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The article provides an overview of international and Russian literature on the genesis and development of System Research in IR studies, demonstrates the emergence of System Research in Russia and in the world, the development of the general theory of systems. It is shown that at the fi rst stage, the representatives of natural sciences tried to identify the isomorphism between the international relations system and other systems (biological, physical). In this context, the attempts to form a general theory of international confl ict could be viewed. It is noted that at the beginning of the 1970s, these attempts ended unsuccessfully in general. The second area of international relations system modeling is related to the work of structural realists, primarily K. Waltz and M. Kaplan. Despite the fact that in their papers the verbal analysis dominates over the formal international relations system model, they have madea signifi cant contribution to the political science in perception of the systems theory. The paper also describes the system modeling in the context of the Neo-Marxist theory of international relations, fi rst and foremost, in the meaning of the I. Wallerstein's world-system theory. Special attention is paid to the systemic research crisis in the IR science at the turn of 1980-1990s, also due to a sharp change in the international situation, and the transition from a predominantly deterministic world of the Cold War to the post-bipolar non-equilibrium international system. The authors clearly reveal the evolution of the international relations perception in terms of the systems theory. They also illustrate the intensifi cation of the international system modeling in the XXIst century on the basis of a new methodology - via the use of the more sophisticated complexity theory (the theory of complex systems), as well as by adapting the sociological theory of structuration by A. Giddens in political sciences. Showing the most promising areas of the complexity theory practical application in the modeling of international relations - agentbased modeling and simulation of system dynamics, - the authors enumerate the most promising spheres for the system modeling in international studies.

This is a review of the second volume of A. Battler's "Mirology". The author presents a critical analysis of theories of international relations in Western, Japanese, Chinese, Soviet and Russian science. Battler's theoretical research focuses on the analysis of the problem of power in international relations, progress and agency. Special attention is paid to the political economy of international relations. ; В рецензии анализируется второй том работы А. Бэттлера «Мирология» (Бэттлер А. Мирология. Прогресс и сила в мировых отношениях. М. : ИТРК, 2015. Т. II. Борьба всех против всех. 672 с.). Отмечается авторский критический анализ теорий международных отношений в западной, японской, китайской, советской и российской науке. Центральное место в теоретической разработке самого А. Бэттлера занимает анализ проблемы силы в международных отношениях, прогресса и субъектности. Особое внимание уделяется политэкономии международных отношений.

Present research article is an abridged version of the Chapter I. in collective monograph "System approach to the study of international relations". Research paper covers the system analysis of international relations in contemporary scholarly discourse. It focuses on the specificity of the system analysis approach in the study of international political processes; theoretical propositions/ "developments" and analytical approaches of American, European, as well as Russian and Chinese scholars to the study of international systems were mainly scrutinized in this paper.

This article is devoted to English historian F.S. Northedge (1918-1985) and his role in the development conception of international society and English School of International relations in 1960-1980.

This school consists of small group of scientists and diplomats, who were well educated in elite British universities like Cambridge and Oxford. They were acquainted with each other personally. British Committee for the Theory of International Politics in 1960-1970 was the center for the study of International Society. Such composition of the school demonstrated aristocratic character of the International relations study as intellectual pursuit in United Kingdom. Meanwhile, such people like Charles Manning, Fred Northedge, Edward Carr and some other famous people, who usually were English School members, did not taken part in the British Committee due to different reasons.

