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Introduction. Science diplomacy is one of the tools that allows a nation to engage in full-scale dialogue with its international partners. The global discussion of how science and diplomacy interact and affect one another came to prominence only fairly recently. Nonetheless, this subject is seeing more and more interest from both governmental structures and the general public. In countries where science diplomacy is well-developed, the mechanisms of such diplomacy are seeing active use in the pursuit of optimal decision-making regarding the emerging challenges in the field of international politics. On the world stage, achieving the desired results in science, politics or various other fields depends on how well developed the model of scientific diplomacy implemented by a given country is. The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential of science diplomacy in Russia by studying its mechanisms, tools, methods and key forms of execution. Furthermore, we attempt to formalise Russian science diplomacy, compare it to the most productive foreign models and offer suggestions on how to develop science diplomacy in Russia by leveraging successful domestic and international case studies. Methods. We use the descriptive method to provide the international experience of science diplomacy (as exemplified by the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), as well as the potential for deploying the most successful projects in Russia. The Russian experience of science diplomacy is analysed through the method of modelling. Furthermore, we use the methods of analysis and synthesis to single out the most important features of international cooperation. In turn, the comparative approach allows us to assess the predictions for how ready Russia and other countries are to face global challenges. The specifics of applying the mechanism of science diplomacy in Russia are considered through the lens of science diplomacy's classical iterations: science within diplomacy, diplomacy for science and science for diplomacy. Results and ...

The development of joint programs has become one of the main directions of international cooperation between universities of different countries. Planning international educational programs is a very complex process, as they are closely linked with the economies of countries where universities are situated, with their political, cultural, social and public life. The implementation of such joint programmes contributes to the solution of a number of strategic objectives not only of educational institutions, but of the education sector as a whole. However, it is accompanied by many problems.In this article, the author has identified some conditions that contribute to the formation of mutually beneficial cooperation between educational institutions of Russia and foreign countries, and have detailed the factors that lead to solving current legal problems and strategic challenges in the planning and implementation of joint programs. ; Развитие совместных программ становится одним из магистральных направлений развития международного сотрудничества между вузами разных стран мира. Планирование международных программ обучения представляет собой сложный процесс, тесно связанный с экономикой стран вузов, их политической, культурной, социальной и общественной жизнью, а их реализация может способствовать решению целого ряда стратегических задач не только образовательного учреждения, но и всей образовательной отрасли страны в целом, однако сопровождается множеством проблем. В данной статье автором выделены условия, способствующие становлению взаимовыгодного сотрудничества вузов России и зарубежных стран, а также подробно рассмотрены факторы, позволяющие решить текущие организационно-правовые проблемы и стратегические задачи в рамках планирования и реализации двойных программ.

The article is devoted to an urgent problem dealing with the cooperation of the Turkish Republic and Azerbaijan Republic in the military sphere at the end of 20th – the beginning of 21st century. For Azerbaijan' s leaders Turkey has always been a special partner. This statement has an explanation. Ankara was the first state, which recognized the independence of Azerbaijan Republic. Moreover, Turkish government made great efforts to strengthen new state in different spheres. Military ties were one of the most important for both sides.
The cooperation between two states in the military sphere can be subdivided into several periods. The article gives the detailed analysis of normative documents concluded by the Republics' governments. The first period of military contacts (1990s) was the time of Turkish educational support. Ankara provided training assistance to the military forces of Azerbaijan. Military staff was restrained by Turkish instructors. Special uniform, armament and other equipment to make transformation was given to Baku by Turkish partners. Step by step, Azerbaijan' s military sphere was moving to Western standards. The year 1999 has become an important period for the military relations of Ankara and Baku. Since this year the military cooperation has extended and intensified, it is possible to name it as a new period of states' military collaboration. Turkish government gave financial aid to Ministry of Defense of Republic of Azerbaijan, provided the material and technical support to Baku for improving long-term military cooperation. In 2010 the Turkey-Azerbaijan Strategic Partnership Agreement was signed. It should be noticed that Baku refused to sign the agreement of Azerbaijan's participation in Collective security treaty organization, leaving the block of CSTO states headed by the Russian Federation. It's possible to say about the strengthening of the Baku-Ankara alliance. This action may lead to complication of Baku-Moscow relations and destabilize mutual relations. Mutual military ties between two Turkish states are shown in the context of Russia's interests in the region.

Раздел I «Актуальные проблемы международного публичного права» ; В статье на основе анализа доктринальных подходов, международно-правовых документов, национального законодательства выявляются типические черты глобализации и обосновывается доминирующая роль международного права как регулятора интеграционных процессов во всех сферах международного сотрудничества. Автор приходит к выводу, что в современную эпоху универсализация правового регулирования на основе международного права является объективной потребностью глобализации международных отношений. = The author provides the detailed analysis of doctrines, international legal instruments, national legislation and determines typical features of globalization, gives the grounds a dominant role of International Law in legal regulation of integration processes in all spheres of international cooperation. The author comes to conclusion that at present the universality of legal regulation under of international law is the objective necessity of globalization of international relations.

