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An article on how the Flemish government has used the new legislation to found its own international cultural policy and if its aims were solely cultural, or mixed with political and/or economic gains. Up till now cultural policies have been mainly policies of subvention and not enough autonomous, since political and economical aims were found too important. Regarding autonomy, the results have not been brilliant; international subventions, regulated by external factors, have been mainly of a political and economical nature, which diminishes the structural practices, leaving a tight budget for an autonomous, authentic policy. However, compared with Holland and the Walloon provinces, the results seem better. The functionality in Walloon remains highly influenced by international merchandising goals, and Holland has accepted the existing and hard to avoid co-relation with other domains, but their idea of an autonomous policy seems rather individualistic. As regards the EU: its nature is too economical to make for a successful autonomy. Future aims seem worthwhile however in a cooperation of a Dutch language union, an international cooperation thus, between the Netherlands and Flemish cultural strategies. It is a costly business, but promoting Dutch language contributions to the international scene provide some good basics for an internationalized policy, to which the Flemish-Dutch Cultural Policy Committee (Commissie Cultureel Verdrag Vlaanderen-Nederland) has given its approval. References. O. van Zijl

A CRITICAL REEXAMINATION OF PREVALENT ASSUMPTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE IS PRESENTED. THE TRADITIONAL MODEL OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM, WHICH GIVES THE NATIONSTATE A PROMINENT PLACE AS ACTOR & UNIT OF ANALYSIS & CONCEIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AS A COLLECTIVITY OF STATES AIMING AT EQUILIBRIUM, HAS BEEN GENERALLY ACCEPTED BY SCHOLARS (IE BALANCE OF POWER THEORY). DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL REALITY SEEM TO CONTRADICT THESE ASSUMPTIONS. THEY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE CONCEPTS OF THE 'NUCLEAR AGE' & THE 'TRANSNATIONAL SYSTEM' & COMBINED IN THE NOTION OF INTERDEPENDENCE CHARACTERIZING THE PRESENT INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM. THESE DEVELOPMENTS POINT TO THE INCREASING CONVERGENCE OF RATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. IN RECENT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LITERATURE, THE TRADITIONAL HORIZONTAL, TERRITORIALLY-BASED ORGANIZATION OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS IS CONTRASTED WITH ITS INCREASINGLY VERTICAL, TRANSNATIONAL CHARACTER, WHILE AT THE SAME TIME THE EQUILIBRIUM MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS IS SUPERSEDED BY A VIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM BASED ON RELATIONS OF DOMINANCE & SUPREMACY. THESE NEW INSIGHTS ARE COMBINED IN A MODEL OF A WORLD POLITICAL SYSTEM THAT IS GLOBAL IN ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSION. HA.

J. K. De Vree's "A Theory of Human Behaviour and of the Political Process" (see SA 26:2/78J2195) is criticized. The behavior model offered is faulted on the grounds that it is inconsistent & that it is difficult if not impossible to interpret. That the model is inconsistent is easy to see, thanks to its formal presentation. This criticism might not be very serious, due to the fact that it may be remedied through some small adjustments. The author's own interpretation of his model is not congruent with it. In particular, formulae containing variables that range over both cardinal & ordinal numbers seem impossible to interpret. It is concluded that the problems noted are due to too high a level of generality being sought. In Een reactie op De Vree's 'A Theory of Human Behaviour and of the Political Process' (A Reaction to De Vree's 'A Theory of Human Behavior and of the Political Process'), G. P. de Bruin argues that De Vree's theory is empty of empirical significance, & the theory's weakness can be traced to its mathematical axiomatic foundation. It is argued that the set theoretical concepts of ordinal & cardinal numbers have been misinterpreted, & that the whole problem of measurement in social sciences is merely 'axiomatized away'. In Een ordinale algebra en empirische theorie: een antwoord op Kritiek (An Ordinal Algebra and Empirical Theory: An Answer to Criticism), J. K. De Vree concedes that the theory is so far empty, & that the nature of its relationship to empirical data remains an unsolved problem. This is the case with all general theories & does not constitute a valid objection. It is further argued that the proposed axiomatization is nothing more than a systematization of the system of numbers & relations used in actual empirical research, & that far from axiomatizing away the measurement problem, a systematic account is given of the number system without which measurement would not be possible. A. Orianne.

