Suchergebnisse

This collection of articles sheds light on the role of human language in interspecies interaction. The book shows that language is not necessarily what separates us from other creatures. It can also be seen as yet another dimension of human existence that is deeply rooted in our shared history and everyday life with other living beings. This volume contains six individual research articles, two short reviews, an opening introduction to the themes of the book, and an extensive, theoretical closing chapter. The studies draw on methodologies and theoretical approaches including conversation analysis and a cognitive, usage-based approach to grammatical constructions. The book further explores the interfaces of linguistics, biosemiotics, and posthumanism. The studies show how linguistic and interactional approaches can contribute to our understanding of how human and non-human animals communicate with each other during embodied activities, how human language users make sense of interspecies encounters in speaking to or about animals, and how human language is thereby impregnated by the presence of other species. The individual research articles study, e.g., interaction with co-present animals, dialectal cow calls, parliamentary speeches, narratives of nature observation, and historical laws.

"Urban planning and development are a meeting ground for different experiences and interpretations pertaining to the desireable city, and the ways in which citizens should genuinely be able to participate in the process. This multidisciplinary book explores broadly the question of how to best approach participation today. Instead of aiming at a singular interpretation, the book sets out to develop tools for a better understanding of the different logics behind urban development and citizen participation. The authors explore themes ranging from governmental structures and settings all the way to individual lifeworlds and experiences, and provide several well-founded propositions on what participation is about.

The articles give voice to actors from the public sphere, from the third and fourth sectors, as well as to citizens in different social roles and positions. The book serves as a text book in disciplines related to urban development and participation, and as an information source for professionals and citizens interested in the topic." - "Kaupunkien kehittämisessä ja suunnittelussa kohtaavat erilaiset kokemukset ja tulkinnat hyvästä kaupungista sekä tavoista, joilla kansalaiset voivat olla prosessissa aidosti mukana. Tässä monitieteisessä teoksessa pohditaan miten osallistumista ja osallisuutta olisi tänä päivänä mielekästä lähestyä. Teoksessa ei tavoitella yhtä oikeaa tulkintaa, vaan luodaan välineitä ymmärtää kansalaisosallistumisen ja kaupunkikehityksen monitahoista logiikkaa. Kirjoittajat tarkastelevat teemoja hallinnon institutionaalisista rakenteista aina yksittäisen ihmisen kokemusmaailmaan saakka ja pohtivat monipuolisesti, mitä osallistuminen ja osallisuus lopulta ovat.
Äänensä tuovat esille niin julkishallinnon toimijat, kolmannen ja neljännen sektorin aktivistit kuin erilaisissa yhteiskunnallisissa asemissa olevat asukkaatkin. Teos on tarkoitettu oppikirjaksi eri tieteenaloille sekä tietolähteeksi osallistumisen kysymysten kanssa työskenteleville ja kaupunkien kehittämisestä kiinnostuneille kansalaisille."

The book called "Inhimillinen ja tehokas sosiaali- ja terveysjohtaminen"(Humane and effective social- and health management) gathers together vital debate on social and health management and its needs both in current and future organisations. The perspectives presented in the book are networks, structures, interaction, professional expertise, couture of knowledge, meaningfulness of work, competence, diversity and experience. The book is edited by Antti Syväjärvi and Ville Pietiläinen. - Kirja haastaa pohtimaan sosiaali- ja terveysjohtamisen ajankohtaisia kysymyksiä, jotka asemoituvat toimialan uudistumiseen ja etenkin toimialan organisaatioiden johtamiseen. Teos käsittelee johtamiseen liittyviä uudistustarpeita, mutta myös johtamiseen linkittyviä teemoja kuten verkostoja, rakenteita, vuorovaikutusta, ammatillista asiantuntijuutta, tietokulttuuria, työn mielekkyyttä, kyvykkyyttä, monimuotoisuutta ja kokemuksellisuutta. Inhimillisesti tehokasta sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon johtamista pidetään helposti ristiriitaisena, koska inhimillinen ja tehokas koetaan usein toisilleen vastakkaisiksi ulottuvuuksiksi. Molemmille on kuitenkin nähtävissä synkroninen tilaus kehittyvässä sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollossa. Teoksessa tarjotaan oivalluksia, kuinka inhimillisyys ja tehokkuus voidaan samanaikaisesti huomioida sosiaali- ja terveysjohtamisessa.
Kirja sopii sosiaali- ja terveysalan johtajille, johtajaksi hakeutuville tai johtamista opiskeleville. Kirja koostuu mielenkiintoisista luvuista, joita ovat kirjoittaneet alan tutkijat eri tutkimuslaitoksista painottaen myös käytännön antia johtamiselle. Kirja on syntynyt Työsuojelurahaston, Lapin ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiirien rahoittamassa tutkimuksessa.

