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The article is devoted to the analysis of British impact upon the system of professional training of border guards in the Republic of India. The aim of the article is to investigate the British role in the system of training of border guards in the Republic of India and to point out the efficiency of some methods and forms for modern system of training. The article proves that there are a wide range of similar threats for border security systems in the Republic of India and Ukraine and therefore the author persuades that it is necessary to compare the systems of training of servicemen of border agencies of the Republic of India and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and to outline recommendations for creative implementations of some principles and approaches.On the basis of analysis of literature the author admits that the necessity to select the training of border guards within the system of military training due to specific functions of border guards was done in the British Indian Army and special forces were established. Also the article proves that the training was divided into three phases: basic individual training, progressive or group training and integrated training. The border guards were supposed to obtain the following skills: marksmanship, vigilance, mountain warfare, hill warfare, piqueting, map reading, intelligence, scouting, technical competence, physical endurance, etc. To train border guards there were established permanent training camps along the North-West frontier, some mountain warfare schools, and later higher educational establishments where special disciplines on border warfare were taught. The article describes the methods and forms of training of border guards. They are the following: training in real conditions, war games, project method, practical exercises, combined lectures, conferences, "sandbox" exercise, and illustrative methods. The author emphasizes that a range of official documents concerning training of border guards were issued: Operation Memorandums, Field Manual for border guards, Guidelines for border warfare, etc. ; У статті детально проаналізовано британський вплив на становлення професійної підготовки прикордонників в Республіці Індія. Описано особливості розробки спеціальних курсів для прикордонників та вивчено методи та форми навчання, які використовувалися для підвищення ефективності діяльності персоналу Пенджабських прикордонних військ. Доведено, що низка елементів, описаних у статті, мають суттєве значення для розвитку сучасної системи професійної підготовки прикордонників, а деякі принципи та методи залишаються актуальними і у наш час.

The article is devoted to the analysis of British impact upon the system of professional training of border guards in the Republic of India. The aim of the article is to investigate the British role in the system of training of border guards in the Republic of India and to point out the efficiency of some methods and forms for modern system of training. The article proves that there are a wide range of similar threats for border security systems in the Republic of India and Ukraine and therefore the author persuades that it is necessary to compare the systems of training of servicemen of border agencies of the Republic of India and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and to outline recommendations for creative implementations of some principles and approaches.On the basis of analysis of literature the author admits that the necessity to select the training of border guards within the system of military training due to specific functions of border guards was done in the British Indian Army and special forces were established. Also the article proves that the training was divided into three phases: basic individual training, progressive or group training and integrated training. The border guards were supposed to obtain the following skills: marksmanship, vigilance, mountain warfare, hill warfare, piqueting, map reading, intelligence, scouting, technical competence, physical endurance, etc. To train border guards there were established permanent training camps along the North-West frontier, some mountain warfare schools, and later higher educational establishments where special disciplines on border warfare were taught. The article describes the methods and forms of training of border guards. They are the following: training in real conditions, war games, project method, practical exercises, combined lectures, conferences, "sandbox" exercise, and illustrative methods. The author emphasizes that a range of official documents concerning training of border guards were issued: Operation Memorandums, Field Manual for border guards, Guidelines for border warfare, etc. ; У статті детально проаналізовано британський вплив на становлення професійної підготовки прикордонників в Республіці Індія. Описано особливості розробки спеціальних курсів для прикордонників та вивчено методи та форми навчання, які використовувалися для підвищення ефективності діяльності персоналу Пенджабських прикордонних військ. Доведено, що низка елементів, описаних у статті, мають суттєве значення для розвитку сучасної системи професійної підготовки прикордонників, а деякі принципи та методи залишаються актуальними і у наш час.

