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International audience ; The arrangements offered by international community as solutions to Yugoslav dissolution process have significantly affected the development of the Kosovo conflict. These policies failed to produce consensus between the parties in conflict, instead, as the paper demonstrate, they played the role of a catalyst in the initiation of the conflict. This paper, by offering a detailed reconstruction of the process by which the international community tried to settle the Kosovo case, demonstrates how the dynamics of the conflict interacted dynamically with international community attitudes and policies towards the case. The paper discusses the attitudes and policies of international community toward the Kosovo case underlining its attachment to traditional prerequisites of international order instead of inherited causes of conflict. There are three important events that underline the interference of international community in the case of Kosovo before the war: the Conference on Yugoslavia that followed up the creation of the Badinter Committee, the Dayton Agreement and the Rambouillet Talks. These events are explained in details in three separate sections since they have immediate implications for the situation in Kosovo and consequently for the development of the conflict. We first discuss the contribution of existing normative framework to models of international community behavior and their effects in the case of Kosovo conflict following with the reaction of the conflicting parties towards offered arrangements. Both moments are assumed to be of importance in providing a larger picture in the understanding of the outgrowth of Kosovo conflict.

International audience ; The arrangements offered by international community as solutions to Yugoslav dissolution process have significantly affected the development of the Kosovo conflict. These policies failed to produce consensus between the parties in conflict, instead, as the paper demonstrate, they played the role of a catalyst in the initiation of the conflict. This paper, by offering a detailed reconstruction of the process by which the international community tried to settle the Kosovo case, demonstrates how the dynamics of the conflict interacted dynamically with international community attitudes and policies towards the case. The paper discusses the attitudes and policies of international community toward the Kosovo case underlining its attachment to traditional prerequisites of international order instead of inherited causes of conflict. There are three important events that underline the interference of international community in the case of Kosovo before the war: the Conference on Yugoslavia that followed up the creation of the Badinter Committee, the Dayton Agreement and the Rambouillet Talks. These events are explained in details in three separate sections since they have immediate implications for the situation in Kosovo and consequently for the development of the conflict. We first discuss the contribution of existing normative framework to models of international community behavior and their effects in the case of Kosovo conflict following with the reaction of the conflicting parties towards offered arrangements. Both moments are assumed to be of importance in providing a larger picture in the understanding of the outgrowth of Kosovo conflict.

Grundlagen des Immaterialgüterrechts: Das italienische, europäische und internationale Markenrecht und Markenprozessrecht von Christoph Perathoner -- Introduzione al diritto brevettuale italiano von Niccolò Ferretti und Alessandro Zito -- Introduzione al design in Italia: uno sguardo d'insieme von Niccolò Ferretti und Alessandro Zito -- Die Grundzüge des Designrechts in Deutschland von Philipp Steichele -- Aktuelle Rechtsprechung zum österreichischen und europäischen Urheberrecht von Manfred Büchele -- Die geographischen Angaben im CETA-Abkommen: Keine neuen Schläuche für alten Wein von Georg Miribung -- Schwerpunkt: Schadensersatz wegen Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten: Der europäische Deliktsgerichtsstand und die gewerblichen Schutzrechte - Art. 7 Nr. 2 Brüssel Ia-VO im Lichte der aktuellen Rechtsprechung von Peter Kindler -- Das Schutzlandprinzip als Grundlage für die Behandlung von grenzüberschreitenden Schadensersatzansprüchen aus der Verletzung geistigen Eigentums von Simon Laimer -- Schadensersatz und Gewinnherausgabe bei Immaterialgüterrechtsverletzungen nach italienischem Recht von Gregor Christandl -- Weiterführende Fragen und Ausblick: I profili costituzionali della tutela dei diritti sui beni immateriali von Carola Pagliarin -- Immaterialgüter und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht von Thomas Müller.-Der strafrechtliche Schutz vor industrieller Produktpiraterie im Lichte nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Vorgaben von Lukas Staffler -- Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des Internationalen Immaterialgüterrechts in der Europäischen Union von Andreas Schwartze.

For ages economists, philosophers, historians, political scientists and many other thinkers and scholars have argued about the connections between world economy and international relations. Within this broad subject, two related and prolific debates exist: the possible peacekeeping or warmongering effects of trade and, inversely, the influences of warfare and peace on commerce. The present dissertation introduces a theoretical and empirical assessment about the interdependence between international trade and interstate conflict. In particular, a causal perspective on the issue is adopted. The first part presents the most renown theories about trade and conflict, trying to extrapolate the alleged casual linkages behind them. In the second part, a detailed review of the previous empirical studies is provided. Furthermore, an empirical analysis on the interdependence between international trade and militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) is attempted employing a vector autoregression (VAR) model. Finally, personal considerations about the examined arguments conclude the thesis.

