory, and ethical requirements. Methods. A retrospective study of WhatsApp messages between referring doctors and dermatologists, as well as a cross-sectional survey of doctors working at district hospitals in KZ-N who used IM for teledermatology. Results. Use of IM (primarily WhatsApp) for teledermatology was almost universal, but often not considered 'telemedicine'. Few referring doctors were aware of South Africa's ethical guidelines and their requirements, and few of those who did followed them, e.g., the stipulated and onerous consent process and existing privacy and security legislations. No secure methods for record keeping or data storage of WhatsApp content were used. A desire to formalize the service existed. Conclusions. Based upon these findings, it was proposed that a number of described steps be followed in order to formalize the use of IM for teledermatology.

Background. In KwaZulu-Natal (KZ-N), South Africa, recent reports have indicated that spontaneous use of smartphones has occurred, providing access to specialist dermatological care to remote areas. This informal use has raised a number of practical, legal, regulatory, and ethical concerns. Aim. To assess the nature and content of WhatsApp messages sent to dermatologists, to determine the referring doctors' reasons for, and satisfaction with, their interactions, as well as their knowledge of legal, regulatory, and ethical requirements. Methods. A retrospective study of WhatsApp messages between referring doctors and dermatologists, as well as a cross-sectional survey of doctors working at district hospitals in KZ-N who used IM for teledermatology. Results. Use of IM (primarily WhatsApp) for teledermatology was almost universal, but often not considered 'telemedicine'. Few referring doctors were aware of South Africa's ethical guidelines and their requirements, and few of those who did followed them, e.g., the stipulated and onerous consent process and existing privacy and security legislations. No secure methods for record keeping or data storage of WhatsApp content were used. A desire to formalize the service existed. Conclusions. Based upon these findings, it was proposed that a number of described steps be followed in order to formalize the use of IM for teledermatology.

16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS'09; Chicago, IL; United States; 9 November 2009 through 13 November 2009 ; Most cryptographic algorithms provide a means for secret and authentic communication. However, under many circumstances, the ability to repudiate messages or deny a conversation is no less important than secrecy and authenticity. For whistleblowers, informants, political dissidents and journalists - to name a few - it is most important to have means for deniable conversation, where electronic communication must mimic face-to-face private meetings. Off-the-Record Messaging, proposed in 2004 by Borisov, Goldberg and Brewer, and its subsequent improvements, simulate private two-party meetings. Despite some attempts, the multi-party scenario remains unresolved. In this paper, we first identify the properties of multi-party private meetings. We illustrate the differences not only between the physical and electronic medium but also between two- and multi-party scenarios, which have important implications for the design of private chatrooms. We then propose a solution to multi-party off-the-record instant messaging that satisfies the above properties. Our solution is also composable with extensions that provide other properties, such as anonymity. Copyright 2009 ACM.

We propose the Pandora Messaging, an enhanced secure instant messaging architecture which is equipped with a self-message-destructing feature for sensitive personal information applications in a mobile environment along with Multi Key Security Management using Shamirs algorithm. The proposed system will be beneficial for Government officers for communicating very sensitive and confidential messages. We design the Pandora Message Encryption and Exchange Scheme and the format of a self-destructible message to show how to exchange these messages atop the existing instant messaging service architecture. The Pandora Messaging-based system enables senders to set time, frequency, and location constraints. These conditions determine when the transmitted messages should be destructed and thus become unreadable for receivers. https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140081

WOS: 000511446700006 ; Our time is called digital era with the effects of developing and varying communication technology rapidly. While adoption of smart phones has been occurred worldwide in the last decade, instant messaging applications (IM apps) have also been diffused synchronously and they have become a prominent tool for communication among people. Internet-based instant messaging applications provide users to share any content (texts, videos, photos, links, video and voice calls) at any time both for dyad and group messaging with the opportunities of being free of charge and user-friendly. Hence, people have embraced the new way of communication and SMS has been substituted by instant messaging in time. So, the scope of this study focuses on practices and contents of group-based communication within the sample of WhatsApp, which have a vast adoption in many countries. In this direction, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 633 individuals having a range of backgrounds in Turkey. First of all, 83.3% of participants describe WhatsApp as the most frequently used communication tool. Furthermore, 48.5% of the participants agree with the statement that `WhatsApp is indispensable'. In the context of contents, 73.6% of participants declare that the most frequently shared contents is about professional subjects both educational or business areas followed by personal issues and events (55.1%), chain-messages (caricatures, videos, photos, celebration messages) (52.2%) and gossips (44.5%). Considering the generations, while generation Z use WhatsApp groups for sharing personal issues, chain messages, cultural issues and gossip, generation X almost never use the application for this purposes. In terms of gender, it is understood that females tend to share personal issues and gossip more than males and males share political issues more than females. Finding of study confirms that WhatsApp groups are heavily used among Turkish users both for professional and personal life and it is accepted an essential communication way one cannot resist. Meantime purposes of usage differ by generations and genders.

