Suchergebnisse

Today, Europe is living a new decisive time as it has been in its past after World War II, in search of unity in diversity in the name of a peace project to safeguard future. If, on the one hand, Europe expresses aspirations for profound changes in its external environment, in the domestic context, it ends up colliding with aspects linked to sovereignty and human rights; on the other hand, in European foreign policy, the model reveals the search to legitimize its action. Precisely, the objective and the motivation of this study seek, through the qualitative methodology in Political Science, to analyse and understand the current context of the European Union in the international system. In fact, it is identified that this new hierarchy of powers, in the reaffirmation of the Westphalian system, where economic power comes, is bound to consolidate the democratic development between the old and new times of international relations in the destiny of Europe. From the results obtained during the analysis, in order to face again the unpredictability of the world scenario, it is a reality that Europe must promote the re-encounter of an alternative role, in other words, to assume its initial project of European edification in the name of equality of circumstances and rights of its affirmation in the global arena.

This article aims to reflect on migratory flows and the political role of the image using the war in Syria as a reference. Hamza Al-Ajweh's photograph titled "A Syrian child walks down a street past the rubble of destroyed buildings in the rebel-controlled city of Douma in the Eastern Ghouta enclave outside Damascus", taken on March 8, 2018, and published for the first time at the Los Angeles Times, will be used as a point of reference for the discussion and analysis proposed here. The complexity of displacements in this specific context of war leads us to design Syrian mobility after the beginning of the war in 2011, understanding that this complexity goes far beyond the formal definitions used by international agencies. For a closer understanding of the debate, we designed the discussion in three parts: a brief contextualization of the conflict in Syria, which began with the Arab Spring and continues until today. This socio-political contextualization serves here as a backdrop for discussing not only generic migratory categories but to help better understand people, movements and the demand for new categories and visual reflections that go beyond current perspectives. And in the last part, we will discuss how the image of the photographer Hamza Al-Ajweh helps us think about multiple political and transformative aspects of the picture. ; Este artigo visa pensar os fluxos migratórios e o papel político da imagem utilizando como referência a guerra na Síria. A fotografia de Hamza Al-Ajweh intitulada "Uma criança síria caminha por uma rua passando por escombros de edifícios destruídos na cidade controlada pelos rebeldes de Douma no enclave Ghouta Oriental, nos arredores de Damasco", tirada em 8 de março de 2018 e publicada pela primeira vez no Los Angeles Times, servirá como ponto de referência para a discussão e análise aqui proposta. A complexidade dos deslocamentos neste contexto específico de guerra nos encaminha para a necessidade de conceituação da mobilidade síria após o início da guerra em 2011, entendendo ...

This article aims to reflect on migratory flows and the political role of the image using the war in Syria as a reference. Hamza Al-Ajweh's photograph titled "A Syrian child walks down a street past the rubble of destroyed buildings in the rebel-controlled city of Douma in the Eastern Ghouta enclave outside Damascus", taken on March 8, 2018, and published for the first time at the Los Angeles Times, will be used as a point of reference for the discussion and analysis proposed here. The complexity of displacements in this specific context of war leads us to design Syrian mobility after the beginning of the war in 2011, understanding that this complexity goes far beyond the formal definitions used by international agencies. For a closer understanding of the debate, we designed the discussion in three parts: a brief contextualization of the conflict in Syria, which began with the Arab Spring and continues until today. This socio-political contextualization serves here as a backdrop for discussing not only generic migratory categories but to help better understand people, movements and the demand for new categories and visual reflections that go beyond current perspectives. And in the last part, we will discuss how the image of the photographer Hamza Al-Ajweh helps us think about multiple political and transformative aspects of the picture. ; Este artigo visa pensar os fluxos migratórios e o papel político da imagem utilizando como referência a guerra na Síria. A fotografia de Hamza Al-Ajweh intitulada "Uma criança síria caminha por uma rua passando por escombros de edifícios destruídos na cidade controlada pelos rebeldes de Douma no enclave Ghouta Oriental, nos arredores de Damasco", tirada em 8 de março de 2018 e publicada pela primeira vez no Los Angeles Times, servirá como ponto de referência para a discussão e análise aqui proposta. A complexidade dos deslocamentos neste contexto específico de guerra nos encaminha para a necessidade de conceituação da mobilidade síria após o início da guerra em 2011, entendendo ...

