Suchergebnisse

Cet article retrace les origines et la genèse de la mobilisation collective du patronat américain et ouest-européen de l'industrie pharmaceutique de 1963 à 1970. Il démontre que cette mobilisation naît dans un contexte marqué par l'émergence d'un mouvement global de contestation du prix des médicaments s'exerçant, d'une part, à l'échelle internationale avec l'affirmation des pays non-alignés et, d'autre part, à celle des États avec la diffusion des conclusions des investigations du sénateur américain Estes Kefauver sur le prix des médicaments. La pression provenant avant tout des pays en voie de développement, elle pousse les dirigeants de l'industrie pharmaceutique de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique à coopérer afin de défendre les intérêts de la branche. À la fin des années 1960, elle débouche ainsi sur la création de nouvelles structures internationales capables de répondre aux enjeux posés par ce mouvement.

This article discusses the association agreement between the European Union and Central America signed in 2010. The importance of this agreement is crucial in international relations since it is the first successful association agreement between two regional groups that include trade, political dialogue and development aid. The central argument of this article sustains that the agreement was possible thanks to the efforts of the Spanish diplomatic team. However, this was not sufficient and the efforts of Central American countries were absolutely essential. The main events that influenced the agreement are analysed in order to find the reasons behind the agreement: the Spanish presidency; the bananas conflict between the EU, the US and Central American countries; and the political conflict in Honduras. Adapted from the source document.

In 1991 Vitaly Churkin, a Soviet Minister for Foreign Economic Cooperation, stated that economic links between Russia and Cuba were "doomed" to continue. This gave a very negative impression of the relationship, but quickly he appeared to be incorrect because by the end of 1992 little seemed to remain of the 30-year relationship. However, as the 1990s progressed, the relationship continued to function and then improve. Fundamental to this were the principles of the realist paradigm of International Relations, which has been vital since the relationship's inception in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution, in conjunction with a long-term legacy. The outcome is that Russia and Cuba are indeed "doomed" comrades.

The article examines the features of the life of individual peasants in the Saratov Volga region in the conditions of the dominance of collective farms. On the basis of archival documents, the direction and content of state policy in relation to individuals is revealed. Having survived the nightmare of the first years of collectivization, individual farmers began to gradually adapt to new conditions and show their resilience in an unfavorable environment. As a result, instead of joining the collective system, they discredited it by their example. Therefore, special attention is paid to the policy of the Soviet leadership and the actions of local authorities in relation to individual farms. As a result of state policy, expressed in administrative pressure and a tightening of the tax press by the mid-1930s there was a gradual reduction in the sole sector.

In this paper, we intend to discuss a topic of particular importance, given that it addresses the imperatives of international political and legal order, as they appear in the light of current international law. It is an issue of great complexity, of very wide current interest because the international law that establishes and maintains an international legal order is a real energetic factor of organization of international community life. So viewed, the rules of international nature respond to the current acute need of founding the relations in this field and of meeting the common needs of the members of international society. We considered that by comparison with the internal legal order reflecting the health inscribed in this order, the international legal order is influenced by the structuring and training of the mondial community. Therefore we shall insist on the principal model of organizing international life – the state – to be viewed and analyzed in a double perspective: as an internal sovereign authority and as an actor on the scene of international life. In both instances, the state provides the foundation of legal order (domestic or international) for that law has always been the expression of the state wish.

Європейський бізнес передбачає дослідження конкретних проблем міжнародного бізнесу на основі загальнонаукових та емпіричних методичних наукових прийомів, що дає розуміння особливостей організації та інструментів регулювання торгівлі та бізнесу в країнах Європи; вивчення та осмислення економічного потенціалу країн ЄС та України з метою виявлення об'єктивних і суб'єктивних умов організації спільних з європейським капіталом підприємств, багатонаціональних корпорацій. Сутністю європейського бізнесу є підприємництво, що здійснюється у міжнародній сфері. Студенти вчаться обґрунтовувати головні напрями забезпечення економічних, політичних, соціальних стосунків України, корпорацій, фінансових установ, бізнес-структур до інтеграції в європейську економіку, аналізувати інформацію про передумови інтеграційних процесів в Європі, інституційного оформлення економічних відносин України та ЄС, механізмів управління сучасною Європою та ін. European business involves studying specific problems of international business on the basis of general scientific and empirical methodological scientific techniques, which gives an understanding of the organization's specifics and instruments for regulating trade and business in European countries; study and comprehension of the economic potential of the EU and Ukraine in order to identify objective and subjective conditions for the organization of joint enterprises with European capital, multinational corporations. The essence of European business is entrepreneurship, which is carried out in the international sphere. Students learn to substantiate the main directions of ensuring economic, political, social relations of Ukraine, corporations, financial institutions, business structures before their integration into the European economy, to analyze information about the preconditions of integration processes in Europe, institutional formulation of economic relations between Ukraine and the EU, mechanisms of management of modern Europe and other