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Compares historic & modern theories of international law to examine conflicts between states' respective judicial & fiscal laws, aiming for contemporary resolution. Emphasis is on Mexico's relationship with Latin America, the US, & Spain. Western European 13th- to 17th-century history of international law development is outlined, highlighting the most influential theories & contracts. These are compared to modern theories developed in Western Europe during the 1960s. Current international law is depicted as operating within a norm of conflicts. Solutions are based on elaboration & modification of proposals from the Organization of American States, aiming to determine to the best extent possible juridical norms, construct rights-based multilateral bodies, & integrate private, individual rights. Adapted from the source document.

Past conflicts between Chile & Peru have generated negative perceptions of each other. Chile emerged victorious from the Pacific War & developed excessive national pride, seeing itself as conqueror & Peru as conquered. The spread of Chilean capital into Peru exacerbated Peruvians' image of Chile as an arrogant invader & the loss of territory to Chile from the war remains an open wound. Per a 2002 survey, about a third of Chile's population sees armed conflict with Peru as a possibility. Changing the negative images of the other country will occur only with long-term cultural change. 1 Table, 2 Figures. M. Pflum

Interstate relationships in Central & South America have been marked by the endurance of boundary disputes & the frequent conflicts resulting from them, the militarization of conflicts, the fact that such escalation of conflicts rarely reaches full-scale war, & the even greater infrequency of wars. Since 1990, the settlement of border conflicts in the Southern Cone has consolidated a peace zone, whereas military disputes persist in Central America. The international system structure & states' grand strategies account for the observed outcomes. Neither the presence/absence of democracy, nor US power & intrusion are relevant to explaining the prospects of war & peace in Latin America. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

September 11 (2001) events prompted a series of debates concerning how & how much has the international order changed. There is still much misunderstanding between those who assert that "nothing has changed" & those for whom "nothing will be the same after 9/11." Due to records scattering, events or processes have been studied as if they were structural changes, but without explaining how can they transform international politics. Also, the search for more useful analyses to identify both changes & continuities has produced methodological confusion. This work pursues three main objectives: first, to present a methodology of change analysis by organizing the various approach modalities with which international relations theory has been working so far. Second, to use this methodology for understanding the likely transformations of the international order as of September 11, 2001. Third, to offer some conclusions & work hypotheses on international politics change study. The author reaches four conclusions: (a) every international relation theory demands an explanation of 9/11 events & they all have arguments for such a demand; (b) in relation with this, 9/11 does not compel thinking new categories to understand its causes & outcomes; (c) from a wider perspective, & beyond any strident statement, 9/11 has not generated a major change in international politics in historical & systemic terms; & (d) a better understanding of change in international relations requires a historical approach, that has been largely eluded by this discipline. 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

The principle of subsidiary nature is a political instrument considered by the author as a mechanism of solving controversies among the organs of the European Community & national governments of the European Union (EU). This fact generates disagreements about different levels of government. Examined here is the EU's interest in a clear definition of that principle & in the recognition & application on the part of its member states so that the integration process moves forward. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses whether the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina from Apr. 1992-Nov. 1995 was a civil war or an international conflict.

En este artículo, la autora analiza con detalle lo que ha sido la expansión de la OTAN hacia el este de Europa después del fin de la Guerra Fría. Este análisis se hace a la luz de cuatro tipos de consideraciones: a) los intereses de la política norteamericana; b) la posición rusa; c) la posición de los países que han solicitado su ingreso a la OTAN y d) la postura de los países excluidos de esta organización. La autora concluye destacando los intereses de la política norteamericana en pro de la expansión de la OTAN, la actitud reticente de la Federación Rusa al respecto y los debates que se han generado en pro y en contra de la expansión de este importante organismo, proceso que, entre tanto, sigue su curso.

Frente a los diagnósticos políticos pesimistas de fin de siglo, que enfatizan el "rol" de factores de índole religiosa, étnica y nacional como fuente de los nuevos conflictos que atraviesa hoy el mundo, este artículo explora el proceso de paz en el Medio Oriente y sus potencialidades, cuestionando la concreción inevitable de dichas visiones. La intersección entre el nivel internacional y el regional, así como las interacciones entre los ejes político, económico y cultural, orientan el análisis de las motivaciones, los intereses y las posiciones de las partes en el proceso de paz. A su vez, explora el modo cómo los cambios estructurales y un nuevo pragmatismo han consolidado el espacio de la voluntad política.

Reseña de los aspectos más relevantes de las negociaciones formales entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética para limitar y reducir las armas nucleares estratégicas, sus sistemas de transporte y las defensas contra cohetes balísticos. Las Pláticas sobre la Limitación de las Armas Estratégicas (PLAE) I y II (iniciadas el 17 de noviembre de 1969 y el 21 de noviembre de 1972, respectivamente) y las Pláticas sobre la Reducción de las Armas Estratégicas (PRAE) I y II (iniciadas el 29 de junio de 1982 y el 17 de junio de 1992).

The article offers an overview of China-Tibet relationship, which includes a historical background that leads to an understanding of the roots of their conflict. It analyses in detail the period which comes from 1949 till nowadays, & stresses the role played by several actors that take part in the conflict. Also, the authors emphasize topics as sovereignty, regional autonomy & territoriality, as well as the Dalai Lama's role as representative of the Tibetan government in exile. The paper proposes an ethical approach in order to tackle this matter, by virtue of its linking to multiculturalism & human rights respect. Finally, the article looks over some perspectives & the impact of conflict on the international scene. Adapted from the source document.