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Abstract This paper aims to reflect about the contradictions of international cooperation for development in Haiti that can be summarized in two perspectives: the North-South cooperation (NSC) and South-South cooperation (SSC). The dynamics of relationships can mix them (N-SSC). We identified governmental and nongovernmental particularly in health, linked to the OECD, the ALBA-TCP and UNASUR as empirical sources for reflection. The OECD privileges the perspective of NSC: commitment of developed nations with undeveloped. It operates mainly through NGOs. The ALBA-TCP and UNASUR have followed the perspective of SSC: commitment and solidarity among nations alike. They emphasize the horizontal partnership based on solidarity, respect for national sovereignty and peculiarities of each country. The resumption of the categories imperialism and internationalism may contribute to the understanding and analysis the contradictions in the international development agenda, illustrated by how these different actor in Haiti organize their actions. While the first one indicates bonding mechanisms geopolitical hierarchy, the latter suggests possibilities for overcoming these mechanisms. Key-words: International cooperation; Haiti; Imperialism; Internationalism; Organizational studies. Resumo Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre contradições da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento no Haiti, resumidas em duas perspectivas: cooperação Norte-Sul (CNS) e cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS). A dinâmica das relações pode misturá-las (CN-SS). Identificamos atores governamentais e não governamentais, na área da saúde, vinculados à OCDE, à ALBA-TCP e à UNASUL como fontes empíricas para a reflexão. A OCDE se orienta, predominantemente pela CNS, ou seja, pelo compromisso de assistência que os países desenvolvidos oferecem aos subdesenvolvidos. Opera principalmente através de ONGs. Nas ações da ALBA-TCP e da Unasul predominam a perspectiva da CSS: comprometimento solidário entre nações iguais. Enfatizam a parceria horizontal baseada na solidariedade, no respeito à soberania e peculiaridades de cada país. A retomada das categorias imperialismo e internacionalismo contribui para compreensão e análise das contradições na agenda internacional do desenvolvimento, ilustradas pelas formas mediante as quais esses diferentes atores organizam suas ações no Haiti. Enquanto as dos países da OCDE denotam mecanismos geopolíticos hierárquicos, as ações dos países vinculados à ALBA-TCP e da UNASUR sugerem possibilidades de superação desses mecanismos, buscando a cooperação genuína e autodeterminada. Palavras-chave: Cooperação internacional; Haiti; Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudos oganizacionais. Resumen En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las contradicciones de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Haití, resumidas en dos puntos de vista: cooperación Norte-Sur (CNS) y cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS). La dinámica de las relaciones pueden mezclarlos (CN-SS). Identificamos los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en la salud, de la OCDE, del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR como fuentes empíricas para la reflexión. La OCDE se orienta principalmente por la CNS, es decir, ofrecen asistencia a los países sudesarrollados. Opera principalmente a través de ONGs; en las acciones del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR predominan la perspectiva de CSS: el compromiso solidario entre naciones iguales. La énfasis és en la colaboración horizontal basada en la solidaridad, el respeto a la soberanía y las peculiaridades de cada país. La reanudación de las categorías imperialismo y internacionalismo contribuye a la comprensión y el análisis de las contradicciones en la agenda de desarrollo internacional, ilustrada por las formas en que los diferentes actores organizan sus acciones en Haití. Mientras que los países de la OCDE indican mecanismos geopolíticos jerárquicas, las acciones de los países vinculados al ALBA- TCP y UNASUR sugieren posibilidades para la superación de estos mecanismos, buscando la cooperación genuina y autodeterminada. Palabras-clave: Cooperación internacional; Haití, Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudios oganizacionales.