One of the priorities of defense reform is to create an effective military management system. An important role in the implementation of this task will be played by the introduction of modern information technologies into the management and forces (forces), adaptation of the best practices and standards of leading NATO member states, integrated automation of operational (combat) command, communication, intelligence and surveillance (C4ISR) processes. ), Defense Accounting and Management (DRMIS). The problem remains the implementation and implementation of orders for the creation of automated information systems for military administration, information and analytical support of their work and information infrastructure, since in Ukraine at present there are no state organizations and private enterprises that are able to independently perform the whole range of works and services with creation of automated information systems and deployment of information infrastructure. ; Одной из приоритетных задач оборонной реформы является создание эффективной системы управления военного назначения. Важную роль в реализации этой задачи играть внедрения в деятельность органов управления и войск (сил) современных информационных технологий, адаптация лучших практик и стандартов ведущих стран НАТО, комплексная автоматизация процессов оперативного (боевого) управления, связи, разведки и наблюдения (С4ІSR), учета и управления оборонными ресурсами (DRMIS). Проблемным вопросом остается осуществления и выполнения заказов по созданию автоматизированных информационных систем органов управления военного назначения, информационно-аналитического обеспечения их работы и информационной инфраструктуры, поскольку в Украине в настоящее время отсутствуют государственные организации и частные предприятия, которые способны самостоятельно выполнять весь комплекс работ и услуг по создание автоматизированных информационных систем и развертывания информационной инфраструктуры. ; Одним із пріоритетних завдань оборонної реформи є створення ефективної системи управління військового призначення. Важливу роль у реалізації цього завдання відіграватимуть впровадження в діяльність органів управління та військ (сил) сучасних інформаційних технологій, адаптація найкращих практик та стандартів провідних країн-членів НАТО, комплексна автоматизація процесів оперативного (бойового) управління, зв'язку, розвідки та спостереження (С4ІSR), обліку та управління оборонними ресурсами (DRMIS). Проблемним питанням залишається здійснення та виконання замовлень щодо створення автоматизованих інформаційних систем органів управління військового призначення, інформаційно-аналітичного забезпечення їх роботи та інформаційної інфраструктури, оскільки в Україні на цей час відсутні державні організації та приватні підприємства, які здатні самостійно виконувати увесь комплекс робіт і послуг із створення автоматизованих інформаційних систем та розгортання інформаційної інфраструктури.

Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, with known seed stock retained in two high security Biosafety Level 4 laboratories in the United States and Russia. Experts agree the likelihood of theft from these laboratories is low, and that synthetic creation of smallpox is a theoretical possibility. Until 2017 it was believed that synthetic smallpox was technically too complex a task to be a serious threat. However, in 2017, Canadian scientists synthesised a closely related orthopoxvirus, horsepox, using mail order DNA and $100,000. Simultaneously, terrorist groups have declared intent to conduct biological attacks. In this context an exercise was held on August 16th 2018, with international and cross-sectoral stakeholders to review preparedness for a bioterrorism attack in the Asia-Pacific region and globally. The exercise was conducted by The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre for Research Excellence, Integrated Systems for Epidemic Response, with contextual input from the Ministry of Health and Medical Services Fiji. The scenario involved a deliberate release in Fiji, followed by a larger release in a more populous Asian country. Mathematical modelling was used to underpin epidemic projections under different conditions. The exercise alternated between clinical, public health, emergency and societal responses, with participants making real-time decisions on cross-sectoral response across the region and the world. Key weak points which are influential in determining the final size and impact of the epidemic were identified (based on mathematical modelling of transmission in Fiji and globally). We identified potential gaps in preparedness for smallpox and factors which influence the severity of a smallpox epidemic. This included identifying which determinants of epidemic size are potentially within our control, and which are not. Influential factors within our control include: preventing an attack through intelligence, law enforcement and legislation; speed of diagnosis; speed and completeness of case finding and case isolation; speed and security of vaccination response, including stockpiling; speed and completeness of contact tracing; protecting critical infrastructure and business continuity; non-pharmaceutical interventions (social distancing, PPE, border control); protecting first responders; operational support and logistics; social mobilisation and risk communication. Based on discussion at the workshop between diverse stakeholders, recommendations were made to guide improved prevention, mitigation and rapid response, thus providing a holistic, cross-sectoral framework for prevention of a worst-case scenario smallpox pandemic.