Ключевые слова: безопасность; военно-техническое сотрудничество; высокоточное оружие; оборонительные системы; развитие; специализация; этапы; эффективность. = International Military-Technical Cooperation of Belarus: Modern State and Perspectives ; В статье рассматриваются этапы развития (этап становления: 1991—2003 гг.; этап упорядочения и стабилизации: 2003—2018 гг.; этап инновационного прорыва: с 2018 г. по настоящее время) и актуальные проблемы совершенствования военно-технического сотрудничества Республики Беларусь с иностранными государствами. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию дипломатического обеспечения на эффективность указанного процесса, специфике данной формы межгосударственного взаимодействия в контексте актуальных тенденций на рынке вооружений, задач укрепления национальной и региональной безопасности. Делается вывод о том, что выпуск некоторых видов новой военной продукции сдерживается ограниченностью финансовых ресурсов и некоторыми техническими проблемами. Предлагается преодолеть упомянутые трудности за счет более активного поиска инвесторов, освоения новых организационно-управленческих и правовых возможностей сотрудничества с иностранными партнерами, интенсификации дипломатической поддержки взаимодействия. Данная позиция обусловлена пониманием необходимости укрепления национальной и региональной безопасности, закрепления условий устойчивого социально-экономического развития страны и ее научного потенциала с помощью не только политического инструментария, но и поставок партнерам Беларуси разрабатываемых и выпускаемых в республике современных высокоточных оборонительных систем. ; The article deals with the stages of development (the stage of formation: 1991—2003; the stage of regularisation and stabilisation: 2003—2018; the stage of the innovation breakthrough: from 2018 — present) and actual problems of improving military-technical cooperation of the Republic of Belarus with foreign countries. Special attention is paid to the infl uence of diplomatic support on the eff ectiveness of this process, the specifi cs of this form of interstate interaction in the context of current trends in the arms market, the tasks of strengthening national and regional security. It is concluded that the production of some types of new military products is constrained by limited fi nancial resources and some technical problems. It is proposed to overcome these diffi culties through a more active search for investors, the development of new organisational, managerial and legal opportunities for cooperation with foreign partners, the intensifi cation of diplomatic support for this interaction. This position is based on the understanding of the necessity to strengthen national and regional security, consolidate the conditions for sustainable socio-economic development of the country and its scientifi c potential with the help of not only political tools, but also with the supply of modern developed and produced in the country high-precision defense systems to the partners of Belarus.

The article discusses the role and importance of regional trade and economic cooperation of Uzbekistan with the countries of Central Asia in modern conditions. The necessity of further deepening of the cooperation in order to increase the competitiveness of national producers, ensure sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty is emphasized. The geographical location and remoteness from the main centers of the world market, the similarities of customs, mentality, tastes and preferences of the population of the countries of the region, awareness of the legislation of neighboring countries in the field of foreign trade, logistics, production management reinforce significance of the problem of further deepening of trade and economic cooperation between the countries of the region. The reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years, significant liberalization of the foreign trade regime and the implementation of a new open, good-neighborly and friendly policy with neighboring countries, enshrined in the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017 - 2021, are reflected in the dynamic development of trade and economic cooperation of Uzbekistan with the states of the region. However, there are significant unrealized potentials in this area. In order to implement tthese potentials, the article proposes measures to reform customs services, suggests initiatives to simplify trade procedures, create various forms of international special economic zones, form a common market for agricultural products, and make conditions for building regional agricultural-food clusters. According to the author's views, the implementation of suggested measures will become important factor to reduce transport expenditure in the cost of goods, expand market capacity and achieve economies of scale, diversify choices of raw materials, form competitive commodity markets in the region and reduce price volatility on them. All this, in turn, will lead to increase in the attractiveness of the regional market for foreign investment, growth of export potential and more efficient use of the advantages of the international labor division and international trade.

The article analyses data on the international collaborations between inventors from different countries, obtained from a special research completed by the European Commission focusing on the national patent portfolios of European Union countries, countries included in the European Association of Free Trade, countries of North America and Asia.It is noted that learning diffusions and matching of technological solutions are becoming an independent trend of the economics science as it allows to determine the patterns and conditions for achieving technological leadership of companies as well as the whole regions in the world. The current research focuses on the balance between an open exchange of industrially applicable expertise and limitations of the diffusion of technological competencies as a necessary condition for achieving leadership in the markets of highly technological products and services.The article concludes stating that the growth of «hybrid» and «external» patents in various regions of the world, determined by European Commission is, most likely, related to the growth of academic mobility of owners of the unique engineering and research teams, and not due to globalisation and internalisation of industrially applicable expertise, that is always used as a tool for competitive fight for markets of products with a high added value. ; Представлен анализ данных о международном сотрудничестве изобретателей из разных стран, полученных в ходе специального исследования Европейской комиссии, в фокусе которого находились национальные патентные портфели стран Европейского Союза, стран, входящих в Европейскую ассоциацию свободной торговли, стран Северной Америки и стран Азии.Отмечено, что изучение диффузии и заимствований технологических решений становится самостоятельным трендом экономики науки, поскольку позволяет выявлять закономерности и ключевые условия достижения технологического лидерства как отдельными компаниями, так и отдельными регионами мира. В фокусе настоящего исследования находился баланс между открытым обменом промышленно применимым знанием и ограничением диффузии технологических компетенций как необходимого условия достижения лидерства на рынках высокотехнологичных товаров и услуг.Сделан вывод, что отмеченный в специальном исследовании Еврокомиссии некоторый рост доли «гибридных» и «внешних» патентов в различных регионах мира, скорее всего, связан с ростом академической мобильности носителей уникальных инженерных и исследовательских коллективов, но отнюдь не с глобализацией и интернационализацией промышленно применимого знания, которое всегда используется как инструмент конкурентной борьбы за рынки продукции с высокой добавленной стоимостью.