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AbstractThe aim of the conducted study was to characterize the attitudes and practices of Polish farmers in the area of performing chemical plant protection treatments. A particular attention was paid to identifying the relationship between the direction of changes in the volume of chemical plant protection product consumption and selected attributes of farms. The main time range of the analyses covered the period of 2013–2017. Statistical data and results of representative surveys carried out on a sample of 1101 farms in Poland were used in the research process. Due to the large number of variants of the analysed variables, a multiple correspondence analysis was used, which made it possible to determine the correlation between the examined features (direction of changes in pesticide use relative to the farm area, economic size of the farm and location of the farm). Statistical analysis showed the existence of strong relationships between the physical (1) and economic (2) size of farms and the direction of changes in pesticide consumption ((1) φ2 = 0.0907; (2) φ2 = 0.1141)). According to empirical studies, the reduction of pesticide consumption took place mainly on the smallest farms. The implementation of the integrated plant protection directive has not resulted in significant changes in the form of reduced pesticide use in large-scale field crops. This raises the need to modify the strategy and model of crop protection in large-scale field crops in Poland.

In the present study, documentation of farmer's knowledge on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was carried out in Rupandehi district during the year 2016. The objective of this paper is to assess the knowledge of farmers about IPM and its effectiveness in this district. It was carried out by conducting semi-structured interview with the participants of IPM FFS, vegetable growing farmers, stakeholders and local people with the help of standard questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant interview. The IPM program is found to be conducted by an international non-government organization viz. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and government organizations viz. Plant Protection Directorate (PPD), Agronomy Development Directorate (ADD) and District Agriculture Development Organization (DADO) through Farmer's Field School (FFS) in this district. In total forty IPM FFS was conducted from 1998 to 2015 which provided training about IPM in rice and vegetable crops to 1057 farmers in which 393 were male and 664 female. Although a significant difference has been found in the knowledge about the amount of pesticide used, biological method of pest control for IPM by FFS participant and nonparticipant farmers, it is not observed in their behavior during the cultivation of crops in the farm. The result showed that only 5% of participants of Farmer's Field School (FFS) are following IPM practices in their own farm after taking training. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 237-242

"This paper examines the effect of labor organization on integrated pest management (IPM),
using cross section data collected from a participatory farming system survey of 157 durian
growers in Chanthaburi, Thailand, in 2005. In contrast to many studies of IPM adoption, this
work uses the form of farm labor organization as an endogenous factor for identifying the rate
of IPM adoption among durian growers. The instrumental variables method was employed to
econometrically relate a set of alleged variables as instruments of labor organization to the
rate of IPM adoption. Results show that, among others, farms employing hired labor have a
significantly lower adoption rate of IPM." (author's abstract)

Cowpea is a good source of protein to human beings and feeds to livestock. The broad objective was the promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cowpea production in Fufore Local Government Area, and the specific objectives were to create awareness and strengthen the farmers group, describe socio-economic characteristics of farmers, train the farmers group on IPM, compare the performance between improved variety and farmers' variety, assess profitability of IPM and demonstrate recommended IPM practices. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Gross Margin analysis. The Gross Margin under IPM practices was N200,711.80 while N6,899.60 under farmers' practice. The result of the study showed that an average yield of 239.4kg/ha and 1714kg/ha of cowpea respectively from farmers' practices and IPM practices. The participating group was strengthened in aspects of group management and to sustain the IPM practices. The farmers were trained in timely planting, correct spacing and fertilizer application, correct dose and timely application od insecticides when necessary and pests identification. 65% of the farmers agreed to adopt IPM in cowpea production as from next year (2009).