Thus, F.S. Northedge was untypical participant of English school and his scientific heritage need to be studied. Key factors of his biography and his views on International Policy are studies in the article. "Diplomatic style", "System of the state" and "International society" were the central concepts in his works. He met with these ideas in the London School of economy, where Charles Manning, Martin Wight and Headley Bull – founders of English School - had worked at International relations chair in different time. The analysis of these categories let make conclusion that F. Northedge agreed with main ideas of English School of International relations. But at the same time he understood them very originally. His system of the views demonstrated that British Committee for the Theory of International Politics, but not London School of economy, was the main center for the development conception of International Society in 1960-1980.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; В статье проанализировано влияние идей национализма на содержание и характер международных отношений в прошлом и настоящем. Автор подчеркивает, что в условиях глобализации не исчезают проявления национального самосознания. Наоборот, в разных регионах планеты, включая территорию бывшего СССР, проявляется стремление к поиску национальной идентичности в крайней форме, что может привести к фашизации политических систем в отдельных странах. Такие тенденции подрывают основы международной безопасности, поскольку в перспективе в мире могут появиться десятки новых государственных образований. К сожалению, современные международные институты не уделяют данной проблеме внимания, и процесс носит в основном стихийный характер. = The article analyzes the influence of nationalistic ideas on the content and character of international relations in the past and at present. The author emphasizes that the manifestations of national identity do not disappear under globalization. To the contrary, various regions of the planet including the former USSR territory, demonstrate intense search for national identity in extreme forms which can lead to political systems becoming fascist in some countries. Such trends undermine the basis of international security since they may result eventually in emergence of scores of new states. Unfortunately, contemporary institutions do not pay sufficient attention to these problems, so the process bears a spontaneous character.

The paper defines the main approaches to understanding the strategic partnership between states in the international arena, identifies the main features of such a partnership. The author substantiates the thesis that at present the strategic partnership between states in the social, spiritual and cultural sphere is no longer of a secondary nature. The article defines the main directions of strategic partnership between states in the social, spiritual and cultural sphere at the present stage. The concept of changing the vector of Russia in the social, spiritual and cultural sphere at the present stage is substantiated.

The article deals with the complex and controversial problems of the new regional communities' formation and the impact of the interethnic relations sphere on them. The author notes that the processes of interaction between representatives of different cultures and civilizations, ethnic groups and religions have become increasingly controversial and tense in the context of continuous social dynamics. Similarly to the Russian society as a whole, regional communities are in a state of transitivity. They get transformed, they acquire new qualities such as multicasting and heterogeneity, multi-ethnicity and multi-confessionalism, fragmentarity and multiculturality.

This fact increases the risks and uncertainties, problematizes future prospects. National non-governmental organizations are increasingly positioning themselves as civil society institutions at the present stage of social development at the regional level. They perform a difficult dual task: on the one hand, they ensure the preservation and development of history, native language, culture, ethnic traditions, and on the other hand, they work on the integration, on the common identity and the Russian nation formation.

On the territory of the Volgograd region, largely due to the active cooperation of regional authorities and local authorities with national public associations, international and inter-confessional relations are stable. The basis of such activity is respect for history, native language, culture, tradition, religion, national dignity of all people in the region, regardless of their belonging to a certain ethnic group or religion. Over two decades of accumulated considerable experience of joint inter-ethnic dialogue and cooperation, provided tolerance and peace, harmony and mutual understanding between people of different ethnicities and religions in the country.

