Suchergebnisse

Introduction / James Summers -- Treaty obligations of collective non-state entities : the case of the deep seabed regime / Klara Polackova van der Ploeg -- The East India Company : non-state actor as treaty-maker / Michael Mulligan -- Armed non-state actors and customary international law / Agata Kleczkowska -- Ad hoc commitments by non-state armed actors : the continuing relevance of state consent / Eva Kassoti -- Exploring the borderlands : the role of private actors in individual in international cultural law / Valentina Vadi -- Shaping the Convention on Biological Diversity : the rising importance of indigenous peoples within the Nagoya protocol on access and benefit-sharing / Federica Cittadino -- Exploring the future of individuals as subjects of international law : the example of the Canadian private sponsorship of refugees programme / Ekaterina Yahyaoui Krivenko -- Redefining the position of the investor in the international legal order and the nature of investment treaty rights : a closer look at the relationship between diplomatic protection and investor-state arbitration / Javier García Olmedo -- Tracing the human rights obligations of UN peacekeeping operations / Simone F. van den Driest -- An elephant in the room : the scrutiny of the United Nations in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights / Gintaré Pažereckaité -- The business and human rights regime under international law : remedy without law? / Ioana Cismas and Sarah Macrory -- International human rights law and territorial non-state actors : cases of the Council of Europe region / Natalia Cwicinskaja -- The impact of non-state actors' intervention in investor-state arbitration : a further study / Emily Choo -- The Brčko arbitration : a process for lasting peace between non-state actors / Tomas Vail -- International law and the global public interest: ICANN's independent objector as a mechanism of responsive global governance / Adamantia Rachovitsa -- The relevance of article 9 of the Articles on State Responsibility for the Internationally Wrongful Acts of Armed Groups / Katharine Fortin -- State responsibility, "successful" insurrectional movements and governments of national reconciliation / Tatyana Eatwell -- Does an armed group have an obligation to provide reparations to its victims? : construing an obligation to provide reparations for violations of international humanitarian law / Paloma Blázquez Rodríguez -- Prosecuting members of transnational terrorist groups under article 25 of the Rome Statute : a network theory approach to accountability / Anna Marie Brennan -- NGO's in terrorism cases : diffusing norms of international human rights law / Jeffrey Davis

This paper proposes an original formal framework to analyze institutional evolution. Institutions have formal (F) and informal (N) aspects that may evolve at different paces, although eventually converging towards each other through an dynamic interactive process. N evolves with capital accumulation, as in learning by doing, and F is optimally chosen by the government who maximizes output given the social and political costs of changing F. As transaction-cost-reducing mechanisms, F and N together define the production technology and affect the income level. As consistent with the evidence, calibrations of the model reveal that optimum F exhibits a punctuated equilibra.

"Institutional Actors in Foreign Policy Analysis" published on by Oxford University Press.

Malcolm Rutherford is Professor of Economics at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, and the leading authority on the history of American institutional economics. He has published widely on this topic in History of Political Economy, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Journal of Economic Perspectives, and Labor History. He is the author of Institutions in Economics: The Old and the New Institutionalism (Cambridge University Press, 1994) and The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 1918-1947, Science and Social Control (Cambridge University Press, 2011). Professor Rutherford has served as President of the History of Economics Society and the Association for Evolutionary Economics.