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The subject of this article is a critical reflection on how to analyse contemporary foreign policy. In times of ever-faster globalisation and deepening European integration two questions appear to be particularly important: to what extent are the classic(al) methods of explaining and analysing foreign policy still relevant? Are new theoretical concepts needed that are functional and useful? To accomplish the task described above, structural realism, as one of the major theories of international relations, has been juxtaposed with the very popular concept of Europeanization. Following this path, the relevant literature, consisting predominantly of Kenneth Waltz's works published after the end of the Cold War and the creation of the EU, has been reviewed and analysed. As for Europeanization, materials devoted to the specific issue of its impact on the foreign policies of European states and the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy as a whole has been used. To summarise, the attempt to combine and synthesize structural realism and the concept of Europeanization has been undertaken in search for an optimal (in a cognitive and explanatory aspect) method of analysing the foreign policies of EU Member States.

International audience ; The supranational identity concepts and their perception among nations constitute one of the determinants of the integration and disintegration processes in the post-Soviet area. One of these concepts is Turkism – an attempt to create identity foundation for the integration of the post-Soviet states under the aegis of Turkey. This paper analyzes the evolution of its principal assumptions and goals, dimensions of its realization, as well as determinants of its further development in the post-Soviet area. The idea of Turkism as a concept of ethnic-cultural community evolved from the nineteenth- century Pan-Turkism which postulated political integration of the Turkic nations. Among the determinants that limited political ambitions of Turkey after the collapse of the USSR, therecan be indicated: nationalisms as an expression of ruling elites' interests, lack of supranational community feeling among the societies, concerns about the possible reaction of Moscow and fears raised by the Turkish hegemonic ambitions. As a result, Turkey started to put emphasis on bilateral relations with the post-Soviet partners and concentrate on cooperation in economic and social sphere, including cultural and educational activities. Although, even there the success of Turkey was incomplete, the viability of this pragmatic approach was proved by the revival of political dimension of mutual contacts in 2006–2008 and their institutionalization. In the coming years the following factors may determine the development of Turkism in the post-Soviet area: growing ambitions of Turkey as a regional player, dynamics of relations between Ankara, former Soviet republics, the West and Moscow, domestic policy challenges in the post-Soviet states, their developmental needs in the globalized world, and last but not least: the role of Ankara in strengthening the post-Soviet states' multi-vector foreign policy as a method to maximize benefi ts from international cooperation. Divergent national and elites' interests of the ...

The last decade has been a period of accelerated integration in Europe. A tangible manifestation of this was the biggest ever enlargement of the EU in 2004 and its next enlargement in 2007. Therefore the aim of this study is a formalized empirical evaluation of the phenomenon of integration in case of EU countries in the sphere of economic institutional order in the first decade of the twentieth century. Due to the fact that institutional systems should be treated as a multidimensional phenomena, in this study generally recognized taxonomic tools were used - a hierarchical classification method, which allowed to obtain some homogeneous subsets of countries classified on the base of institutional system similarities in each year. The study was based on annual data from the period 2000-2008 for 27 countries that are members of the EU. It allowed to capture a period of four years before and four years after the biggest enlargement of the EU. The main research problem of this study amounted to the question: whether in the analyzed period can one speak about the process of growing similarities in the sphere of institutional order in case of so called old and new EU member states? The study confirms existence of integration processes in relation to economic governance and institutional order. ; Ostatnie dziesięciolecie było okresem przyspieszonej integracji w Europie. Za namacalny przejaw tego zjawiska należy uznać największe dotychczasowe rozszerzenie UE w 2004 oraz kolejne rozszerzenie z 2007 r. W związku z tym celem niniejszej analizy jest sformalizowana empiryczna ocena zjawiska integracji instytucjonalnej w krajach UE w odniesieniu do porządku gospodarczego w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XX wieku. Ze względu na fakt, iż systemy instytucjonalne należy traktować jako zjawiska wielowymiarowe w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano powszechnie uznane narzędzia analizy taksonomicznej - hierarchiczną metodę grupowania, której zastosowanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie jednorodnych podzbiorów krajów ze względu na podobieństwo ich systemów instytucjonalnych. Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o dane roczne z okresu 2000-2008 dla 27 krajów będących członkami UE, co pozwoliło to na uchwycenie okresu czterech lat przed oraz czerech lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii. Główne zagadnienie badawcze niniejszej analizy sprowadzało się do pytania: czy w analizowanym okresie można mówić o procesie upodabniania się w sferze instytucjonalnej tzw. starych i nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej? Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza występowanie procesów integracyjnych w odniesieniu do gospodarczego ładu instytucjonalnego.

