Suchergebnisse

Nell'ambito delle teorie dello sviluppo, un filone di studi, originato dai lavori di North (1973) e consolidatosi negli ultimi anni, individua nelle istituzioni, definite come le regole del gioco o i vincoli disegnati dagli uomini per disciplinare i loro rapporti, i fattori fondamentali dello sviluppo economico. Le istituzioni, nel modello elaborato da Acemoglu, Johnson e Robinson (2004), sono il frutto di interazioni dinamiche tra potere politico de jure, determinato dalle istituzioni politiche, e potere politico de facto, determinato dalla distribuzione delle risorse economiche. Sulla base di questa prospettiva teorica, questa tesi propone uno studio di carattere quantitativo sulla qualità istituzionale, la traduzione operativa del concetto di istituzioni, composta dalle tre fondamentali dimensioni di democrazia, efficienza ed efficacia del governo e assenza di corruzione. La prima parte, che analizza sistematicamente pro e contro di ciascuna tipologia di indicatori, è dedicata alla revisione delle misure quantitative di qualità istituzionale, e individua nei Worldwide Governance Indicators la misura più solida e consistente. Questi indici sono quindi utilizzati nella seconda parte, dove si propone un'analisi empirica sulle determinanti della qualità istituzionale. Le stime del modello di regressione cross-country evidenziano che la qualità istituzionale è influenzata da alcuni fattori prevalentemente esogeni come la geografia, la disponibilità di risorse naturali e altre caratteristiche storiche e culturali, insieme ad altri fattori di carattere più endogeno. In quest'ultima categoria, i risultati evidenziano un effetto positivo del livello di sviluppo economico, mentre la disuguaglianza economica mostra un impatto negativo su ciascuna delle tre dimensioni di qualità istituzionale, in particolare sulla corruzione. Questi risultati supportano la prospettiva teorica e suggeriscono che azioni di policy orientate alla riduzione delle disparità sono capaci di generare sviluppo rafforzando la democrazia, migliorando l'efficienza complessiva del sistema economico e riducendo i livelli di corruzione. ; Amongst development theories, following the work of D. North (1973), a branch of studies has recently developed which sees institutions, defined as the rules of the game or humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction, as the fundamental cause of long-run growth. The model constructed by Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2004) emphasizes the interaction between de jure political power, influenced by political institutions, and de facto political power, shaped by distribution of resources, in the evolution of institutional paths. Based on this theoretical framework, this thesis adopts a quantitative perspective to investigate institutional quality, which is composed by three main dimensions: democracy, government efficiency and effectiveness and corruption. A survey of available measures of institutional quality is conducted in order to evaluate pro and cons of each kind of indicators. The analysis finds the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators as the most reliable measures of institutional quality, both in terms of internal and external consistency. These indexes are then used for an empirical analysis over the determinants of institutional quality. The estimates of the cross-country regression model show that institutional quality is affected by some exogenous factors, like geography, natural resources endowments and other historic and cultural traits, and more endogenous factors. Amongst the latter, economic development exerts a positive effect on institutional quality, while a negative association, particularly on the corruption side, is shown by economic inequality. Results confirm our hypothesis and suggest that policies aiming at reducing inequality can foster development by strengthening democracy, by improving the overall efficiency of the economic system and by reducing corruption levels.

The contribution aims to analyze the systematic reference framework regarding local autonomies and administrative organization, also in the light of the evidence that European and national institutions have had to face following the outcome of the health emergency caused by the Covid[1]19 Pandemic. research focuses mainly on the issues of administrative decentralization, "differentiated regionalism" and the principle of subsidiarity. The indications provided by the European Union for the implementation of the Recovery Plan seem to induce States to promote interventions, with a view to the digital and environmental transition, mainly aimed at social cohesion and raising the level of well-being of citizens, also through the (qualitative and quantitative) strengthening of personal services. In this perspective, therefore, the investigation referring to differentiated autonomy assumes particular relevance, especially in consideration of the PA PERSONA E AMMINISTRAZIONE Ricerche Giuridiche sull'Amministrazione e l'Economia 140 fact that it is necessary to ensure a homogeneous level of effectiveness of fundamental rights throughout the national territory. The reflection brought about by the contribution focuses, specifically, on the role of local authorities, and municipalities in particular, whose administrative capacity is a fundamental prerequisite for the implementation of a virtuous institutional model ; Il contributo mira ad analizzare il quadro sistematico di riferimento, in materia di autonomie locali e organizzazione amministrativa, anche alla luce della prova che le istituzioni europee e nazionali hanno dovuto affrontare all'esito dell'emergenza sanitaria determinata dalla Pandemia Covid- 19. Il lavoro di ricerca si sofferma principalmente sui temi del decentramento amministrativo, del "Regionalismo differenziato" e del principio di sussidiarietà. Le indicazioni fornite dall'Unione Europea per l'attuazione del Recovery Plan, sembrano indurre gli Stati a promuovere interventi, nell'ottica della transizione ...

Institutional translation is a well established practice in the Chinese press. Although lacking in individual visibility, translators in these contexts are key mediators for the creation of an authoritative information flow at the global level. Through a corpus of journalistic texts published in 2017 by Renmin ribao online in three different languages (Chinese, French and English), this paper focuses on the interaction between the mechanism of recontextualization of a political event in news production and the practice of translation. The aim is to discuss the effectiveness of the products of institutional translation in promoting a positive image of the country and in strenghtening the legitimacy of Chinese national political institutions worldwide.

EU administrative actors – much alike national administrative actors – claim to act legitimately on a variety of grounds: expertise, fairness, efficiency, effectiveness, legality (of which competence is an important aspect). Normative judgments on the legitimacy of their actions may rely on a combination of these and other factors, thereby also combining the different values they convey, or single out one to the detriment of others. This chapter sets out to examine the broader legal constraints to the way EU administrative actors manage their legitimacy. Within the boundaries of legality, are EU administrative actors free to determine the sources of legitimacy, or a specific combination thereof, that justify their action? Possible legal bounds could derive from two sources. First, the core institutional features of these actors – their composition, functioning and formal powers – both ground their institutional capacity and allow them to relate to specific legitimacy assets to justify their decisions. Second, the Treaty defines legal principles that ought to ground and frame the actions of the Union. Here the focus will be on the implications of the Treaty provisions on democracy to normative assessments of the legitimacy of the EU administration. By examining these two aspects, this chapter will show the specific contours that the typical claims on the legitimacy of administrations ought to acquire in the institutional and constitutional frameworks of the EU.

The paper discusses the impact of globalization and transnationalization processes on the concept of responsibility, as elaborated by modern legal tradition, in turn linking it to those of politicization and constitutionalization. It starts from the insight that a legal system can be considered as constitutionalized only if extra institutional collective actors and functionally differentiated social processes establish in their internal operations forms of "ecological" responsibility, thus building their own internal politicization(s). In this regard, it is recalled that only in this way XX century's constitutions gained actual effectiveness in extra institutional social spheres. For the same reasons, by letting collective actors avoid responsibility, globalization and transnazionalization weakened their internal politicization, with an overall de-constitutionalizing effect. In order to rebuild an internal politicization of collective actors, legal theory must reframe the concept of responsibility taking into account the social realities of post modernity This post modern framework should shape legal responsibility with a view at strengthening both the openness and the obligation to the internal politicization by social actors. In such a scenario the law of responsibility should aim at sanctioning un limited socialprocesses and actors, as well as potentiating the social impulses coming from civil society. The paper finally discusses two case studies, namely Kasky v. Nike and Bruker v. Markovitz, in order to highlight the applications and outcomes of the pro posed theoretical framework.

The thesis analyses the main issues posed by the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) within the Italian physical planning system in the perspective of sustainable development principle, as elaborated in the supranational and European context. The proper implementation of the European Directive 2001/42CE in the national legal framework has revealed problematic as regards the definition of its scope and, specifically, the procedural patterns to be followed and guaranteed in order to ensure an high level of environmental protection in planning processes through early and effective integration of sustainability objectives in public decision-making. After more than ten years since Directive 2001/42CE adoption, sensitive issues still remain to be addressed in order to assess the effectiveness of the implementation both at legislative and administrative level. Taken previously into account the contents and main critical aspects of planning traditional discipline and practice, yet to be reformed at national level, the research work attempts to highlight the pre-conditions to be fulfilled for SEA proper implementation and the need of institutional adaptation of planning instruments and their relationships, in accordance with environmental systems complexities.