In this book [titled Home, welfare work and vulnerability] the authors take the reader on welfare workers' home visits to clients in need of support in their living. Welfare workers refer to professionals in health and social care who in the book are represented among others by social workers, social care workers and nurses. The main concepts of the book are home, welfare work and vulnerability and these are contemplated from different angles. Welfare work entails encountering people who are in vulnerable situations in the midst of their everyday lives. They may need support in coping with their mental health, with physical illnesses, with the challenges of achieving sobriety and recovery or perhaps with the difficulties accompanying old age. On the one hand their ability to act is limited and weak but on the other they have many kinds of strengths and resources.

The book addresses a significant turning point in welfare services and work at which the objective is defined as the right of every individual to their own home and making living at home feasible for as long as possible. In the last fifty years or so many societal factors have made possible the dismantling of institutions, the reduction of places and the shortening of stays in institutions, the further development of care in the community, the construction of small residential and care facilities and most recently the further development of services to be taken into people's homes. The last stage of this dismantling of institutions is referred to in the book as the "home turn". As a societal change the home turn is complex – and that is how it is approached in the book. When one's own home is the main place in which welfare policy and work are implemented, it is important to scrutinize more closely what actually occurs there and what special issues are connected to this given context.

The book offers a timely point of view on the development of welfare services and the grass-root level welfare work done in the homes. It draws on interaction research based on ethnomethodology and human geography. Research data consist of recordings of home visits, researcher's field diaries and interviews with clients and workers. The work includes both chapters providing conceptual and theoretical overviews and empirical research on the encounters between client and worker(s) on home visits. Welfare work accomplished in people's homes entails many tensions and ethical issues which are analysed in the book and made visible through the means of research.

The growth of cultural diversity in Finnish social and health care workplaces challenges to develop not only ways of working and interaction but also organizational structures. Work communities as a whole are facing new challenges. The aim of this book is to help work communities develop well-functioning practices for intercultural work. Effective interaction between cultures provides the foundation not only for the well-being of staff and customers, but also for the financial success of the organization. The paper presents five action studies in the social and health care organization, which analyzed the abrasion points of everyday interaction, developed functional practices and corrective measures, and evaluated the effects of interventions. The aim of the project was to bring about structural reforms in support of inter-cultural work, since only the changes would become permanent. - Kulttuurisen monimuotoisuuden kasvu Suomen sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon työyhteisöissä haastaa kehittämään paitsi työskentely- ja vuorovaikutustapoja myös organisationaalisia rakenteita. Työyhteisöt kokonaisuudessaan ovat uusien haasteiden edessä. Tämän teoksen tavoitteena on auttaa työyhteisöjä kehittämään hyvin toimivia käytäntöjä kulttuurien välisen työn arkeen. Toimiva kulttuurien välinen vuorovaikutus luo pohjaa paitsi henkilöstön ja asiakkaiden hyvinvoinnille myös organisaation taloudelliselle menestymiselle. Teoksessa esitellään viidessä sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon organisaatiossa toteutettua toimintatutkimusta, jossa selvitettiin arjen vuorovaikutuksen hankauspisteitä, kehitettiin toimivia käytäntöjä ja korjaavia toimenpiteitä ja arvioitiin interventioiden vaikutuksia. Hankkeen tavoitteena oli saada aikaan kulttuurien välistä työtä tukevia rakenteellisia uudistuksia, sillä vain siten muutoksista tulee pysyviä.