One of the priorities of defense reform is to create an effective military management system. An important role in the implementation of this task will be played by the introduction of modern information technologies into the management and forces (forces), adaptation of the best practices and standards of leading NATO member states, integrated automation of operational (combat) command, communication, intelligence and surveillance (C4ISR) processes. ), Defense Accounting and Management (DRMIS). The problem remains the implementation and implementation of orders for the creation of automated information systems for military administration, information and analytical support of their work and information infrastructure, since in Ukraine at present there are no state organizations and private enterprises that are able to independently perform the whole range of works and services with creation of automated information systems and deployment of information infrastructure. ; Одной из приоритетных задач оборонной реформы является создание эффективной системы управления военного назначения. Важную роль в реализации этой задачи играть внедрения в деятельность органов управления и войск (сил) современных информационных технологий, адаптация лучших практик и стандартов ведущих стран НАТО, комплексная автоматизация процессов оперативного (боевого) управления, связи, разведки и наблюдения (С4ІSR), учета и управления оборонными ресурсами (DRMIS). Проблемным вопросом остается осуществления и выполнения заказов по созданию автоматизированных информационных систем органов управления военного назначения, информационно-аналитического обеспечения их работы и информационной инфраструктуры, поскольку в Украине в настоящее время отсутствуют государственные организации и частные предприятия, которые способны самостоятельно выполнять весь комплекс работ и услуг по создание автоматизированных информационных систем и развертывания информационной инфраструктуры. ; Одним із пріоритетних завдань оборонної реформи є створення ефективної системи управління військового призначення. Важливу роль у реалізації цього завдання відіграватимуть впровадження в діяльність органів управління та військ (сил) сучасних інформаційних технологій, адаптація найкращих практик та стандартів провідних країн-членів НАТО, комплексна автоматизація процесів оперативного (бойового) управління, зв'язку, розвідки та спостереження (С4ІSR), обліку та управління оборонними ресурсами (DRMIS). Проблемним питанням залишається здійснення та виконання замовлень щодо створення автоматизованих інформаційних систем органів управління військового призначення, інформаційно-аналітичного забезпечення їх роботи та інформаційної інфраструктури, оскільки в Україні на цей час відсутні державні організації та приватні підприємства, які здатні самостійно виконувати увесь комплекс робіт і послуг із створення автоматизованих інформаційних систем та розгортання інформаційної інфраструктури.

En el siglo XXI, debido a la creciente concentración de la población en los núcleos urbanos, las ciudades se enfrentan a grandes retos de sostenibilidad de la sociedad a largo plazo, a fin de convertirse en verdaderos polos de desarrollo económico, social y cultural. Como respuesta a esta problemática, las iniciativas estratégicas de ciudad inteligente (Smart City) se han expandido por todo el mundo y el Ecuador no ha sido la excepción. Tanto el gobierno central como los gobiernos seccionales están emprendiendo importantes proyectos en el marco de la ciudad inteligente; sin embargo, dentro de la sociedad ecuatoriana, este concepto aún resulta poco conocido y familiar.Frente a esta circunstancia, este trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito clarificar la visión del concepto de ciudad inteligente, mediante una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica y comercial, que responde a las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué es una ciudad inteligente? ¿Es un concepto que ha surgido recientemente? y de no ser así ¿Cómo ha evolucionado este concepto? ¿Qué áreas o sistemas del entorno urbano abarca el concepto de ciudad inteligente? ¿Qué servicios puede prestar? entre las más importantes. Palabras clave: ciudad inteligente, ciudad ubicua, entorno urbano, inteligencia urbana, internet de las cosas, sensores, domótica AbstractDue to the increasing concentration of population in urban areas in the XXI century, cities are facing major sustainable challenges of society in the long term so as to become real centers of economic, social and cultural development. In response to this problem, strategic initiatives of a Smart City have expanded worldwide, and Ecuador is not an exception. Both the central government and regional governments are undertaking major projects in the framework of the smart city; however, this concept is still little known and unfamiliar within the Ecuadorian society. Given this circumstance, this research paper aims to clarify the perspective of the smart city concept through a bibliographic review of the scientific and commercial literature, which answers the following questions among the most important ones: What is a smart city? Is it a concept that has emerged recently? And if not, how this concept has evolved? What areas or systems of the urban environment encompass the concept of smart city? What services can it provide?Keywords: Smart City, Ubiquitous City, Urban Environment, Urban Intelligence, Internet of Things, Sensors, Home Automation