The widespread of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant impacts on human relations, generating ample repercussions characterized by certain patterns of national and international relations. Taking this theme as a reference this paper is aimed to analyze the patterns of socio-political interaction in relation to the securitization of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and Brazil through a constructivist approach. The methodological basis of this research is characterized by an exploratory and descriptive nature according to its ends and as well as quali-quantitative to its means which is instrumentalized by the use of a comparative method and a discursive historical-theoretical-deductive logic. The results of the research indicate that the dynamics of national and international relations have become permeated during the pandemic by Lockean (competitive), Hobbesian (conflictive) and Kantian (consensual) the patterns of interaction due to an asymmetrical field of power that turns out to be more complex. It is concluded based on the results presented in the text that the interactional dynamics reported by Canada and Brazil demonstrate the convergence towards a negative apprehension of the COVID-19 pandemic in the social structure despite the different historical trajectories constructed on a Kantian pattern of relative consensus related to the decision-making processes in Canada in comparison to the Hobbesian pattern of intranational and international conflicts materialized in Brazil.

The culture and democracy agenda is both a global characteristic and a feature of contemporary Brazil. Democracy dominates the current scenario through a complex set of variants that have given rise to a debate between possible complementarities and obvious contradictions. In today's world, democracy has established itself as an (almost) universal value, albeit through versions and visions that often contrast and conflict. Hence the fierce disputes that take place in its name, concerning both its definition and delimitation. In modern times, countless conflicts reflect its omnipresence and omnipotence. In short, its hegemony as an (almost) universally claimed value, is based on the concept of one-size-fits-all. Everyone demands and proclaims democracy, but, as has been noted, such manifestations are characterized by intense struggles over its definition and delimitation. Thus, democracy and its conflicts have become central to the current national and international scene. With culture, something similar takes place, though less intensely, since it comes from a less contentious arena. ; O agendamento da cultura e democracia caracterizam o mundo e o Brasil contemporâneo. A democracia domina o cenário atual por meio de um complexo conjunto de variantes, que se debatem entre complementariedades possíveis e contradições flagrantes. Na atual circunstância mundial, a democracia tem se afirmado enquanto valor (quase) universal, ainda que em versões e visões muitas vezes visivelmente contrastantes e conflitantes. Daí as ferozes disputas que acontecem em seu nome, envolvendo sua definição e sua delimitação. Na contemporaneidade, inúmeros conflitos perpassam sua onipresença e onipotência. Em resumo, sua hegemonia como valor reivindicado por (quase) todos, funciona fundada em um conceito-ônibus, no qual tudo parece caber. Todos conclamam e proclamam a democracia, mas, como anotado, estas manifestações vêm acompanhadas por intensas lutas por sua definição e delimitação. Assim, a democracia e seus conflitos adquirem uma centralidade na cena atual internacional e nacional. Com a cultura acontece algo similar, só que em intensidade bem mais branda, pois ela surge como um campo de disputa mais leve.