In this edited book, the authors seek answers to the question "What is the future of working life?" with research-based approaches. The state of working life and its changes and development are affected by many factors starting from global phenomena to workplace level events, actions and procedures. The book examines working life trends on multiple levels covering structural development paths, the role of labor policy, organizational practices and subjective experiences of individuals. Working life research produces valuable information which is beneficial both at workplace level and at the use of decision-makers who regulate working life matters. - Artikkelikokoelmassa etsitään vastausta kysymykseen "Mihin työelämä on menossa?" lujasti tutkimuksiin tukeutuen. Työelämän tilaan, muutoksiin ja kehittymiseen vaikuttavat monet tekijät lähtien globaaleista ilmiöistä työpaikkakohtaisiin tapahtumiin ja toimenpiteisiin. Kirja tarkastelee työelämän kehitysilmiöitä monitasoisesti kattaen niin muutoksen rakenteelliset kehityskulut, työvoimapolitiikan roolin, organisaatiokohtaiset käytännöt kuin yksilöiden kokemuksetkin. Kirjassa on vahvasti mukana hyödyntämisnäkökulma. Työelämän tutkimus tuottaa arvokasta tietoa niin työpaikoille kuin työelämäasioita käsitteleville päätöksentekijöille.

In the 21st century, vernacular tradition has been emerging updated, hybridized forms. The increased availability of digital devices and resources has diminished the gap between professional production and folk culture. Digital technology and commercial productions have merged with grassroots practices, local identities, and personal expression. This book introduces analytical views of contemporary folklore as vernacular meaning-making and performance in interaction with digital technology and commercial productions. It focuses on various genres, such as internet memes, local rap music, video games, creepypasta, and stand-up performances. Central themes featured in the analyses include accelerated cultural circulation and reinterpretations, questions surrounding ownership and appropriation, technological agency, and the performance of cultural and personal identities.

Finnish Lapland is a historical borderland of Finnish and Sámi cultures. Such a region offers various social-political identifications for people to choose: people may see it possible to identify as Finnish, Laplanders, Lappish or Sámi, for instance. However, the choices have social and political limits, and some identifications are more contested than others. The book examines the processes of identifications in the middle parts of Lapland, just south of the region defined as Sámi homeland in Finland. While the study reveals differences and nuances in people's thinking, it also shows that there is a recognizable sense of shared cultural specifity around the region. Lapland is conceptualized as an extraordinary place with unusual nature and history, characterized by particular livelihoods (such as reindeer herding) and lively cultural interaction. The book concludes that while Lapland is extraordinary as a historical dwelling region of indigenous Sámi, it may be politically significant to recognize it as a unique borderland of cultures with features of its own.

Participatory approaches and co-research are increasingly employed in the current moment for exploring barriers to equality. Co-research treats research participants as experts in their own lives and as equal research partners. Research conducted with this orientation is based on research problems drafted by the research participants themselves from their aspirations regarding the research process and an active partnership that considers the interests of all parties involved. Participatory methods are used in co-research, particularly for the purpose of deepening the contextualisation of research knowledge about structurally vulnerable or subordinated groups and to challenge the power positions associated with traditional research designs. In co-research, the role of the people involved in the research is more central than in more traditional research. One of the key principles of co-research is that co-investigators (a) can participate in various roles, (b) have the opportunity to participate in different phases of the research according to their own interests and resources, and (c) co-investigators' participation can take many forms, including differences in intensity. The idea is to provide more people with opportunities to contribute to the knowledge production about themselves and their communities from their respective perspectives and interests. Co-research is also seen as an opportunity to improve the relevance and usefulness of scientific knowledge. It aims to genuinely increase interaction and openness and extend science's societal responsibility. In this book, we approach co-research as a means to promote social justice, as an action with a societal impact contributor to social impact and as a means to promote the societal responsibility of science. We discuss and evaluate the ideals of the co-research process concerning the everyday challenges and practices in research. Above all, we offer the knowledge and experience generated by our own projects to support those planning or already implementing co-research projects.

