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The objective of the article was to reveal the international imbalances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic through the coordinates of chaos theory. Methodologically it is a critical essay based on documentary observation. To understand the current state of world politics and the balance of power in international relations, it is appropriate to use chaos theory. At the beginning of the article, the origins of chaos theory are an interdisciplinary study, and its basic concepts are introduced. The value of using chaos theory and its great potential for analysis and applications in the study of international relations is shown in the example of the 2019-2020 events in Wuhan is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China (PRC). associated with the onset of a COVID-19 viral infection that has spread around the world. At the end of the article, conclusions are drawn and the strengths and weaknesses of the use of chaos theory in dialectical relation to international relations are revealed, both as a field of study and at the same time as geopolitical reality.

Desde sus inicios, la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales (RI) ha tenido la intensión ortodoxa de construir un método científico propio, muy parecido al de las ciencias exactas. Sin embargo, dicha pretensión se plantea como una de las posibles aproximaciones a la manera como se estudia el comportamiento de la sociedad en lo internacional y, por lo tanto, forma parte del debate epistemológico que reviste un interés renovado para las RI y la filosofía de la ciencia en el siglo XXI. En este contexto, la hermenéutica ofrece claves para la consideración científica de lo social, que orientan al pensamiento de las Relaciones Internacionales hacia un enfoque interpretativo. Como un aporte a esta exégesis, el presente documento plantea el valor de la hermenéutica, a partir de los postulados de Nietzsche y Vattimo, como método de interpretación de la realidad internacional. [Este artículo es producto del proyecto de investigación INV-EES-2346 "Colombia en el pensamiento de las Relaciones Internacionales contemporáneas. Historia social de las escuelas y su influencia en la sociedad nacional de cara a los procesos de la globalización", financiado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada.]

The article aims to define the sectoral legal tools that can be incorporated into the legislations of the countries of the world for the development of gender policies in social and labor relations. The research methodology included methods of general and special scientific character, which aim to ensure the unity of approaches. Attention has been paid to the justification of subjective differentiation of working conditions in the acts of the International Labor Organization. Legal conditions for the introduction of gender equality in legal systems were proposed in order to ensure the social and economic development of society. It is concluded that international standards of social and labor relations make it possible to implement gender equality policy in various variable models. Finally, among the special sectoral tools for solving gender problems, it is worth applying: subjective and social differentiation of working conditions; gender-neutral legislation; local acts as a method of raising the level of moral and ethical standards in professional groups, and; gender quotas and gender parity with differentiation in various spheres of economic activity.

The purpose of the document is to study the international experience of the development and operation of legal service relations in the field of national security and, furthermore, to elaborate proposals on the adoption of its best practices in Ukraine. The document aims to identify problems and improve current Ukrainian legislation dealing with public service and legal service relations in the field of national security. The main method was comparative. The following proposals are developed: the adoption of a single codified normative act to regulate legal service relations between all categories of public servants; the introduction of an open competition system for high-ranking officials; depoliticization of public service; implementation of international experience of legal regulation of service relations in the field of national security of Ukraine. In conclusion, the document materials can be of theoretical and practical value for academics investigating various aspects of the implementation of legal service relations and the sphere of national security in general, experts in the security and defense sector of Ukraine.

En las últimas décadas ha tenido lugar una reconfiguración de los conflictos armados en el mundo caracterizados principalmente por el predominio de los conflictos armados internos (CAI), la participación de actores no estatales y una novedosa capacidad de generar importantes efectos transnacionales. En este marco, las relaciones internacionales (RRII) -más allá de haberse centrado tradicionalmente en los conflictos armados entre Estados- han tenido que incorporar a los CAI como un referente indispensable. Si bien esta incorporación ha puesto en evidencia las limitaciones de la disciplina, también ha dado lugar al surgimiento de una amplia agenda de investigación que la ha enriquecido. El actual conflicto en Siria es el caso seleccionado para ilustrar la relevancia del estudio de los CAI en las RRII. En la primera parte se identifican los factores que dan cuenta de la reconfiguración de los conflictos armados desde el fin de la Guerra Fría. Posteriormente, se revisa el papel de los conflictos en las RRII y se enumeran algunos de los temas que componen la agenda de investigación de la disciplina vinculada a los CAI. En la última parte, se examina el conflicto en Siria para ilustrar algunos de los aspectos más relevantes del estudio de este tipo de conflictos desde las RRII.

This paper focuses on elements of military thought & doctrine & the approaches of Antonio Hardt & Antonio Negri's theory of imperialism in the context of the defense of human rights. To defend human rights, it is necessary to know how & by whom they were violated. To resist violation, one must understand the mechanisms & functioning of repression. Psychological violations of human rights are difficult to discern, but they cause much suffering, & their role in the set of mechanisms of repression is increasing. The military use of psychological repression illustrates this situation. As described in documents of military doctrine, it is one of the fundamental principles that guide military forces' actions in achieving the 'national objectives' sought by imperialism. Hardt & Negri define imperialism as a new global form of sovereignty, a new logic & structure of power, the new rationality of globalization, & the new order of the capitalist project. Imperialism is established through power, which is obtained in good part via psychological means, including military psychological operations.

September 11 (2001) events prompted a series of debates concerning how & how much has the international order changed. There is still much misunderstanding between those who assert that "nothing has changed" & those for whom "nothing will be the same after 9/11." Due to records scattering, events or processes have been studied as if they were structural changes, but without explaining how can they transform international politics. Also, the search for more useful analyses to identify both changes & continuities has produced methodological confusion. This work pursues three main objectives: first, to present a methodology of change analysis by organizing the various approach modalities with which international relations theory has been working so far. Second, to use this methodology for understanding the likely transformations of the international order as of September 11, 2001. Third, to offer some conclusions & work hypotheses on international politics change study. The author reaches four conclusions: (a) every international relation theory demands an explanation of 9/11 events & they all have arguments for such a demand; (b) in relation with this, 9/11 does not compel thinking new categories to understand its causes & outcomes; (c) from a wider perspective, & beyond any strident statement, 9/11 has not generated a major change in international politics in historical & systemic terms; & (d) a better understanding of change in international relations requires a historical approach, that has been largely eluded by this discipline. 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

Draws on the scholarship of Hedley Bull (1985) to critique the international relations theory of Samuel P. Huntington. Contradictions are identified in two of Huntington's works, "American Ideals versus American Institutions" (1982) & The Third Wave (1991). It is argued that decolonization processes initiated in the 20th century should not be confused with a "clash of civilizations," with weakness, or with marginalization. It is concluded that the institutions & democratic forms of Western nations should be respected, but not interpreted as signs of superiority. Adapted from the source document.