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s11356-021-12879-w

This Noragric Report was commissioned by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) to Noragric. ; The main purpose of this Mid Term Review (MTR) is to assess the progress of the National Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme (NPL 2945) in relation to its planned outputs, and to analyse constraints and achievements in programme implementation in order to provide guidance to both the funding agent (Norwegian Government) and the implementing agent (FAO and HMG Nepal) for possible amendments or rectifications that may be needed for the remainder of the programme period. As indicated in the Terms of Reference (ToR), assessment of the progress of the programme towards fulfilling its two main objectives has been emphasised during the review process. The objectives stated in the programme document are: (1) To contribute to institutionalise a sustainable national Integrated Pest Management Programme (IPM) by strengthening the capacity of the Plant Protection Directorate (PPD), collaborating national, regional and district level training and extension institutions in the governmental and non-governmental sector strengthened to integrate IPM training and support programmes for smallholder farmers; and (2) To empower farmers to increase production and productivity efficiently while protecting environment, conserving the bio-diversity and avoiding health hazards for betterment of their livelihood. Based on information collected through individual discussions, key-contact interviews, group discussions and direct field observations with 13 IPM Farmers Field School (FFS) and 2 Farmers & Science groups as well as the review of supplied reports and documents, the MTR Team has come up with the following principle findings and recommendations.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. is a troublesome weed, causing economic losses by reducing crop yield, increasing herbicide and tillage costs, and degrading soils due to increased tillage requirements. The major control method for C. arvense is herbicide application, but this poses socio-environmental and herbicide resistance risks. The European Union promotes reduced dependence and sustainable use of herbicides, combined with cultural and mechanical weed control. This thesis assessed the effects of integrated weed control on the population dynamics of C. arvense. For mechanical control, farmers are recommended to act when C. arvense is most sensitive to disturbance, i.e. at the point of minimum belowground weight, coinciding with 7-10 leaves per shoot. However, many farmers believe that this is too late. To estimate the compensation point (CP), defined as the minimum weight of the entire belowground structure of C. arvense, and identify links between initial root weight, planting depth and crop competition, three outdoor pot experiments were performed. For chemical control, farmers are recommended to spray when the majority of C. arvense shoots are 10-20 cm high. To assess the effects of timing and dose of herbicide application (MCPA), and crop competition on growth and development of C. arvense, one outdoor pot experiment and one field experiment were performed. The field experiment also assessed the effects of selective cutting. It was found that CP for C. arvense occurred before 3-leaf stage and that treatment effects were minor (<0.5 leaf stages). Depletion of planted root fragments ceased on average around leaf stage 3-4, indicating that CP occurs at early leaf stages. In the pot experiment, the strongest effect of herbicide treatment was obtained by spraying with the recommended dose in the presence of a crop when the largest C. arvense shoot had 3-4 leaves, corresponding to maximum height 13 cm and median height 6 cm. Crop competition reduced biomass, shoot height and leaf production of C. arvense regardless of herbicide dose. In the field experiment, herbicide treatment at 4-5 leaves or 8-10 leaves gave similar control effects as selective cutting. Herbicide application had a more immediate effect on growth and development of C. arvense while selective cutting depleted the below-ground structures more gradually. The results indicate that mechanical control of C. arvense should be performed earlier than previously recommended, probably before C. arvense reaches 3-4 leaves per shoot. Also early herbicide spraying seems to be as efficient as spraying later in the season.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a promising alternative to conventional pesticide‐based pest control because IPM practices are less likely to pollute water supplies. Rational application of IPM principles is at least as profitable for farmers as is conventional pest control. However, better protection of water quality is not automatic. Publicly funded IPM programs should explicitly incorporate water and other environmental quality objectives to help ensure that farmers achieve these goals.

Indonesia's 11-year (1989–1999) National Integrated Pest Management Program was a spectacularly successful example of wide-scale adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) principles and practice in a developing country. This program introduced the innovative Farmer Field School model of agro-ecosystem-based experiential learning, subsequently adapted to different crops and agricultural systems in countries throughout the world. Since the termination of the program in 1999, Indonesia has undergone profound changes as the country enters a new era of democratic reform. Government support for the national IPM program has wavered during this period, and pesticide producers and traders have taken advantage of the policy vacuum to mount an aggressive marketing campaign in the countryside. These factors have contributed to a reappearance of the pesticide-induced resurgent pest problems that led to the establishment of the National IPM Program in the first place.