In this thesis, I critically interrogate power relations that underlie practices, techniques and rationalities of contemporary forms of governance represented by the governing strategy of structural adjustment framework devised by the Bretton Woods institutions— especially the IMF and the World Bank. Far from being a technique of coercion and domination, the thesis demonstrates that structural adjustment framework represents a differing modality of global power that attempts to discursively legitimise external interventions through the imposition of neoliberal economic agenda. I show that structural adjustment policies are carefully constructed neoliberal rationalities of governing through which donors seek to transform the government of Ghana into a self-disciplined neoliberal subject that must behave in an appropriately competitive fashion that is congruent with the ethos of market rationality. I draw on Michel Foucault's nuanced conceptualisation of governmentality, a form of productive and relational power working through individuals' subjectivities particularly as it coexists with the disciplinary rationale of power, and extend it to the relation between the IMF and the World Bank and the government of Ghana. I analyse how these interactions are embedded within a discursive formation and concrete practices which establish certain views of 'a problem' and mobilise particular authoritative actors, techniques and forms of truth as solutions. I also explore how over the decades the IMF and the World Bank through the modalities of conditionality associated with structural adjustment have sought to govern, remake and regulate the economic, political and social institutions of recipient States. In closing, and by way of illustration, I also examine 'non-compliance' as one possibility into what Foucault has termed 'counter-conduct' through which subjects undermine and challenge governmental forms of power. This being said, within the structural adjustment discourse, there remains, I would be inclined to argue, repressive and dominant forms of power. This thesis, contributes to the contemporary scholarship on governmentality to deepen and re-evaluate the distinctiveness of power relations in the example of the IMF and the World Bank adjustment programmes in Ghana.

It is generally recognized that in early modern society, the position of the church and clergy was very central. As many historians have stated over the decades, the church and state were closely connected and their power structures and ideologies supported each other. However, when studying the social and public role of the church and clergy, it soon becomes quite clear how pervasive this phenomenon was. The church not only created but also maintained and acted as a part of international, national, and local communities, structures, and cultures that connected people regardless of their social status and gender. The church was a spiritual, administrative, and social institution and experience environment, whose tasks, scope, and meanings changed and intertwined with the development, needs, and requirements of society. In this book, we investigate from different perspectives the motives and different means by which the church and clergy came to play a significant part in early modern society. In this volume, the church is considered both as an administrative institution and as a social space and cultural structure. Hence, we do not focus on the history of theology or doctrinal questions. Instead, we consider the social and public roles and meanings of the church. The church as such is understood in this book as transnational, a strong national and local institution, and also a space and structure. The church had its own institutionalized place in society and its activities and rights were defined by law (Church law 1696, the Law of the Swedish kingdom 1734) and by the decrees given by the Royal Majesty. The church had its own archbishop-led administrative organization under the Royal Majesty and it worked in close cooperation with the Crown administration and county governors. In this volume, we understand the clergy as church servants, a trained and appointed professional group, a separate estate (social class), and also as a wide social network constructed by their families. The approach of this book is social science history. In other words, the book examines the church and the clergy as an integral part of society and the individual communities who lived in the current Finnish territory during the early modern era. The topic is examined on the basis of three conceptual themes reflecting important new areas of research in the study of the social significance of the church and clergy: (1) the clergy and family as part of the community, (2) the church as a jointly built space, and (3) the church as an arena for interaction, knowledge, and politics. We approach this multidimensionality using different research questions, sources, methods, and theoretical approaches. The volume focuses on the 17th to 19th centuries, but many of the church and clergy-related phenomena are much older, and some of them extend to the present, so the articles also move beyond this time frame.