Прослеживается история возникновения и развития социологии международных отношений как самостоятельной науки. Особое внимание уделено вкладу русских ученых в становление социологии международных отношений. Отмечается, что предыстория русской школы данного научного направления берет начало еще в XIX в. в работах Н. И. Кареева, Л. И. Мечникова, а термин «социология международных отношений» введен в научный оборот русским исследователем В. Ю. Ключниковым в 1922 г. Рассматриваются различные точки зрения на социологию международных отношений. Авторская позиция заключается в том, что отрицать изучение мирополитических реалий с позиций социологии невозможно, поскольку общество может быть как международным, так и национальным. Проведен сравнительный анализ основных положений национальных (российской, китайской и западной) школ социологии международных отношений. Охарактеризованы три основные русские традиции в изучении международных отношений: западничество, державничество и третьеримство. Делается вывод о том, что в условиях кризиса вестфальской системы, а также нарастающей хаотизации и выхода на международную арену новых негосударственных акторов международные отношения все более социологизируются. = The article describes the history of the emergence and development of the sociology of international relations (SIR) as an independent science from the moment of its appearance to the present day. Special attention is paid to the contribution of Russian scientists to the development of the sociology of international relations. It is shown that the prehistory of the Russian school of sociology of international relations dates back to the 19th century in the works of N. Kareev, L. Mechnikov, and the term «sociology of international relations» was first introduced into scientific circulation by the Russian researcher V. Klyuchnikov in 1922. Different points of view on the sociology of international relations are considered. The author's position is that it is impossible to deny the study of world political realities from the standpoint of sociology, since society can be international in the same way as the national one. A comparative analysis of the main provisions of national (Russian, Chinese and Western) schools of international relations was conducted. Special attention is paid to the domestic school of sociology of international relations. Three major Russian tradition in the study of international relations – Westernism, Great power nationalism and Treterimstvo are characterized. It is concluded that under the crisis of the Westphalian system, increasing chaos and enter of new non-state actors on the international arena, international relations are increasingly sociological.

The article is devoted to the changing role of culture in international relations, which is analysed through the concept of "soft power". The investigated transformations of the concept of culture were examined on the basis of an analysis of documents and activities of the European Union. The main priorities of the EU in the development of international cultural relations are highlighted. Further, proceeding from world political trends and the general geopolitical situation, the author analyzes the relatively new structural elements of the concept of culture, namely: cultural security, cultural conflict, cultural war. It is concluded that culture becomes a hybrid construct; and "soft power" becomes not only an instrument of external influence and "advancement" of the state in the international arena, but also acquires "defensive" functions.Key words: cultural security, cultural conflict, "soft power", public diplomacy, EU. ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению изменения роли культуры на современном этапе развития международных отношений сквозь призму понятия «мягкая сила». Исследуемые трансформации концепта культуры были рассмотрены на основе анализа документов и деятельности Европейского союза. Выделяются основные приоритеты ЕС в развитии международных культурных отношений. Далее, исходя из мировых политических тенденций и общей геополитической ситуации, автор анализирует относительно новые структурные элементы концепта культуры, а именно: культурная безопасность, культурный конфликт, культурная война. Делается вывод о том, что культура становится гибридным конструктом, а «мягкая сила» становится не только инструментом внешнего воздействия и «продвижения» государства на международной арене, но и приобретает «оборонительные» функции.Ключевые слова: культурная безопасность, культурный конфликт, «мягкая сила», публичная дипломатия, ЕС.

Статья представляет собой философское осмысление международных отношений. В частности, идёт речь о постсоветском пространстве – новом в политической практике явлением с особыми характеристиками. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что изучение структурирования международных отношений на постсоветском пространстве требует особого комплексного подхода. ; The article is a philosophical understanding of internatio-nal relations. Specifically, it deals with the post-Soviet space as a new, for political practice, phenomenon with special characteristics. The author comes to the conclusion that the study of the structuring of international relations in the post-Soviet space requires special integrated approach.

