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This text gives a general overview of the Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004, published in the Official Gazette on 27th July 2004), which entered into force on 1st of October 2004. The text focuses primarily on the aspects of the Code which are useful for notaries, such the law of estate and the law of matrimonial property. The text also gives an overview of the general rules of the Code of Private International law, with specific attention to the innovations (such as the escape clause to be found in Article 19).

In this paper I review the operation of the exception clause provided in Article 19 of the Belgian Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004 entered into force on 1st of October 2004). Much has been written on the need but also on the risks associated with such exception clauses. The introduction of this mechanism has been much criticized in Belgian scholarly works (among others by Barnich). I attempt to downplay or nuance some of the criticisms by showing that when properly applied, the exception clause does not call into question the operation of other conflict of laws rules. In order to do so, I analyze the main requirements of Article 19, in the light of the foreign experiences with similar mechanisms (inter alia the Swiss experience and the experience of the 1980 Rome Convention).

Ce texte donne un aperçu des questions pratiques soulevées par les donations qui s'inscrivent dans un cadre international. Il ne s'intéresse qu'aux questions civiles, en n'abordant pas les aspects de droit fiscal. Le texte est structuré autour de questions qui structurent le raisonnement du praticien. Une attention particulière est accordée aux formes sophistiquées de donation - donation avec charge, donation avec réserve d'usufruit, donation de residuo, etc. Les liens entre la donation et d'autres règles - comme le droit des successions et le droit des incapables - sont analysés.

The national or the European private international law is taking into a particular accountthe foreign legal systems. The foreign law application is an expression of the attention given to the foreignlegal systems, but applying a law that belongs to a different legal system than the legal system of the forumcountry may provoke a defence reaction caused by the existing differences between the legal systemsinvolved. The foreign law application is therefore confronted to different obstacles that tend to ensure aprimary application of the lex fori. First, the techniques used by the legal system of the forum country toapply the foreign law are not entirely favourable to this kind of application, as evidenced by the recurrentintervention of the international public policy. Furthermore, there are elements that are exogenous to thelegal system of the forum country, such as different understandings of the same legal institution that canobstruct the foreign law application. There is thus a gap between the theory of the private internationalrules, which would appeal a frequent application of the foreign law, and the use that is made of them by theauthorities of the forum country, which often leads to the neutralization of the foreign law. This studydefends a better compliance to the theory of private international law, which would promote the applicationof the foreign law. In this perspective, the private international law of the European Union provides animportant source of « savoir-faire » as it promotes the application of a foreign law belonging to anotherMember States. ; Le droit international privé, tel qu'il résulte des droits nationaux et du droit de l'Unioneuropéenne, accorde une attention particulière aux systèmes juridiques étrangers. L'application de la loiétrangère constitue l'expression de l'importance reconnue aux systèmes juridiques étrangers, mais appliquerune loi qui est extérieure au système juridique du for peut provoquer, du fait de sa différence, des réactionsdéfensives. L'application de la loi ...

The ecological debt is a concept which was developed at the beginning of the 90s in order to fight against the burden of financial debts which crippled the budgets of developing States. States and the civil society used the theoretical and practical knowledge developed by researchers in social and economic sciences to criticize an unequal worldorder, leading to continuous environmental degradation and as such, a characteristic of an unequal ecological exchange. For the different actors, the concept of ecological debt took on various meanings so that we can now dissociate four different discourses. For each discourse, we have identified one or more legal mechanism, but most of them often turn out to be unfit to meet the claims of ecological debt advocates. It appears that only the community version of ecological debt is efficient without being counter-productive. Our analysis of the climate regime in international law confirms this result since norms that empower local communities seem more efficient to reduce climate debt. ; La dette écologique est un discours politique qui s'est développé au début des années 90 pour lutter contre le fardeau des dettes financières qui grevait les budgets des États en développement. États et société civile se sont alors appropriés les acquis théoriques et pratiques des sciences économiques et sociales pour contester un ordre du monde inégalitaire et conduisant à la dégradation continue de l'environnement, caractéristique d'un "échange écologiquement inégal". Mais dans la bouche des différents acteurs, la dette écologique a pris des sens différents, si bien que l'on peut dissocier quatre discours de la dette écologique. À chacun de ces discours correspondent un ou plusieurs outils juridiques, outils qui, après analyse, s'avèrent souvent inaptes à valider les prétentions des partisans de la dette écologique. Il apparaît que seule la version communautaire de la dette écologique offre un cadre d'analyse qui soit efficient sans être contre-productif. L'analyse spécifiquement dédiée au ...