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vallankäytön luonteen ja sen ilmenemisen tulkinta ja ymmärtäminen ammattikorkeakoulujen vakinaistamis- ja laajentumisprosessissa vuosina 1995-2000. Tutkimus jakautuu kahteen pääosaan: teoreettiseen ja tapausesimerkkinä toteutettavaan empiiriseen osaan. Työn lähtökohtana on teoreettisen viitekehyksen kautta jäsentää, tulkita ja ymmärtää tutkimuskohteena olevaa ilmiötä eli vakinaistamis- ja laajentumisprosessiin liittynyttä vallankäyttöä. Työn metodinen painopiste lähenee teoriaperusteista analyysia ja arviointia. Tiivistäen ilmaistuna teoria saa työssä tulkintavälineen aseman. Tavoitteena on teorian ja sen pohjalta luodun viitekehyksen ja aineiston välinen dialogimainen vuoropuhelu, jota täydennetään eri tutkijoiden esittämillä näkemyksillä. Työn dokumenttiaineisto painottuu kirjoitetussa muodossa olevaan, aitoon ja alkuperäiseen sekä selkeästi rajattuun tekstikorpukseen, jolle annettiin ja jolle muodostui keskeinen asema korkeakoulupoliittisia ratkaisuja tehtäessä. Työn tulkintaprosessin myötä voidaan päätyä mm. toteamaan, että valta ei paikantunut tai sijoittunut ammattikorkeakoululaitoksen luomisen prosessin osalta ainoastaan valtakunnan tason toimijoille ja päätöksentekijöille eli suunta ei ole yksinomaan ylhäältä alhaalle. Kokonaisuuden onnistuminen ja toimivuuden turvaaminen jäivät ja jäävät pitkälti anojien eli paikallistason vastuulle. Vaihtoon liittyvää ulottuvuutta ja vuorovaikutusta tarvitaan prosessin jatkokehittämisen onnistumiseksi. Tarkasteltavassa prosessitodellisuudessa ilman paikallistason työpanosta ja muutoksen syvällisyyttä ja hallintaa - nimenomaan ammatillisen korkeakoulutuksen näkökulmasta - todellinen muutos jää puutteelliseksi. Viitekehyksen keskeisimmät ulottuvuudet nousevat selkeästi esille empiirisen aineiston tulkinnan myötä; vallankäyttö prosessitodellisuuden eri toimijatasojen menettelyjen osalta liikkui nollasummapeli - positiv-summekonflikt -ulottuvuudella, kuten myös mahdollistamisen ja antienergisoinnin ja toimintaa hankaloittavien ratkaisujen puitteissa. Vallankäyttö seurauksineen liikkui ylivallan ja yhteistoiminnallisen vallan kentissä. Valta kapasiteettina ja kykynä tulkita sekä omaa että toisten todellisuutta sekä kokonaisuuden hallintana - jopa edellä mainittujen ulottuvuuksien puutteenakin - saa keskeisen sisällön tarkasteltavan tapausesimerkin puitteissa. Vallan suhdeperusteinen ja muuttuva luonne tulee selvästi esille. Vallankäyttö näkyy selkeästi konkreettisessa toiminnassa paikallisella, alueellisella ja valtakunnallisella toimijatasolla. Kun tilannetta tarkastellaan työn viitekehyksestä käsin, paljastuu valtakäsitteen hyödyntämisen ja tulkinnan jääneen prosessin kuluessa osittain rajautuneeksi. Työn pohjalta voi tulkita vallankäytön heijastusvaikutusten ja mahdollistamisulottuvuuden pohdinnan jääneen osittain keskeneräiseksi. Tehtyjen ratkaisujen ja valittujen periaatteiden seurauksena vallankäyttöön olennaisesti liittyvä kokonaisuuden hallinta ja kyky taata muutoksen syvällisyys eivät olleet ongelmattomia. Kaiken kaikkiaan kyse on työn otsikon mukaisesti vallankäytön oppimisesta. Samalla paljastuu vallankäytön haasteellisuus korkeakoulupolitiikkaa laajemminkin hallinnon kannalta. Valtaan liittyvän todellisuuden tulkinta laajentaa prosessin ymmärtämistä. Samalla paljastuu viitekehyksen laajempi sovellettavuus ja tutkimuksen käyttökelpoisuus sekä vallan suhdeperusteinen ja muuttuva luonne. Perehtyminen työ viitekehykseen ja sen pohjalta tehtyyn empiiriseen tarkasteluun voi edistää muutosta ja sen hallittavuutta. Työ viitekehyksenä oleva mallikombinaatio, synteesi mahdollistaa suoraa vallan harjoittamista laajemman prosessinäkökulman ja auttaa ymmärtämään laaja-alaisemmin organisationaaliseen vallankäyttöön liittyvän toiminnan seurauksia. Siten käytetty malli monipuolistaa vallan tulkintaa. ; The purpose of this study is to interpret and understand the nature and presence of the use of power in polytechnics during the years 1995 - 2000 when they were both being made permanent and undergoing expansion. The study is divided into two main parts: the theoretical and the empirical case study. The use of power within the process examined is interpreted through the theoretical part. Put concisely the theory becomes an interpretative tool in this study. The study concerns itself with two principle levels, the national and the provincial / local: the relationship between and within these two is analysed and interpreted from the viewpoint of the use of power. The basic arrangement of the study is to consider the use of power through and with the help of the two earlier mentioned levels. The workings of the evaluation board of the polytechnics and its licensing section (initially a separate working group), government, parliament, the commission of education and culture, and the ministry of education form the national level of the empirical part of the study. These bodies can be broadly divided into two working groups: the political decision makers, and the specialists. The second level is made up of local and provincial questions of power, resources and dependency. North Savo Polytechnic and Pirkanmaa Polytechnic, both of which could not get permanent official status immediately on first application, have been chosen as examples of the local level. During the period