Background: Globally, good governance is increasingly recognised as an important factor in health systems. Governance is a key determinant of performance, particularly towards achieving targets that ultimately affect economic and social development. However, conceptually and practically, governance is poorly understood by decision makers at various levels. Governance is also difficult to measure, but it is critical in assessing responsive, inclusive, effective, and efficient services. We examined the extent to which governance attributes have been implemented within the Department of Health in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was adopted, with 108 decision makers forming the target population. The study period was between April and July 2016. Select documents relating to governance were reviewed; subsequently, data were collected using a self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire, with 5-point Likert-type questions and open-ended questions. We calculated proportions related to agreement levels to establish the decision makers' perceptions on the implementation of governance attributes. Cronbach's α for the items was between 0.72 and 0.84. Qualitative data were coded and categorised using a framework approach. Results: Of the 93 decision makers who responded, most (n=64, 68.8%) had been in their current position for less than 5 years. Regarding governance attributes, over half of the participants agreed on the implementation of good governance in terms of strategic vision as well as regulation and oversight. Around half of the participants were undecided on the implementation of good governance in terms of intelligence and information, transparency, participation, and consensus orientation. Almost two-thirds believed that accountability and equity were poorly implemented. A minority rated the overall governance score as good, while two-thirds considered governance to be poor. Corruption, nepotism, lack of transparency, political interference, and inadequate use of information were all reported to affect the implementation of good governance. Conclusion: Decision makers reported poor implementation of governance attributes at public health facilities, especially in terms of accountability, equity, community participation, consensus orientation, strategic vision, and regulation and oversight. It is feasible and critical to evaluate implementation of governance attributes to help improve governance; the successful implementation of each attribute depends on the successful implementation of all others.

The Anti-Terrorism Proclamation of Ethiopia has a far-reaching effect on human rights, such as freedom of expression. The provisions of this law that impact freedom of expression are discussed in this article. The law gives leeway to criminalize innocent acts of individuals who are critical of government policies. It criminalizes in/direct encouragement to the preparation, instigation and commission of terrorism through the publication of statements. The law falls short of international standards that require only the criminalization of a speech intended and likely to incite terrorist acts. The Proclamation demands everyone including the media and journalists provide terrorism-related information to law enforcement agencies. The only way to be relieved of this obligation is showing the existence of a 'reasonable cause', a phrase that is not defined by the law. Moreover, the journalistic privilege of confidentiality of information and the protection of sources is not stipulated as an exception to the obligation of disclosure of information. Nor does the law provides the circumstances in which a journalist may be forced to divulge her information. Though surveillance and interception undermine democracy, a mere suspicion of terrorism gives the National Intelligence and Security Service a power to conduct surveillance or intercept any type of communications. The Proclamation failed to provide circumstances that a court should consider before permitting surveillance or interception. Surveillance and interception invade privacy and chill freedom of expression. However, the Proclamation failed to provide any safeguards that limit the misuse of executive power against freedom of expression. The legal ambiguity together with the nascent jurisprudence pose problems on freedom of expression. Hence, domestic courts should draw upon or transplant principles and their interpretations from jurisdictions like South Africa and Council of Europe to fill legal loopholes. Moreover, the "jurisprudential dearth" could be filled and the impact of the Proclamation on freedom of expression may be assuaged by incorporating the three-part test (prescribed by law, legitimate aims and necessary in a democratic society) from the well-developed jurisprudences of human rights bodies and regional courts, notably the European Court of Human Rights, which stands at the heart of the Council of Europe system.Keywords: encouragement of terrorism, freedom of expression, human rights, interception, journalistic privilege, terrorism, surveillance