The culture and democracy agenda is both a global characteristic and a feature of contemporary Brazil. Democracy dominates the current scenario through a complex set of variants that have given rise to a debate between possible complementarities and obvious contradictions. In today's world, democracy has established itself as an (almost) universal value, albeit through versions and visions that often contrast and conflict. Hence the fierce disputes that take place in its name, concerning both its definition and delimitation. In modern times, countless conflicts reflect its omnipresence and omnipotence. In short, its hegemony as an (almost) universally claimed value, is based on the concept of one-size-fits-all. Everyone demands and proclaims democracy, but, as has been noted, such manifestations are characterized by intense struggles over its definition and delimitation. Thus, democracy and its conflicts have become central to the current national and international scene. With culture, something similar takes place, though less intensely, since it comes from a less contentious arena. ; O agendamento da cultura e democracia caracterizam o mundo e o Brasil contemporâneo. A democracia domina o cenário atual por meio de um complexo conjunto de variantes, que se debatem entre complementariedades possíveis e contradições flagrantes. Na atual circunstância mundial, a democracia tem se afirmado enquanto valor (quase) universal, ainda que em versões e visões muitas vezes visivelmente contrastantes e conflitantes. Daí as ferozes disputas que acontecem em seu nome, envolvendo sua definição e sua delimitação. Na contemporaneidade, inúmeros conflitos perpassam sua onipresença e onipotência. Em resumo, sua hegemonia como valor reivindicado por (quase) todos, funciona fundada em um conceito-ônibus, no qual tudo parece caber. Todos conclamam e proclamam a democracia, mas, como anotado, estas manifestações vêm acompanhadas por intensas lutas por sua definição e delimitação. Assim, a democracia e seus conflitos adquirem uma centralidade na cena atual internacional e nacional. Com a cultura acontece algo similar, só que em intensidade bem mais branda, pois ela surge como um campo de disputa mais leve.

Este artigo apresenta o resultado preliminar de uma pesquisa em cursoque tem como uma das suas preocupações o conflito entre a produçãocapitalista da cidade e a demanda popular por habitação na cidade deSão Paulo e suas repercussões RegiãoMetropolitana. ; This article presentspreliminary results from an ongoing research project which hasas one of its objectivesthe analysis of conflicts between the demands of urbancapitalist production and the housing needs the homeless in the city of São Paulo andits repercussions in themetropolitan region.

Nas últimas décadas o Brasil vive uma encruzilhada civilizatória, a corrida por recursos naturais no período do capitalismo avançado neoliberal têm acentuado um processo extrativo violento, de invasão e de espoliação dos territórios indígenas. O objetivo deste texto é analisar o pluriverso das lutas territoriais pela demarcação das terras e defesa dos territórios indígenas no Brasil. O delineamento metodológico consistiu em realizar uma categorização e mapeamento da situação fundiária das terras indígenas do Brasil. Atualmente o governo bio/necropolítico atua para expansão e ampliação dos territórios corporativos do agronegócio globalizado ao realizar um ataque às terras indígenas, anulando políticas públicas, dispositivos administrativos e legislativos de defesa dos povos e interditando a demarcação das terras. Os povos indígenas lutam pela efetivação de seus direitos pelos dispositivos jurídicos e normativos na Constituição Federal de 1988, da Convenção de 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), e em ações de retomadas. ; En los últimos decenios el Brasil ha experimentado una encrucijada civilizatoria, la carrera por los recursos naturales en el período del capitalismo neoliberal avanzado ha acentuado un violento proceso de extracción, invasión y expolio de los territorios indígenas. El objetivo de este texto es analizar las multifacéticas luchas territoriales por la demarcación de la tierra y la defensa de los territorios indígenas en Brasil. El diseño metodológico consistió en llevar a cabo una categorización y un mapeo de la situación de las tierras indígenas en el Brasil. Actualmente, el gobierno bio/necropolítico actúa para ampliar y expandir los territorios corporativos del agronegocio globalizado, realizando un ataque a las tierras indígenas, anulando las políticas públicas, los dispositivos administrativos y legislativos de defensa de los pueblos e interdictando la demarcación de las tierras. Los pueblos indígenas luchan para que sus derechos se hagan efectivos mediante las disposiciones legales y normativas de la Constitución Federal de 1988, el Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y en las acciones de recuperacion. ; In recent decades Brazil has experienced a crossroads of civilization, the race for natural resources in the period of advanced neoliberal capitalism has accentuated a violent process of extraction, invasion and despoliation of indigenous territories. The aim of this text is to analyse the multifaceted territorial struggles for land demarcation and defence of indigenous territories in Brazil. The methodological design consisted in carrying out a categorization and mapping of the land situation of indigenous lands in Brazil. Currently, the bio/necropolitical government is working to expand and expand the corporate territories of globalized agribusiness by carrying out an attack on indigenous lands, annulling public policies, administrative and legislative devices for the defense of peoples, and interdicting the demarcation of lands. The indigenous peoples are fighting for their rights to be made effective by the legal and normative provisions of the 1988 Federal Constitution, the 169th Convention of the International Labor Organization (ILO), and in actions to regain them.