studied North Savo Polytechnic applied for permanent status three times and made one application to broaden the mandate sought. Thus the process reality and entirety and its power dimensions and its changes can be seen. After these submissions the process continued in North Savo provisionally or as education based on agreement making certain units permanent. Pirkanmaa Polytechnic was assessed at the start of the process and again at the end of it when it got provisional approval for making the school permanent. Thus in the time period studied we can examine two different cases as examples within the local process. The study covers issues on both micro and macro levels. The central theme is to look at the process and its content dimension in its entirety. The views of both local and national influencers have been included to make the research more substantive. The use of power as part of process reality is modelled with the aid of two intersecting lines. At the ends of the horizontal line there are the power dimensions of authoritarian (power over) and co-operative (power with). The vertical line describes energy and anti-energy power dimensions; empowerment and action that hinders or even blocks it. Thus we have a four-field model that describes power dimensions in the building process and serves as a technical tool for the study and its theoretical framework. The starting point of the study is that "power moves" as a result of actions in the aforementioned four-field model even during the same process reality, and then the use of power takes different forms and has different consequences. The positions of the power wielders and power targets vary during social interaction and action. Power as a phenomenon manifests itself in varying non-static process relationships and a conclusion as a nil sum game or open conflict is not enough to keep the process developing positively. They are counterbalanced by reciprocal exchange relationships and the positive sum conflict dimension. The interpretation of process reality, securing a change, and management of the entirety become central. The starting point of the study is, through the above-mentioned theoretical framework, to analyse, interpret and understand the phenomenon studied, i.e. the use of power in the process of awarding permanent status and broadening a mandate already received. The methodological emphasis comes close to theory based analyses and evaluation. The aim is a dialogue between on one hand the theory and the framework it's based on and on the other hand the data. This dialogue is then completed with views from various researchers. The documentary data consists mainly of written original, genuine and clearly defined bodies of text which were submitted and which formed a central part in the making of political decisions in the polytechnic field. Through the interpretation process of the study it can be stated that as regards the creation of the polytechnics that power was not only located at the level of national decision makers i.e. the direction is not only from the top to the bottom. Successful implementation and feasibility were and still are the contributory responsibility of the local level applicants. Interaction and reciprocity exchange are needed to make further development successful. Real change in the process reality will be incomplete if local level work input, management and depth of the change - especially from the viewpoint of the polytechnics - are not taken into consideration. The most central dimensions of the framework are brought out with the interpretation of the empirical data; the use of power in the differing action levels of the process reality was moving in the nil sum game - positive sum conflict dimension, as also in the facilitating / empowering and anti-energising / solution retardation dimension. The use of power with its results was moving in the fields of authoritarian (power over) and co-operative (power with). Power as capacity and as ability to interpret one's own and others´ reality and also as management of the entirety - even lacking of all the before mentioned dimensions - receives a central role in the case study examined. The changing and relationship based nature of power is brought out. The use of power can be seen clearly in the tangible actions at the local, provincial and national levels. When the situation is looked at from the framework of the study it can be seen that the utilisation and interpretation of the concept of power has remained partly limited in the course of the process or that the decision makers have not thought about it from the viewpoint of the framework. On the basis of the study it can be interpreted that the study of the reflex effects and facilitating / empowering dimension of the use of power has remained somewhat incomplete or that at least the knock on effects have not been studied in all aspects. As a result of the decisions made and the principles chosen the management of the entirety and the ability to secure the depth of the change that essentially go together with the use of power were not problem free. All in all it is about, in accordance with the title of the study, learning to use power. At the same time the challenging nature of the use of power in administration other than in the polytechnics is revealed.

Tiivistelmä. Tutkin pro gradu -tutkielmassani direktiivis-komissiivisia vuorovaikutustoimintoja neljän äidinkielenään suomea puhuvan informantin keskusteluissa, joita he käyvät PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds -nimisen selviytymisvideopelin pelaamisen aikana. Peilaan analyysiani Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) vuorovaikutustoimintojen jaotteluun, jossa keskiössä on tulevaisuuden toiminnan toimeenpanijan ja tulevaisuuden toiminnasta hyötyjän selvittäminen. Oleellista tutkimukseni toteutustavassa on se, että pelaajat eivät näe milloinkaan toisiaan keskusteluiden aikana, joten heidän vuorovaikutuksensa nojaa täysin mikrofonien välityksellä toteutettuun puhekommunikaatioon. Tällaista täysin vastaavalla tavalla toteutettua tutkimusta ei videopelikeskusteluista ole tehty. Aineistoni on kerätty syksyllä 2018 siten, että yksi pelaajista on tallentanut pelikuvaa, -ääntä ja pelaajien keskustelua videotiedostoiksi. Videoaineistoa on yhteensä 10 tuntia 17 minuuttia. Aineisto on säilöttynä kokonaisuudessaan Oulun yliopiston Kikosa-kokoelmaan. Olen käynyt aineistoa läpi siten, että olen keskittynyt kohtiin, joissa direktiivis-komissiivisia vuorovaikutustoimintoja on selvästi havaittavissa. Olen sitten litteroinut tutkimuksen kannalta hedelmällisiä kohtia ja analysoinut ne keskustelunanalyyttisesti. Analyysissani keskityn todistamaan Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) toimija–hyötyjä-jaottelun avulla, mikä vuorovaikutustoiminto kulloinkin on kyseessä. Samalla testaan jatkuvasti Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) teoriaa omaa aineistoani vasten. Olen toteuttanut tutkimuksen aineistovetoisesti, ja analyysini on kvalitatiivista. Tutkimuskysymykseni on "Mitä erilaisia direktiivis-komissiivisia vuorovaikutustoimintoja videopelikeskusteluissa on havaittavissa?". Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) toimija–hyötyjä-jako toimii yleisesti hyvin myös omaan aineistooni, joskin olen tutkimukseni tulosten perusteella tarkastellut sitä myös paikoin kriittisesti. Läpi aineistoni neljä keskeisintä direktiivis-komissiivista vuorovaikutustoimintoa ovat tarjous, pyyntö, ehdotus ja ohjeistus. Tutkimustulosten kannalta merkittävää on myös havainto siitä, että videopelikeskusteluissa ei välttämättä tulevaisuuden toiminnan hyötyä kyetä aukottomasti osoittamaan. Joissakin tapauksissa voidaan ajatella pelaajan ajavan koko joukkueen etua, mutta toisissa tapauksissa taas voidaan myös argumentoida sen puolesta, että pelaaja pyrkisi hyötymään tilanteesta itse. Tämän vuoksi esimerkiksi pyyntö ei toteudu välttämättä pyynnön esittäjän hyödyksi, vaikka Couper-Kuhlen (2014) näin väittääkin. Tutkimukseni avaa niin sanotusti peliä vuorovaikutuslingvistisessä tutkimuskentässä videopelikeskustelujen analyysille. Pidän äärimmäisen tärkeänä nyky-yhteiskunnassa videopeleistä tehtävää tutkimusta jo pelkästään siksi, että pelien harrastajamäärät kasvavat jatkuvasti. Humanistisia tieteitä kiinnostaa ihmisten toiminta, joten tutkimus täytyy viedä sinne, missä ihmiset viettävät aikaa 2020-luvulla — eli virtuaalisiin vuorovaikutusympäristöihin.Directive-commissive actions in video game