Participation of the church organizations in political process is considered. The Church as an institution takes an active part in international relations. Activity of the religious organizations on the international scene has ambiguous character. They, in a historical retrospective, used policy of interference in internal and in foreign affairs of the states. It is shown that religious institutes are capable to exert impact on policy of the state. Religious organizations have shown and have a contradictory impact on interstate relations. The church organizations tried to be active participants in political life. With the strengthening of secular power, religious organizations have not ceased to use political technologies of pressure on the policies of the ruling class. They changed them and adapted them to new political realities. As a rule, the church as an institution enjoys authority among the population in most countries. The world view of many social groups is still formed under the influence of religious doctrines and concepts. The church, as well as the state, can mobilize the supporters. Many of them are ready to advocate the interests of church in political process. The fate of many political regimes, directly depended on interaction with the leadership of the church. In turn modern political actors try to strengthen own political power by means of religious institute. The ruling class is interested in participation of church in policy. Their cooperation is mutually advantageous. Activization of the church organizations in political process depends on activity of the state. In Russia, the Russian Orthodox Church enjoys popularity. She actively advances interests of the Russian political elite which in turn give to ROC various support. Along with this, the church strives to counteract the spread of Western ideals in the country. Priests actively preach traditional Christian values in the socio-political process. Their influence increases every year. ; Рассмотрено участие церковных организаций в политическом процессе. Церковь как институт принимает активное участие в международных отношениях. Деятельность религиозных организаций на международной арене носит неоднозначный характер. Показано, что религиозные институты способны оказывать влияние на политику государства. Они, в исторической ретроспективе, использовали политику вмешательства во внутренние и во внешние дела государств. Религиозные организации проявляли и проявляют противоречивое воздействие на межгосударственные отношения. Церковные организации пытались быть деятельными участниками в политической жизни. При усилении светской власти, религиозные организации не перестали использовать политические технологии давления на политику правящего класса. Они их изменяли и адаптировали к новым политическим реалиям. Церковь как институт, как правило, пользуется авторитетом среди населения в большинстве стран. Мировоззрение многих социальных групп по-прежнему формируется под влиянием религиозных доктрин и концепций. Церковь, как и государство, может мобилизовать своих сторонников. Многие из них готовы отстаивать интересы церкви в политическом процессе. Участь многих политических режимов, непосредственным образом зависела от взаимодействия с руководством церкви. В свою очередь современные политические акторы пытаются усилить с помощью религиозного института собственную политическую власть. Правящий класс заинтересован в участии церкви в политике. Их сотрудничество является взаимовыгодным. Активизация церковных организаций в политическом процессе зависит от деятельности государства. В России популярностью пользуется Русская православная церковь. Она активно продвигает интересы российской политической элиты, которые в свою очередь оказывают РПЦ различную поддержку. Наряду с этим церковь стремиться противодействовать распространению в стране западных идеалов. Священнослужители активно проповедуют традиционные христианские ценности в общественно-политическом процессе. Их влияние с каждым годом увеличивается.

The problem of the application of punishment to realization political goals in international relations is considered. The author characterizes the social institution of punishment, indicates its place and role in the structure of social relations. The political and legal component of punishment is analyzed in the context of unilateral sanctions of some sovereign states against others. The main forms and content of the influence of political goals on the institution of international legal sanctionspunishments are determined. The author's vision of such specific phenomena as "self-punishment" and "political engagement" is substantiated. An algorithm for identifying the political bias of decisions on the imposition of international legal penalties, as well as possible ways to develop an adequate response to them from the "punished" subjects (target states) is formulated. The empirical base of the study includes materials on the application of punishments by individual and collective subjects of international relations against the Russian Federation, including the geopolitical consequences of the relevant sanctions decisions.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье рассматриваются подходы к определению значения и роли мультилатерализма как теоретического подхода, так и формы реализации внешней политики государства (международного многостороннего сотрудничества) в современной системе международных отношений. В наибольшей степени глобализация мировой политики и экономики способствует многостороннему разноуровневому разноскоростному социально-экономическому, политическому сотрудничеству государств в рамках международных организаций. В связи с этим поиск подходов к формулированию предложений по эффективной модернизации механизма международного многостороннего сотрудничества Республики Беларусь приобретает особую актуальность.= The article deals with the approaches to determination of the value and role of multilateralism as both a theoretical approach and a form of realization of a state's foreign policy (international multilateral cooperation) in the modern system of international relations. The globalization of the world politics and economy promotes to the greatest extent multilateral multilevel multispeed social, economic and political cooperation of countries within the framework of international organizations. Due to this the search of the approaches to formulate proposals for effective modernization of international multilateral cooperation mechanism of the Republic of Belarus is particularly relevant.