In this text, Jacques Fontanel demonstrates that, only recently, contemporary economists have been concerned with defense economy, as, frequently, peace, in their studies, was considered as something given. The author reviews the five major currents of thought that analyse the economical nature of defense effort, showing what it has been representing along periods of time, for the liberals, Marxists, Keynesian authors, for the Mercantilist School and for the adepts of econometric studies. Following, emphasizes the economy of disarmament, approaching questions such as: the military costs are, actually, external variables? Ali disarmament is necessarily equivalent to a cut in military costs? There exist, in fact, the so called "peace dividends"? Is there possibility of conversion of the military industry? After, the author analyses the fundamental principles of disarmament and the actual International context which lead interrogations from the economists about the substitution of the military war by the economical war. Concluding, J. Fontanel states that the economical factors became permanent armament, where the economy is transformed in an instrument of power used in the conflict of States, as the food weapon. The author, finally, exhorts the influent segments of society to a general concern in favor of peace. ; In this text, Jacques Fontanel demonstrates that, only recently, contemporary economists have been concerned with defense economy, as, frequently, peace, in their studies, was considered as something given. The author reviews the five major currents of thought that analyse the economical nature of defense effort, showing what it has been representing along periods of time, for the liberals, Marxists, Keynesian authors, for the Mercantilist School and for the adepts of econometric studies. Following, emphasizes the economy of disarmament, approaching questions such as: the military costs are, actually, external variables? Ali disarmament is necessarily equivalent to a cut in military costs? There exist, in fact, the so called "peace dividends"? Is there possibility of conversion of the military industry? After, the author analyses the fundamental principles of disarmament and the actual International context which lead interrogations from the economists about the substitution of the military war by the economical war. Concluding, J. Fontanel states that the economical factors became permanent armament, where the economy is transformed in an instrument of power used in the conflict of States, as the food weapon. The author, finally, exhorts the influent segments of society to a general concern in favor of peace.

This text analyses aspects of metropolitan governance in European countries, observing cooperated action strategies. Accordingly, it is descanted about the instituted arrangements in a spontaneous and institutionalized way, the sources of funding and the offering of cooperated services. Thereby, this study has the objective of analyzing the metropolitan matter, considering essentially its institutions and the promotion of policies and programs undertaken in the metropolitan spaces. There are considered the institution guidelines of the following European countries: Germany, Spain, France and England, as well as the challenges and limitations of fomentation to the metropolitan governance. The observations were developed from the review of the international literature and researches accomplished by the respective governments between the decade of 1970 and the year 2012. The analysis indicates that the arrangements of metropolitan governance are heterogeneous and diversified, with diverse models, being to common service delivery or being to cooperative acting. There are still observed fragilities in the strategies to the articulation of intersectoral policies and strong conflicts among the public and private economical agents.

A "Iniciativa Economia Verde", numa perspectiva de análise teórica, é uma reiteração de "velhas ideias"; não é propriamente um novo conceito, mas sim a proposta de um conjunto de instrumentos para o alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável. Uma novidade importante dessa inciativa é a defesa do ativismo de políticas de indução às mudanças tecnológicas ambientais, o que revela sua aproximação com a economia evolucionária. No plano da economia política internacional, o potencial de conflito Norte-Sul sobre a "Iniciativa Economia Verde" se vincula aos impasses registrados nas negociações sobre liberalização do comércio de bens e serviços ambientais na Rodada Doha da OMC. ; The "Green Economy Initiative", under a perspective of theoretical analysis, it is a reiteration of "old ideas"; it is not exactly a new concept, but the proposal for a set of instruments for achieving sustainable development. A major novelty of this initiative is the defense of political activism to induce environmental technological change, which reveals its approach to evolutionary economics. In terms of international political economy, the potential for North-South conflict on the "Green Economy Initiative" is linked to the reported deadlock in the negotiations on trade liberalization in environmental goods and services in the WTO Doha Round.

Objectif : L'objectif de cet article c'est d'analyser la pandémie du coronavirus prise dans sa dimension de catastrophe mondiale, ainsi que le fait que ses effets sont plus graves sur les personnes en situation de vulnérabilité, manifestant ainsi l'existence d'une véritable crise des droits de l'Homme. En tant que problème mondial, sa prise en compte conduit à l'adoption de mesures conjointes et coordonnées par les États, en application du principe de solidarité.Méthodologie : La méthode hypothético-déductive est utilisée dans la préparation de la recherche, en partant de l'hypothèse que les groupes les plus vulnérables sont plus susceptibles de subir la violation des droits causée par la pandémie.Résultats : Cette recherche a montré que le Brésil connaît une crise des droits de l'Homme en raison des effets de la catastrophe du COVID-19, en particulier l'impact sur certains groupes de personnes en situation de vulnérabilité. Par ailleurs, face à l'absence de politiques publiques efficaces, de nombreuses actions individuelles soutenues par l'initiative privée ont été entreprises en faveur de ces groupes vulnérables et en application du principe de solidarité.Contributions : Le présent travail s'inscrit dans l'application des principes de solidarité mondiale et de non-indifférence comme véritable boussole pour guider les pratiques des États face aux situations les plus défavorables qui se manifestent dans le domaine des relations internationales, qu'il s'agisse de crises économiques, de catastrophes environnementales, de bouleversements sociaux, de crime organisé, de trafic de drogue, de rupture de l'État de droit, de conflits armés, de faim, de misère et de maladies, comme dans le cas du COVID-19.Mots-clés: Pandémie; catastrophe mondiale; solidarité internationale; droits de l'Homme; groupes vulnérables. RESUMOObjetivo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a pandemia do coronavírus como catástrofe global, bem como o fato de que seus efeitos são mais graves sobre pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade, a indicar a existência de uma verdadeira crise de direitos humanos. Enquanto problema de ordem mundial, seu enfrentamento enseja a adoção de medidas conjuntas e coordenadas pelos Estados, em aplicação ao princípio da solidariedade.Metodologia: Na elaboração da pesquisa, utiliza-se o método hipotético-dedutivo, na medida em que se partiu do pressuposto de que grupos mais vulneráveis são mais suscetíveis à violação de direitos causada pela pandemia.Resultados: Esta pesquisa demonstrou que o Brasil vivencia uma crise de direitos humanos em razão do impacto da catástrofe da COVID-19, em especial no impacto em alguns grupos de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade. Além disso, observa-se que diante da deficiência de políticas públicas efetivas, inúmeras ações individuais com apoio da iniciativa privada foram empreendidas em prol desses grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade e em aplicação do princípio da solidariedade.Contribuições: O presente trabalho delineia na aplicação dos princípios da solidariedade global e da não indiferença como uma verdadeira bússola a orientar as práticas dos Estados diante das mais adversas situações que se manifestam no campo das relações internacionais, sejam elas provenientes de crises econômicas; catástrofes ambientais; convulsão social; crime organizado; tráfico de drogas; rompimento com o Estado de Direito; conflitos armados; fome, miséria e doenças, como no caso da COVID-19.Palavras-chave: Pandemia; catástrofe global; solidariedade internacional; direitos humanos; grupos vulneráveis. ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this article is to analyze the pandemic of the coronavirus as a global catastrophe, as well as the fact that its effects are more serious on people in vulnerable situations, indicating the existence of a real human rights crisis. As a global problem, its confrontation requires the adoption of joint and coordinated measures by the States, applying the principle of solidarity.Methodology: The hypothetical-deductive method is used in this research, since it is based on the assumption that more vulnerable groups are more susceptible to the violation of rights caused by the pandemic.Results: This research has shown that Brazil is experiencing a human rights crisis due to the impact of the COVID-19 catastrophe, especially in the impact on some groups of people in vulnerable situations. In addition, it is observed that in the face of the deficiency of effective public policies, numerous individual actions with support from private initiative have been undertaken on behalf of these groups in situations of vulnerability and in application of the principle of solidarity.Contributions: The present work outlines in the application of the principles of global solidarity and non-indifference as a true compass to guide the practices of States in the face of the most adverse situations that manifest themselves in the field of international relations, whether they come from economic crises; environmental catastrophes; social upheaval; organized crime; drug trafficking; breakdown with the rule of law; armed conflicts; hunger, misery and diseases, as in the case of COVID-19.Keywords: Pandemic; global catastrophe; international solidarity; human rights; vulnerable groups. ; Cet article vise à analyser la pandémie de coronavirus prise dans sa dimension de catastrophe mondiale, ainsi que le fait que ses effets sont plus graves sur les personnes en situation de vulnérabilité, manifestant ainsi l'existence d'une véritable crise des droits humains. En tant que problème mondial, sa prise en compte conduit à l'adoption de mesures conjointes et coordonnées par les États, en application du principe de solidarité. La méthode utilisée dans l'étude a été hypothétique-déductive, car la recherche partait de l'hypothèse que les groupes les plus vulnérables sont plus susceptibles de subir la violation des droits causée par la pandémie. Cette prémisse visait à obtenir des données prouvant ou indiquant une possible crise des droits de l'Homme vécue au Brésil. A cet effet, l'impact de -la Covid-19 sur certains groupes de personnes en situation de sous-suffisance a été observé, ainsi que l'efficacité de toute action entreprise en application du principe de solidarité.

O argumento central deste texto é a conexão entre as áreas ambientalmente protegidas, sua importância no contexto de uma metrópole mundial e os conflitos decorrentes do crescimento da população metropolitana. Em cidades como São Paulo, a presença de vegetação é um patrimônio, um indicador de qualidade de vida levado em conta pelo mercado imobiliário. Assim, o primeiro objetivo deste texto é analisar a perspectiva territorial da proteção ambiental, referindo-se ao ordenamento interno da grande metrópole e às ações coletivas de valorização territorial. Em vista desses elementos, analisamos, na segunda parte, as estratégias de reestruturação territorial adotada em políticas públicas locais, metropolitanas e sua relação com as internacionais (reserva da biosfera do cinturão verde de São Paulo e reserva da biosfera da Mata Atlântica). A terceira seção analisa os parques estaduais e urbanos ante as políticas territoriais. ; The central argument of this paper is the connection between environmentally protected areas, its importance in the context of a world metropolis and the conflicts arising from growth of the metropolitan population. In cities like Sao Paulo, the presence of vegetation is an asset, an indicator of quality of life taken into account by real estate market. Thus the first aim of this paper is to analyze the territorial perspective of environmental protection referring to if the legal frame of the great metropolis and its territorial planning. In view of these elements the second part analyzes the territorial restructuring strategies adopted in public policies and its relationship with the international level (biosphere reserve of the green belt Sao Paulo and the biosphere reserve of the Atlantic). The third section analyzes the state and urban parks within the territorial politics .