Graduate employability has been a common subject among researchers, governments and higher education systems around the world. However, while there is a lot of information and numerous models that inform on graduate employability, there has been limited empirical research in this area. Furthermore, most employability studies have been conducted in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world, which may not be representative of the South African environment. Despite Information Technology (IT) being one of the most sought after qualification by employers in South Africa, it still remains unclear as to why many IT graduates struggle to secure jobs after graduation. This study provides insight into the concept of employability in South Africa, with a particular focus on Information Systems (IS) graduates in Cape Town. The study addresses three research questions: What individual factors affect the employability of IS graduates in Cape Town, South Africa? Who is responsible for graduate employability in South Africa? How can employability be embedded into South African curriculums? The study was guided by Dacre Pool and Sewell's (2007) CareerEDGE model, and Yorke and Knight's (2006) definition of employability. Data was collected from 19 individuals using focus group and in-depth interviews. Results showed that career development learning, experience (work and life), degree subject knowledge, skills and understanding, generic skills, emotional intelligence, self-confidence and reflection and evaluation affected one's employability. Employers, graduates and academic institutions were each expected to play a role in graduate employability. To embed employability into curriculums, universities need to ensure that curriculums are aligned to industry needs, that there is a balance between the soft and hard skills taught and that effective methods of teaching are being used. Universities are also encouraged to incorporate experiential learning in their programs and to provide proper career guidance counselling services to students early in their degree studies, so that students can make informed decisions regarding career paths and goals, and start tailoring their skills accordingly. The research contributes to the existing literature and debate on graduate employability, and builds upon the employability factors and relationships defined by Dacre Pool and Sewell's (2007) CareerEDGE model. The research also contributes to the existing theories on employability by providing empirical evidence regarding individual graduate employability factors. Lastly the research provides recommendations for practice and for improving employability in graduates.

Статья посвящена исследованию деятельности Ишимского отделения Омского жандармского полицейского управления Сибирской железной дороги в 1914-1917 гг. Рассматривается штатный состав служащих отделения и порядок его формирования. Анализируются основные изменения в направлении работы чинов жандармских полицейских управлений железных дорог, связанные с началом Первой мировой войны и, как следствие, организацией агентурно-разыскной деятельности. На основании архивных документов приводятся примеры штатных ситуаций, раскрывающих деятельность как штабного руководства (начальника Омского жандармского полицейского управления и помощника начальника Отдельного корпуса жандармов г. Иркутска), так и работы Ишимского жандармского полицейского отделения. Автор выделяет основные направления работы Ишимского жандармского полицейского отделения в период 1914-1917 гг.: розыск и арест лиц, уличенных в шпионаже; сопровождение вагонов с иностранными лицами, проезжавшими по Сибирской железной дороге; контроль благонадежности рабочих в мастерских и депо, сохранности железнодорожных сооружений и т.д. Проведенный автором анализ документов свидетельствует о формировании в период Первой мировой войны нового характера жандармской службы железных дорог, связанного с обеспечением государственной безопасности. ; The article is devoted to the study of Ishim office of Omsk gendarme police Department Siberian railway in 1914-1917 Considered staff employees of the office and the procedure for its formation. Analyses the major changes in the direction of work ranks of the gendarme police departments of Railways associated with the beginning of the First world war and as a consequence the organization''s intelligence and investigative activities. On the basis of archival documents are examples of standard situations that reveal the activity as a staff leadership (Chief of the Omsk gendarme police Department and Assistant Chief of the gendarmerie of the city of Irkutsk), and the work of Ishim of the gendarmerie to the police Department. The author identifies the main areas of work of the Ishim of the gendarmerie police branches in the period 1914-1917: the search and arrest of persons convicted of espionage; support cars with foreign persons traveling on the Siberian railway; control of reliability work in the workshops and depots, the safety of railway structures, etc. of the author''s analysis of the documents indicates the formation during the First world war a new character, gendarme service of the Railways, associated with the maintenance of national security.