Cover -- quartino -- Table of Contents -- Introduction. The Renewed Attention for the Protection of the Cultural Expressions in Crisis Areas -- Countering the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property. Implementation Experience in Argentina -- SESSION 1 Protecting Cultural Heritage to Maintain International Peace and Security: Key Points -- Antiquities Trafficking and Conflict Financing: The Fight Against Looting and Smuggling of Cultural Property Goods in a Global Perspective of Peace -- Assistance by Peacekeeping Forces to Protection of Cultural Heritage and International Criminal Responsibility -- SESSION 2 Protecting Diversity of Cultural Expression and Cultural Heritage to Maintain International Peace and Security: Contemporary Issues -- Cultural Protection Policy in the Syrian Arab Republic An International Law Perspective -- Contrasto del terrorismo e protezione dei beni e delle espressioni culturali: l'esperienza della Tunisia -- Cultural Heritage in Oman Forts, Castles and Fortifications as Models -- SESSION 3 Peacekeeping and Protection of Diversity of Cultural Expression and Cultural Heritage -- UN Security Council Approaches to the Global Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage: An Evolving Role in Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Objects -- Closing Remarks -- The Protection of Cultural Heritagein the Context of the Maintenance of Peaceand Security: The Way Ahead -- After the Workshop Steps Forwards -- Exploitation of Natural Resources in Timesof Armed Conflict: The Contributionof the United Nations and Peace Operationsin Addressing Resource-Related Conflicts -- The Relationship Between the Protection of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage under International Law -- Reflecting on the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage as a War Crime in Light of the ICC Judgement in the Al Mahdi Case -- Cultural Genocide

The pastoral groups of Karamoja (Uganda) got automatic weapons in the late 70s and since then on, the structural intra- and interethnic conflict in the area has progressively become wilder and wilder, and has been interweaving an ever-growing acute economic, ecological and humanitarian crisis. The international community is working since decades with the aim of promoting development and peace. The place of the conflict, both real and virtual, is twofold. On the one hand, it may be identified with the production theatre (pasture and agricultural lands, herds) marked by historical feuds and periodic clashes between the Karimojong warriors and the Ugandan armed forces; on the other, the virtual negotiation table around which local, national and international institutions play their interests for promoting development and peace projects. The author, comparing his fieldwork carried out in the years 1997-2001 with the most recent literature, critically analyzes the cooperation practices and the conflict-resolution policies in the area. ; Dalla fine degli anni Settanta del XX secolo, i gruppi pastorali della Karamoja (Uganda) sono entrati in possesso di armi automatiche (kalashnikov). Da allora, la strutturale conflittualità intra- ed interetnica nell'area ha assunto caratteri di particolare ferocia e si è progressivamente intrecciata con una crisi economica, ecologica ed umanitaria sempre più acuta. La comunità internazionale si adopera da decenni sia per promuovere lo sviluppo economico e sociale, sia per favorire la pace. Il luogo del conflitto è duplice: da un lato, il teatro economico-produttivo (pascoli, mandrie, aree agricole) segnato da faide storiche e da scontri ciclici tra i guerrieri Karimojong e le forze armate ugandesi; dall'altro, il tavolo di negoziazione intorno a cui ruotano le istituzioni locali, nazionali e straniere con i loro interessi di promozione e gestione di progetti di sviluppo e di pace. L'autore, confrontando la sua esperienza sul campo condotta nel periodo 1997-2001 con la letteratura antropologica e politologica più recente, analizza criticamente le pratiche di cooperazione allo sviluppo e le politiche di conflict-resolution nell'area.

This article analyses the relationship between UN, OECD and ICGLR on the issue of corporate social responsibility. At the beginning these international organizations had different positions on the social responsibility of enterprises sourcing minerals from the Democratic Republic of Congo. After the endorsement by the UN Human Rights Council of the UN Guiding Principles on "business and human rights" they developed specific instruments that are consistent with and draw on these principles and set standards for responsible supply chains of minerals from conflict-affected areas.

The Nordic Region offers innovative interpretative approaches and models to overcome the "dilemma between security and prosperity". In this region, integration and fragmentation have been well-balanced and grounded on diversity. The first aim of this article is to explain the reasons for peace in Nordic Europe, a task sometimes more difficult than explaining wars. Historical cases of pacific resolution of disputes and the possible reasons for those policies are considered. Finally, the theoretical foundations of these approaches and how they influenced the political institutions are also analyzed.