The last decade has been a period of accelerated integration in Europe. A tangible manifestation of this was the biggest ever enlargement of the EU in 2004 and its next enlargement in 2007. Therefore the aim of this study is a formalized empirical evaluation of the phenomenon of integration in case of EU countries in the sphere of economic institutional order in the first decade of the twentieth century. Due to the fact that institutional systems should be treated as a multidimensional phenomena, in this study generally recognized taxonomic tools were used - a hierarchical classification method, which allowed to obtain some homogeneous subsets of countries classified on the base of institutional system similarities in each year. The study was based on annual data from the period 2000-2008 for 27 countries that are members of the EU. It allowed to capture a period of four years before and four years after the biggest enlargement of the EU. The main research problem of this study amounted to the question: whether in the analyzed period can one speak about the process of growing similarities in the sphere of institutional order in case of so called old and new EU member states? The study confirms existence of integration processes in relation to economic governance and institutional order. ; Ostatnie dziesięciolecie było okresem przyspieszonej integracji w Europie. Za namacalny przejaw tego zjawiska należy uznać największe dotychczasowe rozszerzenie UE w 2004 oraz kolejne rozszerzenie z 2007 r. W związku z tym celem niniejszej analizy jest sformalizowana empiryczna ocena zjawiska integracji instytucjonalnej w krajach UE w odniesieniu do porządku gospodarczego w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XX wieku. Ze względu na fakt, iż systemy instytucjonalne należy traktować jako zjawiska wielowymiarowe w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano powszechnie uznane narzędzia analizy taksonomicznej - hierarchiczną metodę grupowania, której zastosowanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie jednorodnych podzbiorów krajów ze względu na podobieństwo ich systemów instytucjonalnych. Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o dane roczne z okresu 2000-2008 dla 27 krajów będących członkami UE, co pozwoliło to na uchwycenie okresu czterech lat przed oraz czerech lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii. Główne zagadnienie badawcze niniejszej analizy sprowadzało się do pytania: czy w analizowanym okresie można mówić o procesie upodabniania się w sferze instytucjonalnej tzw. starych i nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej? Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza występowanie procesów integracyjnych w odniesieniu do gospodarczego ładu instytucjonalnego.

Opracowanie ma charakter poglądowo-teoretyczny, powstało bowiem na podstawie przeglądu dostępnej literatury przedmiotu (polskiej i zagranicznej). Publikacja skierowana jest zarówno do naukowców jak i studentów zajmujących się tematyką starzenia się ludności, starości i osób starszych oraz do coraz szerszego grona zainteresowanych tymi zagadnieniami praktyków, w tym polityków i decydentów oraz reprezentantów usług publicznych, przedstawicieli mediów i organizacji pozarządowych.

In this paper I analyze the materialization and public debate over the "Polish Migration Policy – current stage and the recommended actions" document, and the parts regarding the integration of immigrants in particular. I apply a neoinstitutional theoretical framework which allows me to conceptualize the mechanisms of the Europeanization process, and show that the integration policy is mainly developed by imitating the instruments promoted by the European Commission. I study imitation by applying the notions of translation and editing. This allows me to understand how the imitated model is adapted in the local context. The non-governmental organizations which commented on the document perceived the European model as suited for imitation. The public debate over the "Migration Policy of Poland" contributed to further strengthening and adaptation of the imitated model. ; Mikołaj Pawlak

Celem niniejszego tekstu jest spojrzenie na studia z zakresu integracji europejskiej z perspektywy ekonomii politycznej. Zabieg taki pozwala na uchwycenie dwóch głównych wymiarów natury Unii Europejskiej, tj. ekonomicznego i politycznego, jak również stymulowania dialogu pomiędzy tymi dwoma sposobami teoretyzowania integracji europejskiej. Niniejszy tekst przybliża zasadniczo ekonomiczny dorobek w zakresie studiów europejskich (w sposób przystępny dla nie-ekonomistów), pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie procesów, zjawisk i mechanizmów integracji międzynarodowej. ; The objective of the article is to see the studies on European integration from the perspective of the political economy, which allows to capture the two most important dimensions of the European Union, that is the economic and political one. It also stimulates the dialog between the two ways of theorising the European integration. The proposed text reconstructs the economic discourse in the European studies (in a way which is friendly for non-economists') and helps to better understand the processes, phenomena and mechanics of international integration.

Celem niniejszego tekstu jest spojrzenie na studia z zakresu integracji europejskiej z perspektywy ekonomii politycznej. Zabieg taki pozwala na uchwycenie dwóch głównych wymiarów natury Unii Europejskiej, tj. ekonomicznego i politycznego, jak również stymulowania dialogu pomiędzy tymi dwoma sposobami teoretyzowania integracji europejskiej. Niniejszy tekst przybliża zasadniczo ekonomiczny dorobek w zakresie studiów europejskich (w sposób przystępny dla nie-ekonomistów), pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie procesów, zjawisk i mechanizmów integracji międzynarodowej. ; The objective of the article is to see the studies on European integration from the perspective of the political economy, which allows to capture the two most important dimensions of the European Union, that is the economic and political one. It also stimulates the dialog between the two ways of theorising the European integration. The proposed text reconstructs the economic discourse in the European studies (in a way which is friendly for non-economists') and helps to better understand the processes, phenomena and mechanics of international integration.