We propose the Pandora Messaging, an enhanced secure instant messaging architecture which is equipped with a self-message-destructing feature for sensitive personal information applications in a mobile environment along with Multi Key Security Management using Shamirs algorithm. The proposed system will be beneficial for Government officers for communicating very sensitive and confidential messages

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). ; We investigate whether and how informal political talk on digital media contributes to citizens' political participation with unique surveys based on samples representative of Internet users in seven Western democracies. We show that political talk on both social networking sites and mobile instant messaging platforms is positively associated with institutional and extra-institutional political participation. However, the relationship between talk on social networking sites and both types of participation is significantly stronger in established democracies (Denmark, France, United Kingdom, and United States) than in "third wave" democracies (Greece, Poland, and Spain). By contrast, the strength of the relationship between political talk on mobile instant messaging platforms and participation is not significantly different when comparing established and more recent democracies. These findings suggest that informal political talk on digital platforms can contribute to citizens' participatory repertoires and that different institutional settings, in combination with different technological affordances, play an important role in shaping these patterns.

Over the last decade, text messages have become one of most popular forms of communication. A diverse array of software to enable the exchange of text messages has been developed and deployed on computers and smart phones which is one of reasons for the increased use of text messages for communication purposes. However, there are several disadvantages for communicators when using text messages. For example, in the text-chat environment, there is a lack of trust between communicators (Bos et al., 2002) and communicators may face a high cognitive load (Thirunarayanan et al., 2002). Therefore, we conducted several studies to improve communication between people in the text-chat environment where important elements for communication, such as facial expressions, do not exist. We examined various data collected from people with different levels of interpersonal trust and cognitive load, including chat contents (e.g., the number of assent words used), mouse movements (e.g., distance travelled by the mouse) and physiological signals (skin response). These data proved to be useful indicators for measuring the level of trust of the communicators and the cognitive load to which the communicators were exposed. These findings have implications for enhancing the communication and relationships between communicators in a text-chat environment and will assist system developers to design applications to measure the conditions the communicators are under when they use the text-chat environment to complete tasks in a business or government context and provide them with suitable assistance.In addition to using the previously mentioned data to measure trust and cognitive load, we further examined the text-chat environment by allowing communicators to see the actions of their partners in real time when they were trying to solve tasks. Our results show that when communicators are able to see the behaviors of their partners when they chat in the text-chat environment while completing tasks, it improves the level of interpersonal trust between them. Finally, in this thesis, we examined the effects of cooperation and cognitive load on interpersonal trust. The findings show that trust is significantly improved between communicators in the text-chat environment when the communicators act in a cooperative way and when they are under a low cognitive load.

AbstractE-Government services nowadays must make it easier for the public. Request for E-Government services that can be done anywhere at any time is an innovation that can shorten service time and can reduce queues at government offices. This service model uses ICT (Information Communication Technology) media which has high flexibility. An example is Mobile platforms. A type of mobile application that popular and widely used by the public is Chat Apps or Instant Messaging. This type of mobile application has an easy way to use and a user friendly for everyone. Almost all smartphone users also use Instant Messaging. Telegram Instant Messaging as a mobile application of this type was chosen because it has a Bot API or Bot Engine feature that is open license and can be easily integrated with other system. Based on these advantages, the concept of the ease of people sending messages (chatting) with this type of application is integrated with the concept of E-Government services to improve the quality of E-Government services. The method used in developing this system is Research & Development with adjustments to location conditions. This research produces a Telegram BOT-based service feature that can simplify and shorten the people when using E-Government services so it can be improve government performance in the context of services to the peopleKeywords : E-Government, Bot Engine, Telegram, WebhookLayanan E-Government saat ini harus semakin memudahkan masyarakat. Request layanan E-Government yang dapat dilakukan dimana saja kapan saja merupakan sebuah inovasi yang dapat mempersingkat waktu layanan serta dapat mengurangi antrian pada kantor pemerintahan. Model layanan tersebut menggunakan media ICT (Information Communication Technology) yang memiliki flexibilitas yang tinggi. Salah satu contohnya adalah platform Mobile. Salah satu aplikasi pada platform mobile yang cukup populer serta banyak digunakan masyarakat adalah Chat Apps atau Instant Messaging. Aplikasi mobile jenis ini memiliki cara penggunaan yang mudah serta tampilan yang user friendly bagi semua orang. Hampir seluruh pengguna smartphone juga menggunakan Instant Messaging. Instant Messaging Telegram sebagai aplikasi mobile jenis ini dipilih dikarenakan memiliki fitur Bot API atau Bot Engine yang bersifat open licence serta dapat dengan mudah diintegrasikan dengan sistem lainnya. Berdasarkan keunggulan inilah maka konsep kemudahan orang dalam melakukan pengiriman pesan (chatting) dengan aplikasi jenis ini diintegrasikan dengan konsep layanan E-Government untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan E-Government. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengembangan sistem ini adalah Research & Development dengan penyesuaian kondisi dilapangan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan sebuah fitur layanan berbasis BOT Telegram yang dapat mempermudah dan mempersingkat masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan layanan E-Government sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kinerja pemerintahan dalam rangka layanan kepada masyarakat.Kata Kunci : E-Government, Bot Engine, Telegram, Webhook