This volume contains the results of some studies presented by Egyptian and Italian scholars at the International Conference "Peacebuilding between East and West XI-XVI c.", organized in Cairo on, October 27, 2016 by the Egyptian Unity of research, as part of the academic activities of the Bilateral Project "History of Peace-building: peaceful relations between East and West (11th - 15th century)" carried out jointly by the Institute of the Mediterranean EuropeHistory of the CNR (Italy), and the University of Damanhour. The project is totally funded by the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)(1) of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Italian National Research Council (CNR)(2).The purpose of the Bilateral Project - and even of the aforementioned International Conference- is to carry out research in order to examine through the study of different types of documentary and narrative sources; the nature, quantity and quality of peaceful relations between Christians and Muslims in a geographical area extending from the Iberian Peninsula to the Levantin a chronological interval between the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries. Needless to say that since it is an Italian-Egyptian project, the researchers will devote particular attention in their studies to the relations between these two geographical areas.In this book, we can find the first contributions of some scholars of the two Research Units on the important theme of the complex relationships between the Christian world and the Islamic one, which characterized almost all the Middle Ages and much of the Modern Age in the area gravitating around the Mediterranean Sea.The researchers' aim is to focus their studies on episodes, geographical areas, persons and moments which represent incidents and cases of peaceful coexistence and connection, with fruitful exchanges of various kinds of knowledge, even in a general context characterized by military, religious and ideological-cultural conflict. ; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Academy of Scientific Research & Technology ; editors in chief Prof. Ali Ahmed El-Sayed, Dr. Luciano Gallinari, Dr. Abdallah Abdel-Ati Al-Naggar ; Beiträge teilweise italienisch, teilweise arabisch in arabischer Schrift

Collaboration is an intense cooperation aimed at realizing common objectives; coordination wants to avoid adverse interests. There is anarchy when governments make unilateral decisions. In conflicts actors have incompatible scopes. The World Health Organization implemented some standards to help governments to manage the sanitary emergence. The communication network of health technicians has informally pushed governments to apply those standards. Eastern Asian states were faster in their reactions than Western countries. Coordination worked with the diffusion of informal norms and not of codified and binding regimes of international law. Sweden did not fully apply those standards, but without deep objections and with ad hoc exceptions. Taiwan's standards were even more efficient than WHO.

The article aims to introduce the evolutionary course of Private International Law in regards to Family Law in Brazil, with special focus on the advent of Brazilian nationality in the postcolonial context, the migration policies and the applicable law at the time. For this purpose, Brazilian History and Geography were revisited in order to ponder the political decisions that contributed to the development of the conflict method in Brazil. These are the premises developed throughout the text to analyse the formation of Private International Law of the Brazilian Family, which stands out within the American continent due to its trajectory, as will be discussed throughout the article.

Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei,19.-20. secolo ; La tesi ripercorre le vicende dell'associazionismo internazionale delle donne dalla sua nascita - negli anni Ottanta dell'Ottocento- fino alla vigilia del Secondo conflitto mondiale. In particolare, la ricerca si sofferma sulle tre maggiori organizzazioni l' International Women's Council, l'International Woman Alliance, la Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, sulle politiche da esse perseguite, sulle loro differenze e i loro conflitti. Una parte specifica è dedicata al caso italiano. Al centro vi è l'ipotesi dell'esistenza di una cultura politica prodotta dai movimenti delle donne ed intesa come espressione di un soggetto sociale e politico autonomo. Elaborata dalle generazioni femminili del mondo occidentale, appartenenti alle classi medie e medio-alte, per superare le asimmetrie nelle relazioni tra i sessi e costruire una diversa rappresentazione del femminile, questa cultura si è misurata con le grandi questioni che hanno attraversato la storia dei primi decenni del nuovo secolo: patriottismo e pacifismo di fronte alla prima guerra mondiale; organizzazione istituzionale di una convivenza pacifica tra gli anni Venti e gli anni Trenta; infine il confronto tra democrazia e totalitarismi nella crisi degli anni Trenta. Nel corso della tesi ne sono state delineate le caratteristiche, le continuità e i mutamenti intercorsi nei primi decenni del XX secolo, con un'attenzione particolare al rapporto tra democrazie e diritti delle donne, all'internazionalismo e transnazionalismo femminile, alle politiche di pace e al dilemma tra pacifismo assoluto e accettazione di una nuova guerra nel cuore dell'Europa in difesa della democrazia. Alla base del lavoro vi sono una serie di importanti corpus documentari consistenti per la maggior parte di fonti a stampa e di fonti archivistiche conservate nei principali archivi e biblioteche specializzate presenti in Europa e negli Stati Uniti. ; The thesis explores the history of the international women's associations from their birth - in the eighties of the Nineteenth- up on the eve of the Second World War. In particular, the research focuses on the three main international organizations: International Women's Council, International Woman Alliance, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, their politics, conflicts, and differences. A specific part is devoted to the Italian case. The central hypothesis of the research is the existence of a political culture produced by the women's movements as the expression of an autonomous political and social subject. Developed by female generations in the Western world, belonging to middle and upper middle classes, to overcome the asymmetries in gender relations, this culture challenged the great issues that have permeated the history of the first decades of the century: patriotism and pacifism in the face of World War I; institutional organization of peaceful coexistence; the confrontation between democracy and totalitarianism in the crisis of the Thirties. The thesis outlines the features, the continuities and changes , with specific attention to the relationship between democracy and women's rights, internationalism and transnationalism, peace policies and the dilemma between absolute pacifism and acceptance of a new war in the heart of Europe in defence of democracy. The work is based on a rich body of sources held in the main archives and specialized libraries in Europe and the United States.