Project Turnstone is a collaborative project funded in part by the European Commission. The project is an initiative by the Stockholm Police. Collaborating partners in the project are the Swedish Coast Guard, Region Northeast; the Helsinki Police; the Gulf of Finland Coast Guard District; the Police and Border Guard Board in Estonia; the State Border Guard of the Republic of Latvia; and the State Border Guard Service at the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of this project is to decrease trans-boundary criminality and improve day-to-day cooperation between border officers in the Baltic Sea region. This study analyses this collaborative project, especially the intelligence and operative joint activities conducted during the implementation of Project Turnstone. What is unique about the Turnstone model is the implementation of the operative action week, during which officers have the chance to exchange, share, and cooperate with immediate action in the same office using their own information channels. The purpose of the study is to map and analyse how the staff of the different organizations experience, understand, and define successful cooperation and the collaboration obstacles encountered during cooperation with neighbouring organizations. The study is qualitative and based on ethnographically gathered material, including field observations at the different border agencies and qualitative interviews. A total of 73 interviews were conducted with border officers, police officers, border guards, and coast guard officers from the participating organizations. The interviewed officers view Project Turnstone as a rare opportunity for close, personal cooperation through which officers can build strong police, border, and coast guard networks and increase and strengthen previous cooperative practices. This cooperation is possible due to colocation and interpersonal interactions in which officers can learn about each other's organizational practices, establish trust, and achieve the same goals. On the other hand, language and communication difficulties, differences in national legislation, and fear that the opportunities for joint action weeks and close cooperation will diminish after the termination of Project Turnstone were raised as obstacles to collaboration. Nonetheless, interviewed officers shared a common sense of purpose and motivation and viewed close interpersonal cooperation as the best way of protecting the EU and Schengen area from criminality in the Baltic Sea area.

Project Turnstone is a collaborative project funded in part by the European Commission. The project is an initiative by the Stockholm Police. Collaborating partners in the project are the Swedish Coast Guard, Region Northeast; the Helsinki Police; the Gulf of Finland Coast Guard District; the Police and Border Guard Board in Estonia; the State Border Guard of the Republic of Latvia; and the State Border Guard Service at the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of this project is to decrease trans-boundary criminality and improve day-to-day cooperation between border officers in the Baltic Sea region. This study analyses this collaborative project, especially the intelligence and operative joint activities conducted during the implementation of Project Turnstone. What is unique about the Turnstone model is the implementation of the operative action week, during which officers have the chance to exchange, share, and cooperate with immediate action in the same office using their own information channels. The purpose of the study is to map and analyse how the staff of the different organizations experience, understand, and define successful cooperation and the collaboration obstacles encountered during cooperation with neighbouring organizations. The study is qualitative and based on ethnographically gathered material, including field observations at the different border agencies and qualitative interviews. A total of 73 interviews were conducted with border officers, police officers, border guards, and coast guard officers from the participating organizations. The interviewed officers view Project Turnstone as a rare opportunity for close, personal cooperation through which officers can build strong police, border, and coast guard networks and increase and strengthen previous cooperative practices. This cooperation is possible due to colocation and interpersonal interactions in which officers can learn about each other's organizational practices, establish trust, and achieve the same goals. On the other hand, language and communication difficulties, differences in national legislation, and fear that the opportunities for joint action weeks and close cooperation will diminish after the termination of Project Turnstone were raised as obstacles to collaboration. Nonetheless, interviewed officers shared a common sense of purpose and motivation and viewed close interpersonal cooperation as the best way of protecting the EU and Schengen area from criminality in the Baltic Sea area.

