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The author discusses the progressive transformation of the cyberspace into one more battleground for international conflicts. The article begins with an analysis of the concept of cyber war, and a discussion about the difficulties of establishing a rigorous conceptualisation within the framework of the Law of Armed Conflict/International Humanitarian Law. Then, the capabilities and vulnerabilities of great powers are also object of analysis, and the complex role of non-state actors in cyber conflicts. The article ends with a discussion about the difficulty of assessing the economic impact of cyber attacks. Adapted from the source document.

This article focuses on the normative implications International Relations Theories have on reality. The objective is to produce inferences about the impacts these theories could provoke on states' behavior. Firstly, this article shows the divide between two set of theories. Some conceive the possibility that a group of states renounces the use of violence among each other. Other perspective consider that the very essence of international relations is the state of war amongst everyone, which makes perpetual peace unachievable. Secondly, this study presents the analytical and prescriptive differences between the theories that reckon the possibility of peace. Adapted from the source document.

Thucydides & Giucciardini both acknowledged the existence of recurrent patterns in relations among states. The behavior of major powers is constrained by the specific characteristics of the international system, namely international anarchy, balance of power & the security dilemma. Balance of power theory establishes war as a state instrument in international conflicts. The balance of power is an essential mechanism for regulating equilibrium in international anarchy, including in mature international anarchy. Theory suggests that when the balance ceases to exist the risks of war increase. The rise of Asian powers may radically change the existing balances & enhances the risks of war among major powers. Adapted from the source document.

This article argues that constructivism would have much to offer to theoretical constructions of peace in case it was able to distance itself from the realist ontology of wars and conflicts, since understanding peace as "socially constructed" means understanding and analyzing the shared ideas that inform agents' interaction at the international level. To pursue the argument, the focus of Alexander Wendt's approach is here inverted and the theoretical possibilities for peace are assessed -- not those of conflict -- regarding each of the anarchical cultures identified by the author: the hobbesian, the lockean and the kantian. Adapted from the source document.