The creation of an efficient Common Market has been, & for many aspects still is, the main goal of European regulation. Until the Single European Act, European regulation was mainly implemented through judicial policies, but during the 1990s the development of regulatory reforms called the EU for moving to a new form of regulation: administrative regulation. Today, in fields of policy like monetary policy, competition policy, telecommunication policy, & energy policy, the EU is called to implement European rules in a permanent, focused, sustained, & homogeneous way. Transnational networks made of national independent regulatory agencies have been created in order to achieve an efficient & effective regulation. Agency theory gives theoretical support to the creation of transnational regulatory networks. Nevertheless, an empirical analysis of successes & failures proves that institutional design of the network (independence, communication, & coordination) is only one out of four factors that can determine efficiency & effectiveness of European administrative regulation. The other factors are: the level of political support of the policy, the quality of European rules, & the structure of the policy field (fragmentation rather than the presence of one dominant powerful actor). Thus, in order to evaluate the probability of success or failure of transnational regulatory networks agency theory must be integrated in substantial ways. 3 Tables, 38 References. Adapted from the source document.

The thesis is made of two chapters. The first one exploits an historical natural experiment set during Italy's Fascism to assess cultural persistence vs. dynamics in a paradigmatically critical area, Southern Italy, whose current economic backwardness is often associated to a low social capital endowment, in turn commonly ascribed to cultural and institutional heritage. In the experiment, an exogenous shift of a border into a territory entirely internal to that heritage provides us with an highlighting instrument able to identify weight of history and variation in culture in the 20th century in this doubly depressed region. A discontinuity exercise at the new border shows that, starting from previous homogeneity, there is evidence of relatively recent adverse cultural dynamics in Southern Italian territories. A comparison with an analogous exercise on the old, upper border tends to rule out classical institutional or contagion channels as individual and administrative behaviours used to be not better (mostly, worse) northwards. Their deterioration below the new border emerged endogenously in the period following the creation of Regions, contradicting previous legacy and giving rise to a relative reversal of cultural fortunes. The second chapter provides new evidence on the effectiveness of hiring subsidies that target the long-term unemployed, analysing a generous policy that was in force until the end of 2014 in Italy. Unlike others of its kind, this policy was particularly ambitious as it encouraged only permanent employment, which at the time still benefited from strong employment protection legislation. To achieve identification, we use a triple difference estimator, where we exploit three sources of variation: (i) the subsidy was only for the long-term unemployed and not for the short-term unemployed; (ii) it was significantly more generous in the South; (iii) it was in place until 2014. We find that the relative probability of eligible individuals in the southern regions of finding a permanent job dropped after the program terminated. This effect does not seem to be driven by substitutions over time, across contracts or among jobseekers. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the policy was globally in surplus.

The objective of the research is to analyze the functioning of the fruit and vegetables cooperatives at regional level (Emilia Romagna), with particular reference to the mutuality purpose that distinguishes them, the institutional structure and the management. On the one hand the research intends to provide a definition and an explanation of the real operation/functioning of the mechanism of the mutualism and governance and on the other hand, to study the internal managerial mechanisms and the levels of functioning of the fruit and vegetable cooperatives with the purpose to provide significant indications on their real economic performance. Following a brief analysis of the market context in which the agricultural cooperatives operate, the works will proceed with a deep analysis of a sample of cooperatives regarding the structure and the forms of organization of the members and those aspects can be connected to the following dynamics: - valorisation of the social contribution (effective levels of internal mutuality); - economic efficiency (and consequent economic-financial trends); - levels of internal efficiency and productivity. The applied methodology is based in a first phase on the reclassification, elaboration and analysis of the balance of the sample enterprises. In this phase the research will give a first insight into the economic-financial and capital investment situation of the fruit and vegetable cooperatives trying to concentrate on the implemented and on the possible financing mechanisms and on the levels of efficiency and effectiveness of the productivity achieved. Subsequently the works will proceed with the realization of a direct survey in form of questionnaires to submit to the responsible persons of the sample cooperatives, in order to highlight/emphasize the critical points in respect to the three main arguments of research: mutuality, governance, management.

The aim of this paper is to describe how the absence of interpretative frameworks of quality assessment in terms of the adoption of ICT in the context of teaching-learning university is pretty serious. The use of technology is transforming the nature of teaching and learning as well as the organization and management of teaching, though, in terms of evidence, it must also clearly determine its effectiveness. The literature points out that, beyond the systemic international comparative surveys, are still absent appropriate models of Quality Assurance (QA) to assess the extent of these changes and the existing ones appear poorly aligned with institutional strategies related to quality policies University. In order to overcome this limitation is necessary to develop criteria, indicators and benchmarking will be able to reflect this reality, even considering the fact that there is a diversity in institutions in the adoption of ICT both domestically and internationally that feeds or less a different digital divide even within those institutions that have adopted innovative ICT. ; L'obiettivo del presente contributo è quello di descrivere come l'assenza di quadri interpretativi della valutazione della qualità sul piano dell'adozione delle ICT nei contesti di insegnamento-apprendimento universitario sia piuttosto grave, poiché l'impiego delle tecnologie sta trasformando la natura dell'insegnamento e dell'apprendimento oltre che l'organizzazione e la gestione didattica, anche se, sul piano delle evidenze, occorre ancora con chiarezza determinarne l'efficacia. La letteratura rileva come, al di là delle ricognizioni sistemiche internazionali di tipo comparativo, siano ancora assenti modelli adeguati di Assicurazione della qualità (AQ) atti a valutare la portata di tali cambiamenti e quelli esistenti appaiano scarsamente allineati alle strategie istituzionali legate alle politiche di qualità delle Università. Al fine di superare questo limite occorre sviluppare criteri, indicatori e strategie di benchmarking capaci di dare ...

