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INSTITUTIONAL ENTROPY IS A PROCESS WHICH AN INSTITUTION MAY UNDERGO AS IT GROWS OLDER, CAUSING IT TO FUNCTION AT A LOWER LEVEL AND LESS EFFECTIVELY. THE DATA SUPPLIED BY 300 LARGE CREDIT UNIONS GAVE NO INDICATION THAT OLDER OR NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS WERE LESS EFFICIENT THAN SIMILAR YOUNGER INSTITUTIONS.

AbstractIn this paper, we emphasize the role of institutions as the underlying basis for economic and social activity. We describe and compare different institutional classification systems, which is rarely done in the literature, and show how to empirically operationalize institutional concepts. More than 30 established institutional indicators can be clustered into three homogeneous groups of formal institutions: legal, political and economic, which capture to a large extent the complete formal institutional environment of a country. We compute the latent quality of legal, political and economic institutions for every country in the world and for every year. On this basis, we propose a legal, political and economic World Institutional Quality Ranking, through which we can follow whether a country is improving or worsening its relative institutional environment. The calculated latent institutional quality measures can be especially useful in further panel data applications and add to the usual practice of using simply one or another index of institutional quality to capture the institutional environment. We make the Institutional Quality Dataset, covering up to 197 countries and territories from 1990 to 2010, freely available online.

This volume brings together prominent political theorists and international relations scholars - including some skeptics of cosmopolitanism - in a far-ranging dialogue about the institutional implications of the approach. The contributors offer penetrating analyses of both continuing and emerging issues around state sovereignty, democratic autonomy and accountability, and the promotion and protection of human rights. They also debate potential reforms of the current global system, from the transformation of cities and states to the creation of some encompassing world government capable of effectively promoting cosmopolitan aims

Institutional change transcends organizational change to focus on entire classes of organizations serving different societal functions (business, government, education, etc.) and how they are being transformed in response to a rapidly changing world. Unlike the "management" focus of organizational change - process design, teamwork, leadership, etc

Violence can be physical and psychological. It can characterize personal actions, forms of group activity, and abiding social and political policy. This book includes all of these aspects within its focus on institutional forms of violence. Institution is also a broad category, ranging from formal arrangements such as the military, the criminal code, the death penalty and prison system, to more amorphous but systemic situations indicated by parenting, poverty, sexism, work, and racism. Violence is as complex as the human beings who resort to it; its institutional forms pervade our relational lives. We are all participants in it as victims and perpetrators. The chapters in this book were written in the hope that violence can be explicated, even if not fully understood, and that such clarification can help us in devising less violent forms of living, even if it does not lead to its total abolition. The studies bring new aspects of violence to light and offer a number of suggestions for its remedy

This paper proposes a model of 'institutional gaming,' in which intentional agents pursue their projects through games of a looser and deeper sort. Over many interactions, they develop formal institutions and informal norms concerning appropriate ways of maneuvering within them and expanding upon them. Agents shift among several different institutions governed by different norms addressing each of their many different concerns. No one agent is decisive, either negatively or positively, for long. Such a model of intentional goal‐seeking agents, operating through and on history, and developing shared norms as an aid to doing so, makes tolerably good sense of much that modern institutionalists want to tell us.

This paper proposes a model of "institutional gaming," in which intentional agents pursue their projects through games of a looser & deeper sort. Over many interactions, they develop formal institutions & informal norms concerning appropriate ways of maneuvering within them & expanding upon them. Agents shift among several different institutions governed by different norms addressing each of their many different concerns. No one agent is decisive, either negatively or positively, for long. Such a model of intentional goal-seeking agents, operating through & on history, & developing shared norms as an aid to doing so, makes tolerably good sense of much that modern institutionalists want to tell us. 39 References. Adapted from the source document.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Review of Institutional Grammar Research: Overview, Opportunities, Challenges -- Chapter 3. Motivation for a New Institutional Grammar -- Chapter 4. Institutional Grammar 2.0: Conceptual Foundations and General Syntax -- Chapter 5. Institutional Grammar 2.0: Deep Structural Parsing and Hybrid Institutional Statements -- Chapter 6. Institutional Grammar 2.0: Semantic Features and Analytical Linkages -- Chapter 7. Methodological Guidance for Encoding Institutional Information -- Chapter 8. Institutional Analysis and Applications -- Chapter 9. Contextualization and Future Development of the Institutional Grammar.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Institutional Analysis? -- 1.1.1 Institutional Analysis by Discipline -- 1.1.1.1 Public Policy and Administration -- 1.1.1.2 Political Science -- 1.1.1.3 Economics -- 1.1.1.4 Sociology -- 1.1.1.5 Social Psychology -- 1.1.1.6 Law -- 1.1.1.7 Philosophy -- 1.1.1.8 Computer Science -- 1.1.2 Convergence Toward Interdisciplinary Institutional Analysis -- 1.2 Institutional Analysis with the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework -- 1.3 Primer on the Institutional Grammar -- 1.4 Overview of Chapter Contents -- References -- 2 Review of Institutional Grammar Research: Overview, Opportunities, Challenges -- 2.1 Guiding Research Questions -- 2.2 Analytical Approaches Used in Institutional Grammar Research -- 2.2.1 Frameworks, Theories, and Concept Measurement -- 2.2.2 Collecting and Analyzing Institutional Grammar Data -- 2.3 Research Opportunities and Challenges -- References -- 3 Motivation for a New Institutional Grammar -- 3.1 Ontological Consistency -- 3.2 Toward a Comprehensive Representation of Institutional Meaning -- 3.3 Grammars in the Linguistic and Institutional Sense -- References -- 4 Institutional Grammar 2.0: Conceptual Foundations and General Syntax -- 4.1 Conceptual Foundations -- 4.1.1 Levels of Expressiveness -- 4.1.2 Constitutive and Regulative Statements -- 4.2 IG Core -- 4.2.1 Regulative Syntax -- 4.2.1.1 Attributes -- 4.2.1.2 Deontic -- 4.2.1.3 Aim -- 4.2.1.4 Object -- 4.2.1.5 Context -- 4.2.1.6 Or Else -- 4.2.1.7 Regulative Institutional Statement Structure -- 4.2.2 Statement Combinations (Horizontal Nesting) -- 4.2.3 Regulative Institution Types -- 4.2.3.1 Three Branches of Institutional Analysis -- 4.2.3.2 Mapping Institutions to Statements -- 4.2.3.3 Revisiting the Norm/Rule Distinction.