The ecological debt is a concept which was developed at the beginning of the 90s in order to fight against the burden of financial debts which crippled the budgets of developing States. States and the civil society used the theoretical and practical knowledge developed by researchers in social and economic sciences to criticize an unequal worldorder, leading to continuous environmental degradation and as such, a characteristic of an unequal ecological exchange. For the different actors, the concept of ecological debt took on various meanings so that we can now dissociate four different discourses. For each discourse, we have identified one or more legal mechanism, but most of them often turn out to be unfit to meet the claims of ecological debt advocates. It appears that only the community version of ecological debt is efficient without being counter-productive. Our analysis of the climate regime in international law confirms this result since norms that empower local communities seem more efficient to reduce climate debt. ; La dette écologique est un discours politique qui s'est développé au début des années 90 pour lutter contre le fardeau des dettes financières qui grevait les budgets des États en développement. États et société civile se sont alors appropriés les acquis théoriques et pratiques des sciences économiques et sociales pour contester un ordre du monde inégalitaire et conduisant à la dégradation continue de l'environnement, caractéristique d'un "échange écologiquement inégal". Mais dans la bouche des différents acteurs, la dette écologique a pris des sens différents, si bien que l'on peut dissocier quatre discours de la dette écologique. À chacun de ces discours correspondent un ou plusieurs outils juridiques, outils qui, après analyse, s'avèrent souvent inaptes à valider les prétentions des partisans de la dette écologique. Il apparaît que seule la version communautaire de la dette écologique offre un cadre d'analyse qui soit efficient sans être contre-productif. L'analyse spécifiquement dédiée au ...

In an area essentially and by their nature reserved for the government, such as foreign affairs, Members' written questions are a privileged tool for scrutinising and informing MPs and senators of the work carried out by the Executive. In view of the growing number of questions asked, it is clear that parliamentarians have gradually invested in the field of foreign affairs, marked in the contemporary period by two major developments: the rise of EU law and human rights. As a result, questions relating to France's international relations are almost absorbed by questions relating to European Union law, whose competences encroach on France's internal and external sovereignty rights, and by human rights issues, which relate to the sovereignty rights of third countries. This contribution therefore seeks to highlight these two trends, of which Members' written questions are revealing, drawing in particular on recent international issues, such as the repatriation of jihadists from the Iraqi/Syrian zone and the fate of the Uyghur minority by the Chinese government. ; International audience In a field which is essentially and by nature reserved for the government, such as foreign affairs, written questions from parliamentarians are a privileged instrument for overseeing and informing members of parliament and senators about action taken by the executive. In view of the number of questions asked, which has continued to grow, it is clear that parliamentarians have gradually entered the field of foreign affairs, which has been marked in recent times by two major developments: the growing importance of European Union law and human rights. As a result, questions concerning France's international relations have been all but absorbed by questions relating to European Union law, whose jurisdiction encroaches on France's internal and external sovereignty rights, and by questions relating to human rights, which relativise the sovereignty rights of third States. This article therefore aims to highlight these two trends, on which ...

This thesis studies the relationship between international law and the constitutional law of post-conflict States. This relationship can be summed up as the active influence of international law on the constitutional order of post-conflict States. Peace administrations, which deconstruct conflicts and pacify territories, represent, exceptionally, the entry point of international law into the internal legal order or even disorder that it temporarily replaces. The writing and adoption of post-conflict constitutions, in conformity with international constitutional law (human rights, democracy, the rule of law, international peace and security, etc.), is the way out for international peace administrators. They facilitate the transfer of power to the new state authorities, responsible for implementing the internationalized crisis exit constitution. Unfolding in time and space, international peace law has become a vector for the expansion of global constitutionalism. Peace processes, governed by international peace law, promote the inclusion of fundamental international norms in post-crisis constitutions. This constitutionalization of international law at the domestic level has become a tool for conflict resolution and prevention through law. They give rise to a problematic that revolves around three lines of research: (1) the constitutional framework of peace administrations; (2) the internationalization of the writing of national constitutions; and (3) the implementation of internationalized constitutions in the internal legal order. ; Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre le droit international et le droit constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Ces rapports se résument à l'influence active du droit international sur l'ordre constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Les administrations de paix, qui déconstruisent les conflits et pacifient les territoires, représentent, exceptionnellement, la porte d'entrée du droit international dans l'ordre voire dans le désordre juridique interne auquel il se substitue ...

This thesis studies the relationship between international law and the constitutional law of post-conflict States. This relationship can be summed up as the active influence of international law on the constitutional order of post-conflict States. Peace administrations, which deconstruct conflicts and pacify territories, represent, exceptionally, the entry point of international law into the internal legal order or even disorder that it temporarily replaces. The writing and adoption of post-conflict constitutions, in conformity with international constitutional law (human rights, democracy, the rule of law, international peace and security, etc.), is the way out for international peace administrators. They facilitate the transfer of power to the new state authorities, responsible for implementing the internationalized crisis exit constitution. Unfolding in time and space, international peace law has become a vector for the expansion of global constitutionalism. Peace processes, governed by international peace law, promote the inclusion of fundamental international norms in post-crisis constitutions. This constitutionalization of international law at the domestic level has become a tool for conflict resolution and prevention through law. They give rise to a problematic that revolves around three lines of research: (1) the constitutional framework of peace administrations; (2) the internationalization of the writing of national constitutions; and (3) the implementation of internationalized constitutions in the internal legal order. ; Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre le droit international et le droit constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Ces rapports se résument à l'influence active du droit international sur l'ordre constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Les administrations de paix, qui déconstruisent les conflits et pacifient les territoires, représentent, exceptionnellement, la porte d'entrée du droit international dans l'ordre voire dans le désordre juridique interne auquel il se substitue ...