For centuries, national legal systems have recognised the principle pacta sunt servanda as well as its exceptions, rebus sic stantibus and ad impossibilia nemo tenetur, but the way these legal fundamentals operate is a variable in comparative law. Unforeseeable change in circumstances is amongst the most relevant issues for international contracts thus international business practice has provided some standard solutions. The Vienna Convention on the International Sale of goods (CISG), of 11 April 1980, has also offered some uniform law solutions but they are unsatisfactory especially when confronted with modern business practice and Covid-19 pandemic potential litigation. Academic literature on conflict of laws aspects of force majeure is also scarce. This essay fills a gap and explores some of the most relevant conflict of laws issues in B2B international sales related to Covid 19 pandemic for international contracts. It will address the choice of lex contractus and its scope concerning force majeure, including issues of causation, penalty clauses, evidence (with reference to "certificates of force majeure" issued by some Governments), payments and overriding mandatory rules. ; For centuries, national legal systems have recognised the principle pacta sunt servanda as well as its exceptions, rebus sic stantibus and ad impossibilia nemo tenetur, but the way these legal fundamentals operate is a variable in comparative law. Unforeseeable change in circumstances is amongst the most relevant issues for international contracts thus international business practice has provided some standard solutions. The Vienna Convention on the International Sale of goods (CISG), of 11 April 1980, has also offered some uniform law solutions but they are unsatisfactory especially when confronted with modern business practice and Covid-19 pandemic potential litigation. Academic literature on conflict of laws aspects of force majeure is also scarce. This essay explores some of the most relevant conflict of laws issues in B2B international sales related to Covid 19 pandemic for international contracts. It will address the choice of lex contractus and its scope concerning force majeure, including issues of causation, penalty clauses, evidence (with reference to "certificates of force majeure" issued by some Governments), payments and overriding mandatory rules.

Mediation of violent political conflicts in Africa: "A niche diplomacy" for Burkina FasoOne of the main obstacles to the development of African countries is the recurring presence of political conflicts of different intensity. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the way to resolve conflicts has changed by favouring an approach closer to the mediation model. Specifically, in this article we will examine the idea of "niche diplomacy" linked in particular to the country's international experience in neighbouring conflict theatres, in order to explain the strategic reasons of such mediation activity by outlining its potential and contradictions.

This special issue of Moneta e Credito discusses the economic consequences of the Russian-Ukranian war. We aim at focussing on the most topical changes that have been observed already in this preliminary stage of the conflict. Firstly, we investigate the economic sanctions against Russia and their economic and political consequences (Denis Melnik). Second, we analyse the impact of the aforementioned consequences on the regional economies (Joseph Halevi) and Italy, emphasizing the risks for our country due to the sanctions' side effects (Giangrande, Cucignatto & Garbellini). Finally, we discuss the possible changes of the international monetary and payment systems, the international trade and global supply chains triggered by the conflict and the sanctions (Lampa, Esposito & Tori, Fantacci et al.). ; Questo numero speciale di Moneta e Credito è dedicato alla disamina delle conseguenze economiche del conflitto russo-ucraino. Ci proponiamo di evidenziare alcune tendenze che si sono manifestate con forza sin da questa fase preliminare del conflitto. In primo luogo, le conseguenze sulle economie dei paesi belligeranti, con un'enfasi particolare sulle sanzioni economiche ai danni della Russia e le loro conseguenze, sia economiche che politiche (Denis Melnik). In secondo luogo, analizzeremo le conseguenze sulle economie regionali (Joseph Halevi) e in particolare sull'economia italiana, mostrando i principali rischi a cui il conflitto e le sanzioni ci espongono (Giangrande, Cucignatto e Garbellini). Infine, discuteremo i cambiamenti sul sistema internazionale dei pagamenti, su quello monetario e sulle catene globali di approvvigionamento a cui il conflitto ha impresso una drammatica accelerazione (Lampa, Esposito e Tori, Fantacci et al.).