A grounded theory is one that is inductively derived from the study of the phenomenon it represents. That is, it is discovered, developed, and provisionally verified through systematic data collection and analysis of data pertaining to the phenomenon. Therefore, data collection, analysis, and theory stand in reciprocal relationship with each other. One does not begin with a theory, then prove it. Rather, one begins with an area of study and what is relevant to that area is allowed to emerge.
Strauss & Corbin, 1990: 23

In deze rubriek worden zowel methodologieboeken besproken als onderzoeksrapportages, bij voorkeur van Nederlandstalige auteurs. Auteurs krijgen de gelegenheid om op een recensie te reageren. Op de website www.kwalon.nl worden regelmatig boeken ter recensie aangeboden. Wie een boek wil bespreken (al dan niet uit dat aanbod), kan zich richten tot redacteur Miranda Snoeren: m.snoeren@fontys.nl.

Met dank aan Merel Visse (Afdeling Metamedica, VUmc) en Reinoud Bosch (KWALON-redactie) voor commentaar op eerdere versies.

De Grounded Theory Approach van Glaser en Strauss (1967) heeft vanaf het begin als methode van kwalitatief onderzoek de aandacht getrokken, met name in de sociale wetenschappen, maar ook in de verplegingswetenschap en gezondheidswetenschap. De belangstelling vanuit deze laatste disciplines heeft wellicht te maken met de onderzoeksthema's van Strauss, die vanaf begin 1960 wetenschappelijk onderdak vond bij de School of Nursing van de University of California in San Franscisco. Hij zette daar een succesvol onderzoeksprogramma op, waarin hij de methode verder ontwikkelde in uiteenlopende gezondheidszorgonderzoeken. Maar het leidde ook tot meer. Rond Strauss verzamelde zich een kring van kwalitatieve onderzoekers, waaronder Kathy Charmaz, Adele Clarke en Juliet Corbin, die elk in zijn voetsporen een eigen methode van kwalitatief onderzoek ontwikkelden (zie Charmaz, 2006; Clarke, 2005; Corbin, 2008). De methode die Strauss in Qualitative analysis for social scientists (1987) beschrijft, lijkt aan hun werkwijzen ten grondslag te liggen. Dat geldt bij uitstek voor Juliet Corbin, want zij schreef samen met Strauss een bewerking van dat boek onder de titel Basics of qualitative research. techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, dat in 1990 verscheen. Een tweede editie volgde in 1998, waarover ik eerder een recensie schreef in KWALON (De Boer, 1999). Nu is een derde editie verschenen met Corbin als eerste auteur. Strauss, die in 1996 is overleden, wordt nog wel opgevoerd als tweede auteur. Deze derde editie van Basics of qualitative research verschilt in veel opzichten van de eerste en de tweede. De 'hand' of beter 'de geest' van Strauss lijkt steeds meer naar de achtergrond te verdwijnen. Corbin ontwikkelt in deze editie een geheel eigen interpretatie van de Grounded Theory Approach (GTA). Corbins aanpak kan kernachtig omschreven worden als een 'conceptbenadering': 'Concepts/themes are the foundation for the analytic method described in this book' (p. 53). Met het 'concept' als grondbeginsel bouwt Corbin haar benadering op, waarbij zij hier en daar op eclectische wijze elementen van de 'vroegere' Grounded Theory Approach inpast.

Tested is Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory regarding the world capitalist economy, in which the ties between the metropolis (developed countries) & the satellites (developing countries) are extremely detrimental to the latter, ie, metropolitan countries expropriate the surplus formed in the satellites, thus precluding the development & deforming the economies of Third World countries. Hypotheses comprising the crucial elements of the theory are examined based on World Bank & UN statistics for 109 countries. The theory's focus on external factors & economic ties is criticized, as well as its allegation of a negative relationship between dependence & development. It is argued that a more adequate theroy of imperialism & dependence requires at least some attention to both national & international power & dependency relations: the internal balance of power in developing countries must be analyzed in terms of the interests of competing groups in the economic, political, & social realms, while international relations should be studied in connection with these interests so as to understand their interactional effects. 8 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 31 References. Modified HA