This thesis studies the relationship between international law and the constitutional law of post-conflict States. This relationship can be summed up as the active influence of international law on the constitutional order of post-conflict States. Peace administrations, which deconstruct conflicts and pacify territories, represent, exceptionally, the entry point of international law into the internal legal order or even disorder that it temporarily replaces. The writing and adoption of post-conflict constitutions, in conformity with international constitutional law (human rights, democracy, the rule of law, international peace and security, etc.), is the way out for international peace administrators. They facilitate the transfer of power to the new state authorities, responsible for implementing the internationalized crisis exit constitution. Unfolding in time and space, international peace law has become a vector for the expansion of global constitutionalism. Peace processes, governed by international peace law, promote the inclusion of fundamental international norms in post-crisis constitutions. This constitutionalization of international law at the domestic level has become a tool for conflict resolution and prevention through law. They give rise to a problematic that revolves around three lines of research: (1) the constitutional framework of peace administrations; (2) the internationalization of the writing of national constitutions; and (3) the implementation of internationalized constitutions in the internal legal order. ; Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre le droit international et le droit constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Ces rapports se résument à l'influence active du droit international sur l'ordre constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Les administrations de paix, qui déconstruisent les conflits et pacifient les territoires, représentent, exceptionnellement, la porte d'entrée du droit international dans l'ordre voire dans le désordre juridique interne auquel il se substitue temporairement. L'écriture et l'adoption des constitutions post-conflits, conformes au droit international constitutionnel (les droits humains, la démocratie, l'État de droit, la paix et sécurité internationales, etc.), représentent la porte de sortie des administrateurs de paix internationaux. Ceux-ci facilitent le transfert du pouvoir aux nouvelles autorités étatiques, chargées de mettre en œuvre la constitution de sortie crise internationalisée. Se déployant dans le temps et dans l'espace, le droit international de la paix est devenu un vecteur d'expansion du constitutionnalisme global. Les processus de paix, régis par le droit international de la paix, favorisent l'insertion des normes internationales fondamentales dans des constitutions de sortie de crise. Cette constitutionnalisation du droit international sur le plan interne est devenue un outil de règlement et de prévention des conflits par le droit. Ils suscitent une problématique qui s'articule autour de trois axes de recherche : (1) le cadre constitutionnel des administrations de paix ; (2) l'internationalisation de l'écriture des constitutions nationales ; et (3) la mise en œuvre des constitutions internationalisées dans l'ordre juridique interne.

Cette contribution dresse un panorama général des questions de droit international privé (en particulier la détermination du juge compétent et du droit applicable) aux libéralités, avec une attention particulière pour les contrats de donation. La contribution s'intéresse d'abord aux donations réalisées en Belgique pour examiner ensuite les donations effectuées à l'étranger, notamment sous l'angle de la fraude à la loi

All years, on a regular basis, a calendar month coincides with the farandole of the marriage fairs. That seems to be the moment to say "yes" and it is not without a certain emotion that, despite the success of multifaceted free love contracts, we continue to marry in white. You will certainly understand that it has not been so easy to attribute a very precise title to our communication, but we will say, exculpatory, that the expression and its related words are commonly accepted to refer to the same phenomenon in fact. White marriage is above all a metaphor. It is a marriage where one looks like, where you do "as if", in the context of an entirely different reality. From this small comedy, the pseudo-spouses seek to gain an advantage: avoiding a military service obligation, collecting a dot, to take examples from a little old 1, but imagination has no limits a priori. In the international order, stuffing makes it possible to obtain an effect which only an international marriage can confer, such as the acquisition of the nationality of the spouse or the acquisition of a residence permit. Recently, the Journal de l'Ile, dated 19 April 2002, repeated the story of two 'plucked love' by a couple of Mauricians who wanted to settle in Réunion and who had used marriage bias to be certain of staying permanently in our department. The stratagems are multiple and there are also several expressions to refer to white marriage. Often referred to as 'fictitious' or 'simulated' marriage. The formula for marriages of convenience is also used 2, although complacency, emotional, economic or social, still exists in marriage. In all cases, it is clear that the formula is used today only in the restricted context of 'authoritative' or 'naturalising' marriages. This is the point of meeting, without ever saying, white marriage and private international law. ; International audience ; All years, on a regular basis, a calendar month coincides with the farandole of the marriage fairs. That seems to be the moment to say "yes" and it is not ...

Le texte fait le point sur les grands développements du droit international privé, dans ses aspects qui intéressent le notariat, depuis 2005. L'accent est mis en particulier sur les développements du droit international privé européen. Le texte synthétise également les apports de la jurisprudence relative au Code de droit international privé belge.

This paper gives an overview of the new rules introduced by the Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004) in the field of jurisdiction (when do Belgian courts have jurisdiction) and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. ; Cette contribution fait le point sur les règles introduites par le Code de droit international privé (Loi du 16 juillet 2004) à propos des règles de compétence internationale (tant générales que spéciales) et du statut des jugements étrangers (reconnaissance et exécution des jugements étrangers)