The economic and financial crisis of 2008 has raised some particularly challenging issues regarding assessing the performance of proposed financial institution bailout solutions. The need for quick action to avoid financial disaster often precluded a full airing of the possible advantages and disadvantages associated with the accountability and performance indicator mechanisms put in place. Now, a vigorous debate is occurring over performance indicators related to the effectiveness, efficiency and equity aspects of the solutions that have been implemented both in the U.S. and Europe. The United States major bailout proposal was the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) overseen by the Office of Financial Stability in the US Department of Treasury which has taken major ownership positions in US banks. The British bailout plan called the Bank Recapitalisation Scheme (BRS) is being directed by HM Treasury and the United Kingdom Financial institutions, Corp. which has also taken equity positions in major UK banks. These similarities and differences form the backdrop for the empirical case studies. The particular nature of these government programs make them ideal candidates for an extreme type case analysis in the characterizing the fight over defining performance. Not surprisingly, a host of academics, private financial institutions, government agencies and even intergovernmental governing bodies such as the IMF are airing their respective performance definitions. The competition between these bodies will serve as the empirical basis for assessing the arguments and motivations over how to define performance in the context of the bank bailouts. These case studies will be analyzed in the performance regime and competing values conceptual frameworks as initially brought together in Talbot (2008). . The performance regime frame will help assess the institutional forces who are attempting to exert influence over indicators. The competing values frame advances the notion that there are four major types of models by which social relationships are constructed and the form through the regime influences impact indicators and performance definitions. The major new contribution presented here will be in using these case studies to define the types of variables and factors that drive different types of private and public agents in constructing the definition of performance as well as advancing this combination of the performance regime and competing values framework. It is felt that these financial bailouts provide a rich set of data upon which new insights and the advancement of knowledge can be constructed. The United States and United Kingdom models represent important cases where large scale financial bailouts have occurred in two countries that have similar business cultures and yet there remain important differences in their approaches.