Insect pests often develop resistance to insecticides, and such resistance represents a serious management problem. Devising methods that concurrently delay resistance and minimize injury by insects to field crops and stored grain has long been a goal of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). A centerpiece of IPM has been the combined use of biological control agents and prudent application of chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, successful application of IPM has remained a challenge. This chapter describes the use of emerging genomic technologies that may lead to a "systems" perspective of IPM for the control of pests of cowpea and other crops. This emerging field, which we refer to as "IPM-omics", builds upon recent advances in genome sequencing technologies and detection of largescale gene polymorphisms, which are becoming economically feasible for pest insect systems. IPM-omics will also need to involve the use of information and communications technologies both to collect critical information on pest populations and to deploy practical IPM solutions. The information obtained on the temporal fluctuations, spatial distribution, and ecological diversification within target, non-target, and natural enemy populations can be overlaid on a geographic information systems (GIS) map to predict pest outbreaks and to decide how to apply control measures. The "systems" perspective of organism communities provided through IPM-omics may also facilitate the effective evaluation, modification, and optimization of IPM strategies. However, any resultant IPM program for crop pests will also require that extension agents, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have the ability to easily access and deploy the IPM research findings through information and communications technologies. Thus, we also outline the need for an online system that facilitates the sharing and peer review of practical IPM outputs. Many of these tools are currently being developed to help farmers manage insect pests of cowpea in West Africa. ; United States Agency for International Development ; Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade ; Peer Review

The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) has been accepted and incorporated in public policies and regulations in the European Union and elsewhere, but a holistic science of IPM has not yet been developed. Hence, current IPM programs may often be considerably less efficient than the sum of separately applied individual crop protection actions. Thus, there is a clear need to formulate general principles for synergistically combining traditional and novel IPM actions to improve efforts to optimize plant protection solutions. This paper addresses this need by presenting a conceptual framework for a modern science of IPM. The framework may assist attempts to realize the full potential of IPM and reduce risks of deficiencies in the implementation of new policies and regulations.

Ecology, sustainable development, and IPM: the human factor / M. Kogan and P. Jepson -- From simple IPM to the management of agroecosystems / R. Levins -- Populations, metapopulations: elementary units of IPM systems / L. Winder and I.P. Woiwod -- Arthropod pest behavior and IPM / R.J. Prokopy and B.D. Roitberg -- Using pheromones to disrupt mating of moth pests / R.T. Cardé -- Nutritional ecology of plant feeding arthropods and IPM / A.R. Panizzi -- Conservation, biodiversity, and integrated pest management / S.D. Wratten ... [et al.] -- Ecological risks of biological control agents: impacts on IPM / H.M.T. Hokkanen, J.C. van Lenteren and I. Menzler-Hokkanen -- Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants / G.G. Kennedy and F. Gould -- Modeling the dynamics of tritrophic population interactions / A.P. Gutierrez and J. Baumgärtner -- Weed ecology, habitat management, and IPM / R.F. Norris -- The ecology of vertebrate pests and integrated pest management (IPM) / G. Witmer -- Ecosystems: concepts, analyses, and practical implications in IPM / T.D. Schowalter -- Agroecology: contributions towards a renewed ecological foundation for pest management / C.I. Nicholls and M.A. Altieri -- Applications of molecular ecology to IPM: what impact? / P.J. De Barro, O.R. Edwards and P. Sunnucks -- Ecotoxicology: the ecology of interactions between pesticides and non-target organisms / P.C. Jepson

Although integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been shown to be socially and economically beneficial to those who implement them, lower than expected rates of adoption have been found Personality (or cognitive) variables related to implementation of specific IPM practices by farmers were studied for the purpose of using personality attributes as predictors of adoption. Specific personality variables were reasonably powerful in predicting adoption and nonadoption. Implications for the diffusion and adoption of agricultural practices are discussed.