Special Focus: Crime and Punishment; Includes illustrations ; Message to Our Readers by Brigette Sarabi, Executive Director; The Good, the Bad & the Ugly compiled by Scot Nakagawa: Boom, Boom, Boom Go the Prisons; Juvenile Sex Offenders Labeled for Life; Texas Opts for Treatment Over Incarceration; Canadian Government Grows Pot; Parking Is a Crime in Vermont; Tuition and Low Pay Drains Public Interest Law; Historic Legislation Confronts Prisoner Rape; Education, Not Incarceration; California Stops Prison Recycling Program; Regional News compiled by Rebecca Neel: Region: 9th Circuit Throws Out Death Penalty Convictions, sources: Salon.com, USA Today; ID: Death Penalty Cases Too Costly, source: Idaho Statesman; ID: Special Prison for the Mentally Ill?, source: Idaho Statesman; MT: DOC Committed to Cruel & Unusual Treatment of "Unruly" Prisoners, source: Billings Gazette; MT: No Importing of Prisoners - Yet, source: source: Missoulian; NV: Jail Deaths Soar, source: Las Vegas Review Journal; NV: Incident Leads to Mandatory Pregnancy Tests for Women Prisoners, source: Las Vegas Review-Journal, Amnesty USA; OR: Prison Halted, Then Re-started, source: The Statesman Journal; UT: Prisons May Privatize Medical Care, source: Salt Lake Tribune; WA: Sentencing Reform Results in Early Release, Saves Millions, source: Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Seattle Times; WA: Seattle Voters Just Say No to Marijuana Arrests, source: AlterNet; WY: Privatized "Treatment" Prison Moves Forward, source: Billings Gazette ; Special Focus: Crime and Punishment: Crime by Brigette Sarabi; "The People Versus." - Prosecutors & Prosecutorial Misconduct by Julia Lutsky; The Problems with Punishment by Kathleen Pequeno; Beyond Punishment: Restorative vs. Transformative Justice by Scot Nakagawa; A View from the (Other) Inside [interview with a corrections worker]; A Book Worth Reading: "Are Prisons Obsolete?" by Professor Angela Y. Davis, reviewed by Jack Danger; National News: Prison Rape Elimination Act Passes, sources: Newhouse News Service, Christianity Today Magazine; Prosecutors Seek to Squash Proof of Innocence, source: The New York Times; Prison Activism Now: Survivors Advocating for an Effective System - SAFES by Scot Nakagawa; VOICE Project Update: VOICE Project Ramps Up: Voting Rights for All; Washington Action Alert!: Do You Live in Washington State? Do You Want to Help Reform Washington's Criminal Justice System?; Join Us; Just Matters Survey; Hey, Fill This Out, Please: Take the Western Prison Project Survey!

Includes bibliographical references (pages 329-342). ; Minority problems as social problems : Some basic definitions ; The role of American minority problems in international relations ; The nature of a minority problem ; "Caste" in intergroup relations ; Types of intergroup hatred -- American minorities: past and present : Social change ; Early history of intergroup relations: the colonists and the Indians ; Ups and downs in the negro's position ; The European immigrants ; Oriental immigrants ; Mexicans and other Latin Americans ; The Catholics and the Catholics church ; Number and distribution of minority people ; Conclusion -- The position of minorities in American economic life : Economic opportunities ; Negroes in southern industry ; Minorities in northern industry ; Business and the professions ; Agriculture ; Income, consumption, and housing ; Public services ; Conclusion -- The position of minorities under American law and justice : American theories of law ; Federal law ; State law ; The supreme court ; The administration of law and justice ; The absence of law ; Summary -- The position of minorities in American political life : The minority vote ; Urban politics ; The south ; National politics ; Minority leaders and political representatives ; Summary -- The position of minorities in American social life : The nature of social inequality ; Social segregation and discrimination against other minorities ; The effects of segregation ; The logic of segregationists ; Summary -- Group identification and morale ; The significance of group identification ; Early history of negro group identification ; Recent history of negro group identification ; Effects of negro group identification ; Group identification among Jews ; Group identification among persons of Japanese ancestry ; Group identification among other minorities ; Group self-hatred ; Summary and interpretation -- The minority community: organization and disorganization : What a minority community is ; The family ; The church ; The school ; Voluntary associations ; The press ; The nature of social disorganization ; Crime ; Mental disease, alcoholism, and suicide ; Personality peculiarities ; Summary -- Physical and psychological differences among races and nationalities : What is "race?" ; Superstitions about race ; The purpose of false racial beliefs ; Race and intelligence ; Habit and personality differences ; Biological susceptibility to disease ; Summary -- The psychology of prejudice : Some basic distinctions ; Older theories of prejudice ; Major types of recent theories ; Prejudice as a warping of the personality ; Other empirical studies in the psychology of prejudice ; Summary -- Recent trends and the future : Recent trends in relations among racial groups ; Prospects and new problems for racial groups ; Prospects for religious and nationality groups ; Possibilities of reaction. ; Mode of access: Internet.

5G is envisioned to tackle, in addition to a considerable increase in traffic volume, the task of connecting billions of devices with heterogeneous service requirements. In order to address the challenges of 5G, we advocate a more efficient use of the available information, with more service and user awareness, and an expansion of the RAN intelligence. In particular, we focus on two key enablers of 5G, namely massive MIMO and proactive caching. In the third chapter, we focus on addressing the bottleneck of CSI acquisition in TDD Massive MIMO. In order to do so, we propose novel spatial grouping schemes such that, in each group, maximum coverage of the signal's spatial basis with minimum overlapping between user spatial signatures is achieved. The latter enables to increase connection density while improving spectral efficiency. TDD Massive MIMO is also the focus of the fourth chapter. Therein, based on the different rates of wireless channels aging, CSI estimation periodicity is exploited as an additional DoF. We do so by proposing a dynamic adaptation of the TDD frame based on the heterogeneous channels coherence times. The Massive MIMO BSs are enabled to learn the best uplink training policy for long periods. Since channel changes result primarily from device mobility, location awareness is also included in the learning process. The resulting planning problem was modeled as a two-time scale POMDP and efficient low complexity algorithms were provided to solve it. The fifth chapter focuses on proactive caching. We focus on improving the energy efficiency of cache-enabled networks by exploiting the correlation in traffic patterns in addition to the spatial repartition of requests. We propose a framework that strikes the optimal trade-off between complexity and truthfulness in user behavior modeling through adaptive content popularity-based clustering. It also simplifies the problem of content placement, which results in a rapidly adaptable and energy efficient content allocation framework. ; 5G est prévu pour s'attaquer, en plus d'une augmentation considérable du volume de trafic, la tâche de connecter des milliards d'appareils avec des exigences de service hétérogènes. Afin de relever les défis de la 5G, nous préconisons une utilisation plus efficace des informations disponibles, avec plus de sensibilisation par rapport aux services et aux utilisateurs, et une expansion de l'intelligence du RAN. En particulier, nous nous concentrons sur deux activateurs clés de la 5G, à savoir le MIMO massif et la mise en cache proactive. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous nous concentrons sur la problématique de l'acquisition de CSI dans MIMO massif en TDD. Pour ce faire, nous proposons de nouveaux schémas de regroupement spatial tels que, dans chaque groupe, une couverture maximale de la base spatiale du signal avec un chevauchement minimal entre les signatures spatiales des utilisateurs est obtenue. Ce dernier permet d'augmenter la densité de connexion tout en améliorant l'efficacité spectrale. MIMO massif en TDD est également au centre du quatrième chapitre. Dans ce cas, en se basant sur les différents taux de vieillissement des canaux sans fil, la périodicité d'estimation de CSI est supplémentaire. Nous le faisons en proposant un exploité comme un degré de liberté supplémentaire. Nous le faisons en proposant une adaptation dynamique de la trame TDD en fonction des temps de cohérence des canaux hétérogènes. Les stations de bases MIMO massif sont capables d'apprendre la meilleure politique d'estimation sur le uplink pour de longues périodes. Comme les changements de canaux résultent principalement de la mobilité de l'appareil, la connaissance de l'emplacement est également incluse dans le processus d'apprentissage. Le problème de planification qui en a résulté a été modélisé comme un POMDP à deux échelles temporelles et des algorithmes efficaces à faible complexité ont été fournis pour le résoudre. Le cinquième chapitre met l'accent sur la mise en cache proactive. Nous nous concentrons sur l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique des réseaux dotes de mise en cache en exploitant la corrélation dans les modèles de trafic en plus de la répartition spatiale des demandes. Nous proposons un cadre qui établit un compromis optimal entre la complexité et la véracité dans la modélisation du comportement des utilisateurs grâce à la classification adaptative basée sur la popularité du contenu. Il simplifie également le problème du placement de contenu, ce qui se traduit par un cadre d'allocation de contenu rapidement adaptable et économe en énergie.