Il sistema basato sulla dottrina politica nazionalsocialista non nacque accompagnato né da una base culturale giuridica propria, né con il presupposto di "appoggiarsi" allo Stato per poter riorganizzare la vita sociale ed economica tedesca. In effetti, furono i numerosi giuristi nazionalsocialisti ad elaborare una sorta di "struttura delle fonti giuridiche" che costituisse una riserva di strumenti giuridici da utilizzare per raggiungere un punto di "fusione" tra impianto istituzionale e dottrina politica di indirizzo.Gli effetti distorsivi che il nuovo "Diritto Nazionalsocialista" ebbe nella gestione dei territori, specie in quelli occupati durante la guerra, si manifestarono con maggiore intensità sul territorio polacco, o meglio su quella porzione di territorio rinominato Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete; sia negli alti livelli della Zivilverwaltung, sia nell'amministrazione dei distretti locali (Kreise), i personalismi dei funzionari si manifestarono con forza, anche grazie all'uso di forme di decretazione personale dotate di differente efficacia.L'obiettivo di questo scritto è porre in relazione gli strumenti giuridici di decretazione personale con l'operato dei molti "piccoli Führer" che operarono in una entità amministrativa atipica come il Governatorato generale di Polonia mostrando, talvolta prima conl'inadeguatezza che con la brutalità, il volto peggiore della Zivilverwaltung. ; The system based on National Socialist political doctrine was born neither accompanied by a legal cultural basis of its own, nor with the premise of "relying on" the State in order to reorganize German social and economic life. In fact, it was the numerous National Socialist jurists who elaborated a sort of "structure of legal sources" which constituted a reserve of legal instruments to be used to reach a point of "fusion" between institutional structure and political doctrine.The distorting effects that the new "National Socialist Law" had in the management of territories, especially in those occupied during the war, manifested themselves with greater intensity on Polish territory or, more precisely, on that portion of territory renamed Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete, more simply the General Government of Poland; both in the high levels of the Zivilverwaltung and in the administration of the local districts (Kreise), the personalisms of the officials manifested themselves strongly, also thanks to the use of forms of personal decree with different effectiveness. The objective of the "codification" of the regime thus became the object of exploitation, both by the upper echelons of the party (including Hitler), and by those who worked in the administration of the GG, especially some local officials. They, in different forms and with different intensity, fulfilled their functions as petty dictators, using juridically different and territorially limited versions of the personal decree.Frank found himself in the position of having to justify to his Führer the leadership of the «Gau of the Vandals» and his being at the same time a man of law. Hitler expressed his contempt for the category of jurists whom he considered "traitors to the people", calling them «mentally handicapped from birth or destined to become so with the passage of time» and declared in a speech to the Reichstag on April 26, 1942 that he would have no «peace until every German was convinced that being a jurist was a shameful disgrace». Curiously, the actual exercise of power by the dictator, based on his undisputed personal and political authority, was justified on the juridical level by the doctrinal interpretation of some singular normative instruments, the Führererlasse, the maximum expression of "compromise", between justification of existing power and an attempt to codify its strength and contents in a peculiar Nazi "constitutional" structure.They were never formally part of the German legal order, but were de facto an element approved and amply justified by the National Socialist juridical doctrine, which influenced the life of the Reich and the territories it controlled, feeding and amplifying that system of double institutional levels. which had its most chaotic realization in the GG. The attitude of absolute sovereign on the part of the Kreishauptmänner was typical in the local districts; even from these childish behaviors and from the ostentation of a pomp which was often the result of robbery and looting, it was possible to recognize both the amateurism of a large slice of the administrative staff, and the almost unlimited possibilities caused by the use of personal instruments in the hands of district chiefs.The command practice was based on recommended and unpunished violence: the existence of some very rare "oases of normal administration" depended exclusively on the will of the individual local leaders and on the resonance that their actions could have at the top of the state nomenclature. The way the population was treated was aimed at leaving a mark on German occupation policy and showing the efficiency of the administrators, through construction work (Aufbauarbeit) of a testimony of the historische Mission in Ostgebiet.The objective of this paper is to relate the instrument of personal decree with the powers of which they were at the same time cause and consequence, and the behavior of the individual officials who operated in the various institutional levels taken into account, mentioning some cases of an atypical administrative entity like GG.

The article poses the problem of the possible identification in the Italian legal system of an organic collection of regulations that govern and control libraries, with special reference to those that carry out a public service. It is basically a question of establishing if in Italy there is a "library law", that in any case represents a more extensive and complex phenomenon than simple library legislation. Reference is in fact made to the concept of "juridical process", as outlined especially by Norberto Bobbio, regarding and strictly connected to the other fundamental concept of juridical system, within the realm of which juridical institutes are born, in a framework that must exclude the presence of "antinomies", that is to say of contradictions between regulations.It is well known that the Italian situation is characterized by the absence of an organic state law on libraries and by the presence, on the other hand, of a vast legislative corpus of a regional nature; this leads to the emergence in the library field not only of legislative sources that differ from those of the state, but even of a plurality of juridical systems, composed not only of formal laws, but of legislative situations of various nature. What has however been lacking up to now, both on the state side and on that of the region, is an activity of systematizing those regulations capable of outlining with precision and effectiveness some fundamental institutes, first and foremost that of public libraries. The most recent developments of basic local autonomy and the progressive establishment of the need for inter-institutional initiatives, based on the principle whereby in the case of two crimes, the punishment for the more serious crime takes precedence over the application of the punishment for the less serious crime, do perhaps make it possible to foresee a path to a better systemic arrangement, which however cannot disregard, obviously, the effective existence of sufficiently equipped library institutes. This can also form the confirmation of some principles established by the institutional school: that is to say the logical precedence of bodies that can be organized over the pure manifestation of legislative will. ; La questione posta nell'articolo riguarda la possibilità di individuare nell'ordinamento italiano un insieme organico di norme che disciplinano e regolano le biblioteche, con particolare riferimento a quelle che svolgono un servizio pubblico. Si tratta insomma di stabilire se esiste in Italia un "diritto delle biblioteche", che rappresenta comunque un fenomeno più ampio e complesso della semplice legislazione bibliotecaria.Viene fatto riferimento al concetto di "sistema giuridico", così come è stato delineato in particolare da Norberto Bobbio, in riferimento e in stretta connessione con l'altro concetto fondamentale di ordinamento giuridico, nell'ambito del quale si determina la nascita degli istituti giuridici, in un quadro che deve escludere la presenza di "antinomie", vale a dire di contraddizione tra le norme.La situazione italiana è caratterizzata, come è ben noto, dall'assenza di una legislazione statale organica sulle biblioteche e dalla presenza, invece, di un vasto corpusnormativo di carattere regionale; ciò porta a configurare l'esistenza in campo bibliotecario non solo di fonti legislative diverse da quelle statali, ma addirittura di una pluralità di ordinamenti giuridici, fatti non solo di leggi formali, ma di realtà normative di varia natura. E' mancata tuttavia, fino ad ora, sia sul versante statale che su quello regionale un'attività di sistematizzazione delle norme capace di delineare con precisione ed efficacia alcuni fondamentali istituti, primo tra tutti quello della biblioteca pubblica.I più recenti sviluppi dell'autonomia locale di base e la progressiva affermazione della necessità di iniziative inter-istituzionali basate sul principio di sussidiarietà permettono forse di intravedere una strada di migliore organizzazione sistemica, che non può tuttavia prescindere, come ovvio, dall'effettiva esistenza di istituti bibliotecari sufficientemente attrezzati. Ciò può anche costituire una conferma di alcuni principi posti dalla scuola istituzionale: vale a dire la precedenza logica di entità organizzabili rispetto alla pura manifestazione di volontà normativa.

This paper presents a critical, on a social-political level, of development of psychotherapy, seen as the health discipline, especially in that part of the world called West, scientifically established itself through the evaluation of the effectiveness of its two most common types of setting: Individual and Group- Psychotherapy. Through a social-anthropological interpretation of mental processes which it underpins, and a group analytical analysis of organizational and institutional dynamics that led to its evolution, the authors highlight the significant impasse in which psychotherapy finds itself today compared to new and more pervasive forms of mental suffering. Following on of the latest scientific research on the functioning of the mind and of new policy proposals from the World Health Organization, it is suggested so a form of basic psychotherapy, focused on the quality of the mental health of human contexts, defined Community-Focused Psychotherapy. This new form of psychotherapy is wrong simply understood as a new setting, alongside the classic individual, group, or family setting, but as a political-cultural background and a theoretical-methodological framework, so for different psychotherapeutic treatment (individual, group , family) put in place in cases of specific psychopathological symptoms, as for a number of other clinical and social programs, carried out by professionals, workers and (formerly) users, who support the empowerment of people, with serious psychological disorders or severe mental illness, in their own social contexts of belonging, and in their own recovery, through the active participation of all those therapeutic processes that support their care. ; L'articolo propone una lettura critica, su un livello politico-sociale, dello sviluppo della psicoterapia, intesa come quella disciplina sanitaria affermatasi scientificamente, soprattutto in quella parte di mondo definita Occidente, attraverso la valutazione dell'efficacia clinica delle sue due tipologie di setting più diffuse; la Psicoterapia Individuale e la Psicoterapia di Gruppo. Attraverso una lettura antropologico-sociale dei processi mentali che essa sottende, ed una analisi di scuola gruppoanalitica delle dinamiche istituzionali che ne hanno determinato l'evoluzione, gli autori evidenziano la sostanziale empasse in cui la psicoterapia si ritrova oggi rispetto alle nuove e più pervasive forme di sofferenza mentale. Sulla scia delle recenti ricerche scientifiche sul funzionamento della mente e delle nuove proposte politiche dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, viene così proposto una forma psicoterapeutica di base, focalizzata sulla qualità della salute mentale di contesti umani definiti, definita Psicoterapia di Comunità. Questa nuova forma psicoterapeutica non và semplicemente intesa come un nuovo setting, da affiancare ai classici setting individuali, di gruppo, o familiari, ma come uno sfondo politico- culturale ed una cornice teorico-metodologica, tanto dei diversi interventi psicoterapeutici (individuali, di gruppo, familiari) messi in atto nei casi di specifiche manifestazioni psicopatologiche, quanto di tutta una serie di altri interventi clinici e sociali, messi in atto da professionisti, operatori ed (ex)utenti esperti, che sostengono l'empowerment delle persone con gravi disagi psicologici nei loro contesti sociali di appartenenza, ed il loro recovery attraverso la partecipazione attiva a tutti quei processi terapeutici che ne sostengono la cura.