conversations. Abstract. In this Master's thesis, I study directive-commissive actions in video game conversations. Four Finnish-speaking informants communicated with each other using microphones while they played PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds together. I test Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) theory of actions, in which she asks who will commit the future action and who will benefit from it. The key point in my study is that the informants cannot see each other because they are not sharing a physical space. Instead, they play online and communicate solely with their voice. In linguistics, there are currently no other studies about directive-commissive actions conducted in the exact same way as this thesis. The data for my study was collected in Autumn 2018. One of the informants played the aforementioned game and recorded his point of view and the conversations in video files. The recorded data totals 10 hours and 17 minutes and is stored in the Kikosa Collection at the University of Oulu. I have analyzed the data with a focus on the parts containing clearly visible directive-commissive actions. I have then transcribed the most interesting parts and analyzed them more thoroughly using conversation analysis. In my analysis, I focus on proving Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) model, where the following two questions are asked: "Who will carry out the future action?" and "Who will benefit from it?" Using this method, I identify the directive-commissive actions visible in the transcripts. At the same time, I attempt to provide a critique of Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) theory by comparing it to my data. The research was conducted with a focus on the data, and my analysis is qualitative. My research question is: "What different types of directive-commissive actions are there to notice in video game conversations?" While Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) model works well for the most part, I have also pointed out a couple of inconsistencies at some points. The four most important directive-commissive actions in my study are Offer, Request, Proposal and Advice-giving. The results show that in video game conversations, it might not always be possible to pinpoint the beneficiary of the executed future action. In some cases, one could argue that a player execute their actions for the benefit of the whole team. On the other hand, a player could also only have their own benefit in mind. Thus, for example, a Request might not end up benefitting a player, despite it being so in Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) model. This study works as a first step towards further analysis of video game conversations in interactional linguistics. I believe this kind of study to be extremely important in our society, not only due to the large and increasing number of players in different types of video games, but also because the field of humanities has always involved an interest in human actions and interactions. Therefore, research needs to be where people spend much of their time in the 2020s — in virtual and interactive settings, that is.