The separation of theory and practice of the European integration created a very dangerous situation for the European Union. The article presents this crisis from the points of view of philosophy, political science and journalism. The"European poison of thought" expressed by a lack of trust of citizens towards the EU institutions perceived as inadequate in addressing the most fundamental problems of the EU citizens, as well as scepticism towards the enlargement of the Union, aversion to financial solidarity with weaker Member States, and disappointment with legal overregulation and money wasting, are just a few out of a long list of problems that make people lose their trust in the European integration. The author also considers the greatest weaknesses of the European Union: preferring interests of those who are present and well-organised on the political arena and the fact that the real majority of EU citizens stays outside the formal democratic structures thus becoming a part of the process of exclusion and fragmentation. The state of affairs in the EU, following according to Karl Jaspers, is called a limit situation, where it possible either to withdraw or rise and exceed restrictions. The author considers hope and radicalism as two forces that power the European political activists; in order to unite them, a new faith, values and hope based on the traditional foundations are needed. This new way of thinking about the EU, the joined-up thinking, is possibly a response to the demand for a radical revival in the EU.

The separation of theory and practice of the European integration created a very dangerous situation for the European Union. The article presents this crisis from the points of view of philosophy, political science and journalism. The"European poison of thought" expressed by a lack of trust of citizens towards the EU institutions perceived as inadequate in addressing the most fundamental problems of the EU citizens, as well as scepticism towards the enlargement of the Union, aversion to financial solidarity with weaker Member States, and disappointment with legal overregulation and money wasting, are just a few out of a long list of problems that make people lose their trust in the European integration. The author also considers the greatest weaknesses of the European Union: preferring interests of those who are present and well-organised on the political arena and the fact that the real majority of EU citizens stays outside the formal democratic structures thus becoming a part of the process of exclusion and fragmentation. The state of affairs in the EU, following according to Karl Jaspers, is called a limit situation, where it possible either to withdraw or rise and exceed restrictions. The author considers hope and radicalism as two forces that power the European political activists; in order to unite them, a new faith, values and hope based on the traditional foundations are needed. This new way of thinking about the EU, the joined-up thinking, is possibly a response to the demand for a radical revival in the EU.

The Amsterdam Treaty has established the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). Since then, it is an example of a policy-making area creating its way quickly and comprehensively. However, in this paper the main dilemma is to what extent the Schengen development has modified the framework of AFSJ and how it adapts in this policy while being an example of enhanced cooperation and differentiated integration model. Developments in this area are part of a realisation that European states need to act together to better face new challenges to peace and internal security, while ensuring respect for democracy and human rights. It is important to add, that cooperation in the Area of Freedom Security and Justice has been driven by forces different from that seen in other policy areas.

The main purpose of the survey discussed in this paper is to answer the question of which factors describe the status of political integration of Poles in Austria. Political integration concerns the phenomenon of joining the political life of a given political system and, to some extent, also its results. For the purpose of this study the notion of political integration is to stand for the involvement of the 'visiting' citizens in the political life of the 'host' state, in particular political participation, taking the form of public activity and voting in elections. The survey adopts a general theoretical model where the state of integration of Poles in Austria is comprehended in terms of a three-element political culture (comprising cognitive, emotional-and-assessing, and behavioral elements). It undergoes external influences, related to the period spent living abroad, and domestic influences of social identity (approached functionally). Additionally, the model assumes that these factors can be internally related. The empirical aspect of the analysis is based on the authors' own survey carried out using a questionnaire, psychological scale and focus group interview of a sample of Polish émigrés in Austria. ; The main purpose of the survey discussed in this paper is to answer the question of which factors describe the status of political integration of Poles in Austria. Political integration concerns the phenomenon of joining the political life of a given political system and, to some extent, also its results. For the purpose of this study the notion of political integration is to stand for the involvement of the 'visiting' citizens in the political life of the 'host' state, in particular political participation, taking the form of public activity and voting in elections. The survey adopts a general theoretical model where the state of integration of Poles in Austria is comprehended in terms of a three-element political culture (comprising cognitive, emotional-and-assessing, and behavioral elements). It undergoes external influences, related to the period spent living abroad, and domestic influences of social identity (approached functionally). Additionally, the model assumes that these factors can be internally related. The empirical aspect of the analysis is based on the authors' own survey carried out using a questionnaire, psychological scale and focus group interview of a sample of Polish émigrés in Austria.