Suchergebnisse

Maritime and coastal tourism has become an important economic sector for the marine states of the world. The coasts and the Bay of Bengal are increasingly coveted spaces as strategic resources for Bangladesh. The coastal and maritime tourism are facing emerging challenges that deserve closer attention. The blue tourism depends on the beauty of the natural ecosystems, but at the same time, it contributes to its depletion and fragilization, and puts at risk its sustainability. The inter-linkage of marine tourism with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is highly essential. Governance, policy framework, institutional mechanism and legislative arrangements are considered as the cross-cutting issues for sustainable tourism. The study aims at analyzing the existing institutional, legal and policy frameworks of Bangladesh for sustainable blue tourism. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. International regulatory frameworks and mandates were critically reviewed to analyze the national arrangements. It was found that no specific laws were enacted to cover sustainable blue tourism but few environmental laws support sustainability to some extents. Non-compliances with the existing laws, poor coordination and integration among different sectors, overlapping jurisdictions and conflict of interests are widespread. Sustainable tourism is embedded in many international frameworks which are not properly reflected in the national frameworks. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) emphasizes marine conservation and sustainable use of its resources. The national laws should be aligned to international regulatory frameworks like UNCLOS, SDGs and Paris Agreement (2017). The study recommends the integration of the legal and institutional frameworks governing the tourism, environment and biodiversity conservation.

AbstractThis chapter considers the evolving institutional responses to the challenge of regulating telecoms in the EU, taking in the Commission's push for creating an EU agency versus the resilience of the transnationally networked model, which is usually attributed to the Member States' sovereignty reflex. Were recent negotiations over the reform of the Regulatory Framework for telecoms, concluded in 2009, simply a turf-war in which the Commission sought to extend the EU's role against resistance from the Member States, or did the national telecoms regulators and their existing transnational network influence the eventual compromise to retain the soft law, networked model, albeit with some hardening? Characterised as a classic integration struggle, the Member States' intergovernmental instincts were pitched against the Commission's supranational instincts and its preference for instruments of control premised on the centralised exercise of hierarchical power. But this chapter paints a more fine-grained picture of the negotiation's dynamics and especially the influence of the national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and their existing transnational network; a community of expertise that stood to have its role either strengthened or diminished in the revised institutional architecture. In doing so, the chapter moves beyond orthodox (intergovernmental and neofunctionalist) accounts of these dynamics to take an institutionalist approach that is better suited to analysing the EU as a mature system of governance.

Co-operative societies are financial institutions that focus on servicing the banking and lending needs of its members. They fall within the semi-regulated sector of the financial sector, where the state does not provide for stringent regulations. Co-operative societies promote the welfare of the communities where they operate and this holistically enhances development of all classes of people in these communities. As a microfinance unit, credit unions operating as co-operative societies have been of much interest to some developing governments, policy makers and their membership, particularly, the implications of the regulatory and institutional framework of credit unions for their financial sustainability. Whilst some have doubted whether as a microfinance unit, co-operative societies can help the poor and still remain sustainable, others have argued that such financial institutions are more likely to weather financial storms and effectively serve the poor in unstable economic countries. The purpose of the study therefore was to examine the regulatory and institutional framework of credit unions and its implication for growth. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. The results of the study showed that unlike other microfinance institutions, credit unions are regulated by various regulatory agencies, including the Registrar of Co-operative Societies and the Ghana Co-operatives Credit Unions Association (CUA). It also revealed that even though credit unions are able to meet the needs of the poor and low to middle income earners, there is an urgent need to review both the institutional and regulatory framework to ensure efficiency and financial sustainability of such credit unions.

The aim of this report is to provide the Government of Punjab with a preliminary overview of opportunities and obstacles for the adoption of the EIP Framework by industrial estates (IEs) in Punjab, based on the World Bank Group's experience with emerging economies in implementation of the EIP Framework, as well as the results from research on policy regimes and industrial practices in Punjab. As part of this analysis, Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE) has been selected to pilot the high-level technical analysis on the environmental, social, and economic areas to improve, to operationalize the EIP Framework. Results and recommendations in this report are delivered as part of the broader support of the World Bank Group to the government through the Punjab Green Development Program (P165388). In a 2014 assessment of environmental management for Pakistan's industrial growth, the main findings and recommendations suggest that "to strengthen Pakistan's industrial growth and industrial estates, the government must provide: (i) sectoral policies that support the greening of Pakistan's industrial sector to enhance international competitiveness; (ii) upgraded trade facilitation and sustainable infrastructure (particularly transport and energy infrastructure) to address some of the spatial aspects of industrialization; and (iii) strong institutions for effective industrialization initiatives, including those for small and medium enterprises." As IEs can play a pivotal role in industrial development, it is expected that the EIP Framework will help achieve the vision of Punjab's Growth Strategy 2023 to create "a globally connected and competitive, equitable, culturally vibrant and technologically advanced Punjab with sustainable economic growth driven through a dynamic private sector, an efficient public sector, rich and productive human capital and, a regionally equalized development footprint by 2023."

The study contains the main approaches to the determination of various institutions affecting Russian accounting from the standpoint of their formal and informal types. In modern conditions, the economic actions of a subject must be matched to external factors that determine the correctness of economic decision-making, as well as consistency and the development of correct patterns and behavior algorithms that are most effective for each specific situation. Through the institutional analysis, the authors have identified several inconsistencies in the regulatory framework of related institutions and suggested ways to eliminate these disparities. Inter-institutional discrepancies have been found between law and accounting institutions, indicating non-compliance in the accounting practice of the substance over form principle, between recognition in the bookkeeping and tax accounting of the transfer of assets and liabilities ownership, as well as differences in the recording of investment real estate in the financial statements according to IFRS institutions and Russian national standards. ; peer-reviewed