Suchergebnisse

Арабо-израильский конфликт был и остается актуальным, втягивая в свою орбиту большое количество косвенных участников и угрожая безопасности всего региона, т.к. на современном этапе происходит эскалация конфликта. Понимание сути современных процессов невозможно без тщательного изучения истории и предпосылок конфликта, что определяет актуальность предпринятого исследования. В статье проанализирована деятельность международных и региональных организаций по деэскалации арабо-израильского конфликта, а также операции по поддержанию мира. Дана оценка ближневосточному квартету, охарактеризован план мирного урегулирования, известный как «Сделка века», а также указаны причины отказа Палестины и ряда других стран от данного плана. На основе изложенного выше выявлена роль международных и региональных организаций, участвующих в урегулировании рассматриваемого вооруженного конфликта на Ближнем Востоке.

The article provides a comprehensive legal study of the basic principles of conflict-oflaws and legal regulation of work, complicated by a foreign element. It is determined that work relations complicated by a foreign element include: work of local citizens with foreign employers outside their country; foreign business trips of citizens to work abroad; work at enterprises owned by foreign entrepreneurs on the territory of their state; work of foreigners in the host state. It is noted that conflict-of-laws issues in the field of work relations complicated by a foreign element arise due to the specifics of the national legislation of each of the countries and the inconsistency of private international law in this area. The article analyzes the peculiarities of work of foreigners in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Romania, USA, Tunisia, Hungary, Ukraine, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan. Based on the analysis it is concluded that the working conditions of emigrants are regulated by Public Law Regulations, which are mandatory and less humane in their content than the general conditions established by the general labor legislation and collective agreements. Foreign workers are directly dependent on entrepreneurs due to threats of expulsion, language difficulties, lack of professional training and other reasons. It is characterized by free overtime work, non-provision of vacations and sick leave. The article describes the conflict-of-laws bindings, which regulate work relations complicated by a foreign element, namely: the law of the autonomous will of the parties, the law of the place of performing of work, the law of the location of the employer, the law of the place of conclusion of an employment contract, the principle of the employer's personal law, the law of citizenship (domicile), the law of the flag, the principle of the closest connection. The features of the operation of conflict-of-laws bindings regulating work relations complicated by a foreign element in countries of different legal families are considered ; У статті проведено комплексне правове дослідження основних засад колізійно-правового регулювання праці, ускладненого іноземним елементом. Визначено, що до трудових відносин, ускладнених іноземним елементом відносяться: праця місцевих громадян у іноземних роботодавців за межами своєї держави; відрядження громадян для роботи за кордоном; робота на підприємствах, що належать іноземним підприємцям на території своєї держави; праця іноземців у державі перебування. Зазначено, що колізійні питання у сфері трудових відносин, ускладнених іноземним елементом виникають через специфіку національного законодавства кожної з країн та неузгодженість міжнаодного приватного права в даній сфері. Проаналізовано особливості праці іноземців у Австрії, Бразилії, Канаді, КНР, Румунії, США, Тунісі, Угорщині, Україні, Франції,F ФРН, Чехії, Швеції, Швейцарії, Японії. На підставі проведеного аналізу сформовано висновок, що умови праці емігрантів регулюються публічно-правовими приписами, які носять обов'язковий характер і за своїм змістом менш гуманні, ніж загальні умови, встановлені загальним трудовим законодавством і колективними договорами. Іноземні працівники напряму залежать від підприємців через загрози висилки, мовні труднощі, відсутність професійного навчання та інші причини. Характерним є безоплатні надурочні роботи, ненадання відпусток та лікарняних. Надано характеристику колізійним прив'язкам, які регулюють трудові відносини, ускладнені іноземним елементом, а саме: закон автономної волі сторін, закон місця виконання роботи, закон місця знаходження роботодавця, закон місця укладення трудового контракту, принцип особистого закону наймача, закон громадянства (доміцилію), закон прапора, принцип найбільш тісного зв'язку. Розглянуто особливості дій колізійних прив'язок, які регулюють трудові відносини, ускладнені іноземним елементом у країнах різних правових сімей.

