Suchergebnisse

This PhD thesis deals with the protection of the civilian population in occupied territories. After defining the notion of 'military occupation' in the light of recent practice of both States and international organizations, as well as analysing the relevant provisions of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), the research focuses on the extraterritorial application of International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and the interplay between IHL and IHRL in occupied territories. The aim is to ascertain how to reconcile these two legal regimes whenever a conflict of norms arises, as in the case of the tension between internment of civilians in time of occupation (Art. 78 IVGC) and the right to personal liberty enshrined in human rights treaties (Art. 9 ICCPR and Art. 5 ECHR).

Cover -- Quartino -- Indice-Sommario -- Prefazione -- Il Conflitto del Nagorno-Karabakh: Analisi e prospettive di soluzione secondo diritto (Natalino Ronzitti) -- Documentazione - a cura di Chiara Altafin -- I - La Repubblica di Azerbaigian -- II - La secessione del Nagorno-Karabakh -- III - Documenti relativi al conflitto -- IV - Crisis management e sicurezza regionale -- V - Diritti dell'uomo e diritto internazionale umanitario -- VI - Il Consiglio d'Europa -- VII - Unione Europea -- VIII - CSCE/OSCE -- IX - NATO -- X - Nazioni Unite -- Cartina della Regione -- Bibliografia -- Ultimato di stampare.

This research delves into the Nongovernmental Organisations' presence on the international scene, in an effort to grasp its significance for the traditional political order and for the democratic dynamics within it. The growing presence of multiple and concurrent autonomous centres of power, peculiar to the current political organisations, and furthered by the process of globalization, have represented a contributing factor of the overcome of social and political boundaries along with the State's centrality itself. The nongovernmental sphere has had a fundamental role in the process of "remodeling" the international order, becoming at the same time an essential tool for its comprehension. Therefore, this research is focused on the analysis of NGOs' intervention in war-torn societies, in order to examine the dynamics of interdependence binding them with the other social actors involved in the conflict. This thesis is articulated in four chapters. The first is dedicated to develop a theoretical framework of the genesis and the role of NGOs. The second is focused on two aspect of Nongovernmental Organisations'intervention in conflict zones: the relationship between them and the other actors of the conflict, United Nations, the State and local actors; and the principles that inform their intervention. The third chapter delves into the intricacies of the nongovernmental organisations, with particular reference to their inherent weaknesses and how they have affected NGOs'work. The last chapter examines the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, focusing on the most significant historical and political moments for the Nongovernmental sphere.

This article criticizes overly ambitious definitions of globalization both on theoretical & empirical grounds. Globalization seems to be a less universal & unprecedented process than often described. It also seems that its most important effects are limited to the economic sphere, while in the political one it has not destroyed the traditional organization of states or the heterogeneous nature of the international system. Its main political effects are twofold. On the one hand, in the more globalized areas, open economies demonstrate & reinforce more peaceful international relations. On the other hand, in the less globalized areas, conflicts may arise between those who want to integrate into the world economy & those who are opposed. The most important political issue arising from globalization may therefore be the future relationship between the more & the less globalized areas. 2 Tables, 4 Figures, 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

The research focuses on the current war in Syria,from the early months of 2011 up to the events of late 2017,and assess if and how the conflict does fit within the categories of armed conflicts elaboratedso far by the main theories of international relations and strategic studies, in particular those concerning the so called "New Wars". Moreover, the research would assess if the conflict in Syria has introduced new elements to the scientific debate. the first chapter provides an analysis of the scientific literature regarding the different approaches and schools in the theory of international relations. The second chapter reviews the scientific literature on foreign policy and war within the Middle East region: decision-making processes, alliances, regrouping and axis. The third, final chapter represents the core of the thesis, namely a theoretical analysis of the most important actors (state and non-state): their goals, strategies and policies, by reviewing the related scientific studies, social media pages, official, governmental statements, as well as by making use of data collected during the several research missions on the field, and especially from research centers in Damascus. Here, personal interviews have also been made with Syrian policy makers or figures that have direct contact with the decision making process in Syria. These data have provided the thesis with an extra advantage in understanding and assessing the fast-changing and fragmented situation on the ground.

La donazione di Malta da parte di Carlo V all'Ordine di S. Giovanni nel 1530 stabilì anche le modalità di nomina del vescovo dell'isola, la cui sede episcopale era soggetta fin dai tempi della conquista normanna al regio patronato e dunque al diritto di presentazione da parte del re di Sicilia: proposta da parte del gran maestro al sovrano spagnolo, tramite il viceré di Sicilia, di una terna graduata di candidati, previamente votata dal Consiglio dell'Ordine, appartenenti al grado di cappellano conventuale e di cui almeno uno siciliano. Da quel momento e sino alla fine del viceregno spagnolo di Sicilia (1713), dieci vescovi si alternarono sulla sede episcopale maltese. In questi quasi due secoli è possibile individuare alcune fasi che scandirono le complesse negoziazioni tra le corti e le diplomazie di Madrid, Roma, Palermo e Malta sulla scelta e designazione del vescovo. Elementi costanti di tali contrattazioni furono, da una parte, la politica clientelare dei gran maestri dell'Ordine, mirante all'acquisizione de facto di un diritto di presentazione "delegato" alla sede episcopale maltese attraverso l'imposizione come vescovi dei loro uomini più fidati, e dall'altra, le rivalità "nazionali" interne all'Ordine, in particolare tra cavalieri francesi e cavalieri spagnoli, riproposizione del più ampio conflitto internazionale tra le due più potenti monarchie d'Europa. ; Charles V's donation of Malta to the Order of St. John in 1530 also established the procedure for appointment of the bishop of the island, whose episcopal seat since the time of the Norman conquest was subject to royal patronage, and thus to the King of Sicily's right of presentation: the Grand Master would propose to the Spanish king, through the viceroy of Sicily, a ranking of three candidates, previously approved by the Council of the Order, belonging to the rank of convent chaplain and which contained at least one Sicilian. From that time until the end of Spanish rule in Sicily (1713), 10 bishops were chosen for the Maltese episcopal see. In these nearly three centuries it is possible to identify certain phases that characterized the complex negotiations between the court and various diplomacies in Malta, Palermo, Rome and Madrid, regarding the selection and appointment of the bishop. Recurring elements of these negotiations were, on the one hand, the political patronage of the Grand Masters of the Order, seeking to obtain de facto the "delegated" right of presentation to the Maltese episcopal see by imposing their most trusted men as bishops, and on the other, the "national" rivalries within the Order, particularly between French and Spanish knights, replica of the broader international conflict between the two most powerful monarchies in Europe.