The purpose of the research is to highlight international cooperation in investigation of economic crimes of a transnational nature. The main content. It is emphasized that the concept of "international cooperation in fight against crimes" is in the sphere of action of various legal systems of both international public law and domestic law of states (countries) taking part in cooperation.". It is established that it is necessary to clearly delineate the subject of international legal regulation of this type of interaction between states and international organizations. Methodology. Review of materials and methods based on analyzing documentary materials of international cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. Conclusions. Due to objective reasons and circumstances modern international relations are characterized by expansion of legal cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. At the same time, certain entities can be clearly distinguished in the circle of participants of such cooperation. Considering their goals of creation, their range of powers and features of their implementation such entities operate only in the fight against crimes at the international level - these are international law enforcement organizations.

The objective of the research was to reveal the experience in the legal regulation of international collaboration in the police and further define opportunities to use this experience in Ukraine. The need to study the successful experience of administrative and legal regulation of international police cooperation, is emphasized in order to determine the possibility of using this experience proactively, and developing ways to improve the quality of administrative and legal regulation of international police cooperation in Ukraine. Materials and methods based on the analysis of documentary sources were used. It is concluded that the main advantages of administrative and legal regulation of international police cooperation in the investigated countries, should be taken into account to improve the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of international cooperation in the National Police of Ukraine, with respect to implementing better and more effective provisions of its activities, which includes: introduction of special international training programs, retraining, advanced training (internship) of police personnel for the creation of an institute for international cooperation in various spheres of its activity.

The interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a ...

The interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a ...

The dynamics of cooperation between the European Union and Colombia in the realm of international cooperation can be characterized by a change from that of the "anarchy" caused by the uncertainty of the preferences of the cooperation policy-makers, to the one which leads to the establishment of a regulatory framework in the cooperation policy. This process reflects the conflict between the Colombian State and NGOs in theissue of what must be the focus of security as a central element of the peace process in Colombia.

International cooperation in health is a critical input for national development. Available resources in the health sector are scarce and are frequently badly used. For these reasons national and international efforts are required to reorient the delivery of health services. Many of the social and economic problems of the 1980s still subsist, and even though outstanding political changes are evidenced, the war situation unbalanced the global order. Poverty affects almost a quarter of the human population. It is necessary to increase the resources appointed to the social sector, particularly those devoted to health and nutrition programmes. Technical exchange between countries has increased considerably since its origins at the beginning of the century. The present international cooperation in health is based on the analysis of the countries health situation and health services within the global socio-economic and political framework; it concentrates efforts around social and epidemiological priorities; considers man as central axle for development and encourages social participation in health. International technical cooperation is also giving increasing attention to environmental problems, rising new pathologies, to the promotion of scientific research and to the development of adequate technology for each national situation. ; La cooperación técnica internacional en salud es un insumo crítico para el desarrollo nacional. Los recursos disponibles en el Sector Salud son insuficientes y no siempre han sido bien utilizados, por lo que se requieren esfuerzos nacionales e internacionales para reorientar la prestación de servicios de salud Muchos de los problemas sociales y económicos de la década de los ochenta siguen estando presentes, y si bien se han dado cambios notables en lo político, la situación de guerra ha desequilibrado el orden mundial. La pobreza sigue afectando a casi la cuarta parte de los seres humanos. Por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar los recursos destinados al sector social, particularmente ...

ADVOCATUS had the chance to interview Denise García, a Brazilian expert on international relations, about the development of international cooperation and the role that the Law plays in it. García is a PhD on International Relations by the Institut des Hautes Études Internationales et du Développement of Geneva, and currently holds tenure at Northeastern University in Boston, teaching in the Department of Political Science and the program of International Affairs. In the following lines, Dr. García develops her vision on the current international relations, the importance of international relations in the efforts to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic, the role that the private sector plays in the geopolitical scenario, the main challenges that the international community faces and how International Law is the underlying thread in the cooperation among the different actors, public and private. ; En la presente ocasión, ADVOCATUS tuvo la oportunidad de entrevistar a Denise García, experta brasileña en relaciones internacionales, sobre el desarrollo de la cooperación internacional y el rol que el Derecho juega en ella. García es doctora en Relaciones Internacionales por el Institut des Hautes Études Internationales et du Développement de Ginebra, y actualmente dicta en el Departamento de Ciencias Políticas y en el Programa de Asuntos Internacionales de Northeastern University en Boston, Estados Unidos. En las siguientes líneas, la doctora García desarrolla su visión sobre la actualidad de las relaciones internacionales, el papel que los privados juegan en el escenario geopolítico, la importancia de las relaciones internacionales en los esfuerzos para vencer la pandemia de la COVID-19, los principales desafíos que la comunidad internacional enfrenta y cómo el Derecho Internacional es el hilo conductor de la cooperación entre los diferentes actores, estatales y privados.