This research focuses on the issue of surrogate motherhood in private international law and is justified because of intense medical and scientific progress in the area and conflicts and litigations proposals for recognition of the nationality of children from the surrogate motherhood procedures as each country legislates according to the national reality, requiring discussions about the harmonization of interests internationally. Thus, the research seeks to question the contributions of the Hague Conference on Private International Law to the harmonization of legal systems in the field of surrogacy and especially what are its effects to the Brazilian legal system. To this end, the first topic investigates advances in assisted human reproduction technique focusing on surrogacy in order to find out how comparative law has found answers to the questions arising from the procedure. Subsequently, the study focuses on the study of Brazilian law and the related international effort verified by the Hague Conference. Finally, the paper identifies the national law suffers limitations to solve the problems arising from transnational surrogacy, and therefore the need for multilateral cooperation is emphasized so that, in unison, children's rights are guaranteed. In this regard, we highlight the practical results obtained from the Hague Conference on resolving the problem of nonnationality. The theme also poses challenges for the future with regard to trafficking in children, the vulnerability of women involved in surrogate motherhood and the very burden of the contract. ; Esta pesquisa se debruça sobre a temática da maternidade de substituição no direito internacional privado e se justifica em razão do intenso progresso médico-científico na área e dos conflitos e lides propostas para o reconhecimento da nacionalidade de crianças oriundas dos procedimentos de maternidade substitutiva, dado que cada país legisla de acordo com a realidade nacional, necessitando-se discutir sobre a harmonização dos interesses no âmbito internacional. Assim, a pesquisa pretende questionar quais as contribuições da Conferência de Haia sobre Direito Internacional Privado para a harmonização dos ordenamentos jurídicos em matéria de maternidade de substituição e, especialmente quais os reflexos para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, investiga-se os avanços da técnica da reprodução humana medicamente assistida com foco na maternidade de substituição, de modo a averiguar como o direito comparado tem encontrado respostas para as questões oriundas do procedimento. Posteriormente, o estudo discorre sobre as disposições do direito brasileiro relacionado e o esforço internacional verificado pela Conferência de Haia. Ao final, o trabalho identifica que o direito interno sofre limitações para resolver os problemas oriundos da maternidade de substituição transnacional e, por isso, ressalta-se a necessidade de cooperação multilateral para que, em uníssono, sejam garantidos os direitos das crianças. Nesse aspecto, destacam-se os resultados práticos verificados a partir da Conferência de Haia na solução do problema da anacionalidade. A temática ainda impõe desafios para o futuro no que concerne ao tráfico de crianças, à vulnerabilidade das mulheres envolvidas na gestação de substituição e à própria onerosidade do contrato.

O trabalho exposto a seguir se dispõe a examinar o caráter ambíguo das identidades segundo as análises do filósofo francês Étienne Balibar. O texto irá se concentrar em suas obras a partir do final da década de oitenta, aonde ocorre um distanciamento do círculo formado em torno de Althusser e uma aproximação às filosofias da diferença de Foucault, Deleuze e Derrida. Buscaremos explicitar como o autor, mediante o prisma marxista do conflito de classes, irá denunciar o escalonamento dos indivíduos de modo hierárquico dentro da economia-mundo capitalista mediante múltiplos processos identitários, que respeitam uma lógica de manutenção da estrutura social internacional existente. O pano de fundo de tais análises são os crescentes movimentos xenófobos e neo-fascistas na Europa hodierna como reação à uma profunda crise do Estado-Nação, de suas instituições e da fragmentação de comunidades idealmente estabelecidas. ; The work exposed hereafter intends to examine the ambiguous character of identities according to the analyses of the French philosopher Étienne Balibar. The text will focus on his works from the late eighties, where there is a distancing from the circle formed around Althusser and an approach to the philosophies of difference of Foucault, Deleuze and Derrida. We will seek to explain how the author, through the prism of Marxist class conflicts, will denounce the echelonment process of individuals in a hierarchical fashion within the capitalist world-economy based on multiple identity processes which respect the logic of maintaining the existing international social structure. The background of such analyses is the rise of xenophobic and neo-fascists movements which have not ceased to increase in today's Europe as a reaction to a profound crisis of the nation-state, its institutions and the fragmentation of ideally established communities.