The article provides a comprehensive legal study of the basic principles of conflict-oflaws and legal regulation of work, complicated by a foreign element. It is determined that work relations complicated by a foreign element include: work of local citizens with foreign employers outside their country; foreign business trips of citizens to work abroad; work at enterprises owned by foreign entrepreneurs on the territory of their state; work of foreigners in the host state. It is noted that conflict-of-laws issues in the field of work relations complicated by a foreign element arise due to the specifics of the national legislation of each of the countries and the inconsistency of private international law in this area. The article analyzes the peculiarities of work of foreigners in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Romania, USA, Tunisia, Hungary, Ukraine, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan. Based on the analysis it is concluded that the working conditions of emigrants are regulated by Public Law Regulations, which are mandatory and less humane in their content than the general conditions established by the general labor legislation and collective agreements. Foreign workers are directly dependent on entrepreneurs due to threats of expulsion, language difficulties, lack of professional training and other reasons. It is characterized by free overtime work, non-provision of vacations and sick leave. The article describes the conflict-of-laws bindings, which regulate work relations complicated by a foreign element, namely: the law of the autonomous will of the parties, the law of the place of performing of work, the law of the location of the employer, the law of the place of conclusion of an employment contract, the principle of the employer's personal law, the law of citizenship (domicile), the law of the flag, the principle of the closest connection. The features of the operation of conflict-of-laws bindings regulating work relations complicated by a foreign element in countries of different legal families are considered ; У статті проведено комплексне правове дослідження основних засад колізійно-правового регулювання праці, ускладненого іноземним елементом. Визначено, що до трудових відносин, ускладнених іноземним елементом відносяться: праця місцевих громадян у іноземних роботодавців за межами своєї держави; відрядження громадян для роботи за кордоном; робота на підприємствах, що належать іноземним підприємцям на території своєї держави; праця іноземців у державі перебування. Зазначено, що колізійні питання у сфері трудових відносин, ускладнених іноземним елементом виникають через специфіку національного законодавства кожної з країн та неузгодженість міжнаодного приватного права в даній сфері. Проаналізовано особливості праці іноземців у Австрії, Бразилії, Канаді, КНР, Румунії, США, Тунісі, Угорщині, Україні, Франції,F ФРН, Чехії, Швеції, Швейцарії, Японії. На підставі проведеного аналізу сформовано висновок, що умови праці емігрантів регулюються публічно-правовими приписами, які носять обов'язковий характер і за своїм змістом менш гуманні, ніж загальні умови, встановлені загальним трудовим законодавством і колективними договорами. Іноземні працівники напряму залежать від підприємців через загрози висилки, мовні труднощі, відсутність професійного навчання та інші причини. Характерним є безоплатні надурочні роботи, ненадання відпусток та лікарняних. Надано характеристику колізійним прив'язкам, які регулюють трудові відносини, ускладнені іноземним елементом, а саме: закон автономної волі сторін, закон місця виконання роботи, закон місця знаходження роботодавця, закон місця укладення трудового контракту, принцип особистого закону наймача, закон громадянства (доміцилію), закон прапора, принцип найбільш тісного зв'язку. Розглянуто особливості дій колізійних прив'язок, які регулюють трудові відносини, ускладнені іноземним елементом у країнах різних правових сімей.

The author examines the process of Soviet military involvement in the events that took place in Afghanistan from the viewpoint of the United States. This topic is poorly studied, and the author makes an attempt to fill this gap. The main goal of the paper is to consider the process of increasing involvement of the USSR in the interior Afghan affairs from the U.S. position and to trace how this position changed during 1979. Methods and materials: The author mainly relies on the document 'The secret correspondence of the foreign policy agencies of the United States on Afghanistan' and also draws documents from the U.S. Congress and a monthly bulletin from the U.S. State Department. Analysis. The special attention is paid to the period from the beginning of the spring of 1979 to the end of 1979, since it was during this period of time that the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan continued to grow. Results: The author concludes that throughout 1979 and earlier, the U.S. closely followed the events in Afghanistan and Soviet actions there. However, the U.S. position on possible Soviet military involvement was expectant, and the USSR was not given strong protests, which could promote the Soviet decision on military intervention in the civil war in Afghanistan.

Following the October 7 attacks, the Islamic Republic has pledged to unify its "axis of resistance" in support of Hamas, but the crisis may escalate out of Iran's control.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

The article deals with issues affecting the resolution of disputes in the field of marriage and family relations, which are complicated by a foreign element: the right to be applied to the conclusion, as well as the dissolution of the marriage. The analysis of fundamental acts that regulate marital relations at the international level, as well as national legislation. There are indicated collision bindings at marriage, as well as examples of the rule of law in practice when a marriage is dissolved between Russian and foreign citizens.

The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.

The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.

The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.