Colombia es un país bio-diverso ambientalmente, privilegiado por su posición geográfica y recursos naturales. Sin embargo, los problemas ambientales como la deforestación, las sequías, los residuos sólidos en bosques y fuentes hídricas, la polución del aire y la minería ilegal, entre otros, están acabando con los recursos naturales y la biodiversidad del país. Con todo, hay agencias de cooperación internacional oficiales, de países del norte y del sur y Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG), que están ayudando a Colombia a solventar los problemas ambientales. Colombia ha iniciado un proceso de negociación de paz con la guerrilla de las Farc-EP en el año 2012, que concluyó el 24 de noviembre de 2016 a través de la suscripción del Acuerdo de Colón. En el marco de una coyuntura favorable de inversión económica y social en el país, ciertos cooperantes internacionales, desde el comienzo mismo de la negociación a la fecha, han estado activos en la transferencia de recursos destinados a la conservación de los ecosistemas nacionales por cuenta del cada vez más evidente impacto global negativo que se deriva de su deterioro ; CONTENIDO 1. RESUMEN 2. OBJETIVO 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 3. Colombia y su medio ambiente 4. Cumbre de la tierra y la Constitución Colombiana 5. Conflicto colombiano y daño ambiental 6. Proceso de paz en Colombia 7. Cooperación Internacional en Colombia relacionada con el medio ambiente 7.1 APC 7.2 Unión Europea 7.3 Estados Unidos 7.4 Alemania 7.5 Organización de las Naciones Unidas, ONU 7.6 Noruega 7.7 España 8. Conclusión 9. Bibliografía ; Colombia is a bio-diverse country environmentally, privileged by its geographical position and natural resources. However, environmental problems such as deforestation, droughts, solid waste in forests and water sources, air pollution and illegal mining, among others; they are destroying the country's natural resources and biodiversity. However, there are official international cooperation agencies from countries in the North and South and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), which are helping Colombia to solve environmental problems. Colombia has initiated a peace negotiation process with the FARC-EP guerrilla in 2012, which concluded on November 24, 2016 through the signing of the Colón Agreement. Within the framework of a favorable economic and social investment situation in the country, certain international donors, from the very beginning of the negotiation to date, have been active in the transfer of resources destined to the conservation of national ecosystems on behalf of the increasingly evident negative global impact that derives from its deterioration ; Pregrado

En el año 2011 entró en vigor la Ley de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo de México (LCID) cuyo objetivo es reforzar la institucionalidad y configurar una política de Estado sobre esta actividad inherente a la política exterior. Desde una perspectiva institucionalista, en este artículo se analizan aspectos clave de la cooperación mexicana desarrollados entre 2011 y 2014, haciendo énfasis en el estado actual de la puesta en marcha del contenido de la citada ley. Se concluye que durante el gobierno de Felipe Calderón no se respaldó políticamente la plena vigencia de la LCID, frustrando así las expectativas generadas respecto a la conformación de una política de Estado en la materia. Por su parte, la actual gestión del presidente Enrique Peña Nieto, si bien ha realizado avances en este sentido, también dista de atender cabalmente la citada normativa, ralentizando el proceso de institucionalización de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo.