Williamson (1965) argued that catching up countries experiencing strong national growth tend also to see a widening in regional disparities, whereas in more developed economies strong national growth and falling regional disparities could go hand in hand. We find some evidence of a trade-off between national growth and regional dispersion in the EU's Cohesion countries, notably in Spain and Ireland. We also find some evidence of spread effects in some richer EU Member States, although no inevitable link between lower regional disparities and stronger national growth. The potential policy implications of this analysis are also examined.
The intratemporal redistribution feature of the welfare state makes it an attractive destination for immigrants, particularly for low-skill immigrants. George Borjas (1994) reports that foreign-born households in the United States accounted for 10 percent of households receiving public assistance in 1990, and for 13 percent of total cash assisitance distributed, even though they constituted only 8 percent of all households in the United States. In this chapter we explore the implications of various redistribution policies for the attitude of the native-born towards migrants. We analyze the effect of migration on the shape and magnitude of redistribution policies that are determined in a political economy equilibrium; at the same time, we address the question whether the level of migration, when not restricted, is higher or lower in this welfare state than in the laissez-faire (no-redistribution) economy.
Purpose – To review and analyze problematic issues related with the ICANN's (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) role in internet administration and the interaction between national governing institutions.
Relevance of the research topic. The problem of interaction between market stakeholders in the development of entrepreneurship in an innovative economy is a prerequisite for the formation of a new type of economy based on knowledge. Transformational configurations in the institutional matrix require a systematic revision of these issues, taking into account the current state of development of the state economy. Formulation of the problem. There is a need to detail the directions of ensuring the interaction of market stakeholders in the process of developing entrepreneurship in an innovative economy. It is important to specify the infrastructural elements that will ensure continuous communication flows between individual market stakeholders. Setting the purpose and objectives of the study – to investigate the problems of interaction between market stakeholders in the development of entrepreneurship in an innovative economy and highlight the directions for improving communication between the scientific sector, production, infrastructure elements and government bodies. Research method or methodology. The article uses the methods of deduction, induction, systematization, analysis, synthesis and theoretical generalization. Presentation of the main material (research results). It is substantiated that the interaction of market stakeholders in the development of entrepreneurship in an innovative economy should be based on a comprehensive government policy in the direction of regulatory, infrastructural and information support of communications between the scientific sector, production, infrastructure elements and government bodies. Field of application of results. The research results can be used in the practical activities of business entities, infrastructural elements and local governments to increase the level of efficiency of communications aimed at supporting the business sector in the national economy. Conclusions. The priorities and tools for stimulating the national economy, entrepreneurship and supporting ...
The volume contains the revised contributions of a comparative German-Russian law seminar that took place in Kaliningrad from 15 to 19 September 2019 within the framework of the university partnership between the Philipps University Marburg and the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Kaliningrad. The topic is the relationship between national and international law. In addition to introductory ; dogmatic and conceptual foundations ; concrete analyses of the relevant case law are presented ; namely that of the German Federal Constitutional Court ; the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation ; the Court of Justice of the European Union ; the European Court of Human Rights ; the International Court of Justice ; the International Criminal Court ; and the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Securing fair procedures in the realm of (inter)national security has historically been much more difficult than in other realms of administration. It is necessary to steer a course between the national and the international, and law and politics. Any conception of the relationship between these forums and values will have different consequences, both for institutions tasked with the protection of security, and for persons affected by sanctions. This review of Devika Hovell's The Power of Process: The Value of Due Process in Security Council Sanctions Decision-Making argues that the presence of binding legal rulings against the exercise of such power remains an essential complement to innovative political forms of control such as an international Ombudsperson.
This paper examines the interactions between traditional fiscal and monetary policy tools: government spending and the interest rate. Two models are used: a baseline linear model, and a Markov switching model with active/passive fiscal and monetary policy combinations. The linear model is estimated and the posterior mean parameterization is used to calibrate the regime-switching model. Sims (2002) algorithm and policy function iteration are used to solve the models, and a particle filter is used to evaluate the likelihood functions. The results show that government spending alone cannot raise inflation despite the positive effect on output. The duration of the stimulus effect in output increases significantly under active fiscal regime. The strongest effect occurs when both monetary and fiscal policy are active.
This book is a compilation of papers presented at the International Transformation Conference in Stockholm, Swweden on June 2-3, 2009. The conference was hosted by the Swedish Defence Research Agency at their Division of Information Systems in Kista. The papers are organized according to the categories of culture, interagency, transformation initiatives, leadership, and adaptive organizations. This sequence was chosen to group papers with common themes so that readers could follow the logic and findings of each paper more easily. The book represents the views of the authors, most of whom are members of the Internatinal transformation Chairs Network that was founded in the United States in 2004 by retired Vice Admiral Arthyr K. Cebrowski, who then served as the Director of the U.S. Department of Deeefense Office of Force Transformation. Since that time, the organization had added members from the United Kingdom,Sweden, Australia, Singapore, and NATO. The mision of the International Chairs Network is to provide a forum ro challenge thinkingm leverage shared knowledge, and inform the debate about the international security implications of global transformation. The vision of the group is that the efforts of these types of activities will ultimately result in a group of national security leaders who are prepared for a future filled with complexity, chaos, and surprise. Publication of this book is one step in the process of reaching this goal. We hope that this book is valuable to you as you seek to transform your part of the world.
In order to keep up even the present (already crisis stricken) trend of economic growth, by 2050 mankind would have to consume three times the quantity of biomass, mineral and fossil fuels as well as ores per annum than it consumes today, with proverbially drastic gap between consumption of developed vs. developing, resource-abundant vs. resource-constrained economies, along with global consequences for the environment and bio-economic constellation in which we are to leave our posterity. In contrast, relevant UN institutions have been warning for years that under current demographic developments (10 billion people by 2050) and rising economic welfare in key parts of the emerging world additional progression in annual and per capita consumption of non-renewable or slowly and hardly renewable natural resources simply doesn't represent a viable option any longer.Finally, for small open economies in transition, Gordian knot of simultaneous tackling environment protection, balanced regional growth, poverty reduction, favourable birth rate, attractiveness for foreign investors and snappy rural development, definitely becomes ever more tightened and entangled than ever before. Over the last 60 years world economy has lost around 20% of top notcharable land, fifth of its rain forests and thousands of plant- and wild-life species, while CO2 emissions together with other human agents have pierced the ozone layer and caused the greenhouse effect[Haider Zaidi, 2008]. Nevertheless, Grossman and Krueger (1995) in their seminal paper from the end of XX century were the first to realize that continuous or even accelerating economic growth does not result (at least not inevitably) in pro rata pollution increase and worsening environment quality. As a matter of fact, experiments of an array of researchers thereafter confirmed a concave parabolic shape of relationship between pollution cum resource depletion (on ordinate) and economic growth i.e. income (on X axis), relationship which for its resemblance with Kuznets's (1955) findings5 in respect to income inequality trajectory in developing economies was dubbed Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). This paper reviews theoretical paradigms and empirical investigation of topsy-turvy relationship between environmental policies (or lack thereof) and economy's growth efforts. By utilizing EKC, Green Solow and alike frameworks we reexamine the environmental triangle of varying 1)activity scale, 2)output composition in terms of cleanliness or outsourcing and 3)production/abatement technology advances for growth dynamics in a small open economy. After introducing the problem of internalization distribution of externalities, this research briefly reflects on theoretical insights a propos EKC and variations of its empirical verification, only to move on to specific ingredients of environmentally sustainable growth path, including international trade and globalization impact, as well as ecological standards imposed by aspiring EU accession. First of all, the paper deals with prerequisites and determinants of inverted U-shaped curvature of EKC, followed by instruments at disposal of economic policy makers to that end, notwithstanding foreseeable investment induced by politeconomic and ecological trends in Western Balkans. The rest of the paper is organized as features: Section 2 reviews theory and policy ofenvironmental externalities and determinants of concavity of EKC relationship.Section 3 deals with origins of green growth for small open economy (emphasizing ways to reach negative slope of EKC more quickly and enhance its concavity), with special attention paid to impact of environmental policies on international trade flows, globalization of investment and plant location. Section 4 goes on to conclude what lies ahead for small open economies of W. Balkans in terms of interaction between environment and their economic growth, followed by bibliographical register at the very end.
There is a great deal of research about terrorism and policy changes, but the broader political dimension has thus far received scant attention. I have therefore written a literature review focusing on this broader political dimension of the interaction between democracies and terrorism. The results show that, contrary to the foreign policy aim of the United States to turn countries with a lot terrorist activity into democracies for the purpose of decreasing the risk of terrorist attacks, being a democratic country actually increases the probability of suffering such an attack. It has also been found that, following a terrorist attack, fundamental features of democratic countries sometimes change, though this issue requires further research. Interestingly, it seems more important to know how a country, whether democratic or not, acts towards their own citizens and abroad to accurately predict the probability of future terrorist attacks.
This paper examines the interactions between employment and training policies. Their effectiveness in stimulating income may be interdependent for various important reasons. For example, the more employment policies stimulate the employment rate, the greater the length of time over which workers use the human capital generated by training policies. Moreover, the greater the government expenditures on employment and training subsidies, the higher the taxes required to finance these expenditures and these higher taxes reduce aggregate income. On account of such effects, employment and training policies may be complementary or substitutable with respect to aggregate income. To analyze these interactions, we construct a simple, dynamic model of hiring decisions, derived from microfoundations. The model is calibrated with German data. Surprisingly, the simulation shows that, for reasonable parameter values, the complementarities are weak or absent. The analysis provides a methodology for examining policy interactions which may be useful well beyond the bounds of employment and training policies.
Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira ; O desempenho económico de um país depende sobretudo da relação entre as autoridades monetária e fiscal. Usando dados de painel e um conjunto individual de 14 países da União Europeia desde 1970 a 2012, estudámos as políticas de ambas as autoridades e como as mesmas são influenciadas por determinadas variáveis económicas e eventos (Tratado de Maastricht, Pacto de Estabilidade e Crescimento, euro e crises). Os resultados mostram que a inflação tem um impacto significativo na política monetária e que os governos aumentam o seu saldo primário diante de crescimentos da dívida. Um outro objectivo é caracterizar as interacções que os bancos centrais e os governos nacionais estabelecem, ou seja, se as suas políticas se complementam ou se existe uma política dominante. As nossas provas apresentam uma relação de substituição entre as duas autoridades, onde o banco central assume um papel mais rígido, especialmente no caso de níveis elevados de dívida. ; The economic performance of a country depends notably on the relation between monetary and fiscal authorities. Using a panel data and an individual set of 14 EU countries from 1970 to 2012, we study the type of policies of both authorities, and how they are influenced by certain economic variables and events (Maastricht Treaty, Stability and Growth Pact, euro and crises). Results show that inflation has a significant impact on monetary policy, and that governments raise their primary balance when facing debt increases. Another goal is to characterize the type of interactions central banks and national governments establish, i.e. if their policies complement one another or if there is a more dominant one. Our evidence shows a substitution relation between both authorities, where central bank assumes a demanding role, especially in the case of higher levels of debt.
Higher Education; Educational Policy and Politics; International and Comparative Education; International higher education arena; Higher education reforms; UEFISCDI; Evidence-based policy making; Higher education in Romania; Higher education public policies
Employers are steadily increasing their reliance on technology when recruiting. On the one hand, this technology enables the wide dissemination of information and the management of large quantities of data at a relatively low cost. On the other hand, it introduces new costs and risks. The ease with which information can be shared, for example, can lead to its unauthorized use and obsolescence. Recruiting technologies are also susceptible to misuse and to biases built into their underlying algorithms. Better understanding of these trade-offs can inform government policies aiming to reduce search frictions in the labor market.
