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An innovative, interdisciplinary and far-reaching examination of the actual reality of international courts, International Court Authority challenges fundamental preconceptions about when, why, and how international courts become important and authoritative actors in national, regional, and international politics. A stellar group of scholars investigate the challenges that international courts face in transforming the formal legal authority conferred by states into an actual authority in fact that is respected by potential litigants, national actors, legal communities, and publics. Alter, Helfer, and Madsen provide a novel framework for conceptualizing international court authority that focuses on the reactions and practices of these key audiences. Eighteen scholars from the disciplines of law, political science and sociology apply this framework to study thirteen international courts operating in Africa, Latin America, and Europe, as well as on a global level. Together the contributors document and explore important and interesting variations in whether the audiences that interact with international courts around the world embrace or reject the rulings of these judicial institutions. Alter, Helfer, and Madsen's authority framework recognizes that international judges can and often do everything they 'should' do to ensure that their rulings possess the gravitas and stature that national courts enjoy. Yet even when imbued with these characteristics, the parties to the dispute, potential future litigants, and the broader set of actors that monitor and respond to the court's activities may fail to acknowledge the rulings as binding or take meaningful steps to modify their behaviour in response to them. For both specific judicial institutions, and more generally, the book documents and explains why most international courts possess de facto authority that is partial, variable, and highly dependent on a range of different audiences and contexts - and thus is highly fragile.

One of the most noted developments in international law over the past twenty years is the proliferation of international courts and tribunals. They decide who has the right to exploit natural resources, define the scope of human rights, delimit international boundaries and determine when the use of force is prohibited. As the number and influence of international courts grow, so too do challenges to their legitimacy. This volume provides new interdisciplinary insights into international courts' legitimacy: what drives and undermines the legitimacy of these bodies? How do drivers change depending on the court concerned? What is the link between legitimacy, democracy, effectiveness and justice? Top international experts analyse legitimacy for specific international courts, as well as the links between legitimacy and cross-cutting themes. Failure to understand and respond to legitimacy concerns can endanger both the courts and the law they interpret and apply.

Recommended readings (Machine generated): Åke Hammarskjöld (1935), 'The Permanent Court of International Justice and the Development of International Law', International Affairs, 14 (6), November-December, 797-817 -- Georg Schwarzenberger (1947), 'The Judgment of Nuremberg', Tulane Law Review, XXI (3), March, 329-61 -- Manfred Lachs (1983), 'Some Reflections on the Contribution of the International Court of Justice to the Development of International Law', Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 10, 239-78 -- Tjaco T. Van Den Hout (2008), 'Resolution of International Disputes: The Role of the Permanent Court of Arbitration - Reflections on the Centenary of the 1907 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes', Leiden Journal of International Law, 21 (3), September, 643-61 -- Laurence R. Helfer and Anne-Marie Slaughter (2005), 'Why States Create International Tribunals: A Response to Professors Posner and Yoo', California Law Review, 93 (3), May, 899-956 -- Gilbert Guillaume (1995), 'The Future of International Judicial Institutions', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 44 (4), October, 848-62 -- Yuval Shany (2009), 'No Longer a Weak Department of Power? Reflections on the Emergence of a New International Judiciary', European Journal of International Law, 20 (1), February, 73-91 -- Cesare P.R. Romano (2007), 'The Shift from the Consensual to the Compulsory Paradigm in International Adjudication: Elements for a Theory of Consent', New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 39, 791-872 -- Gerhard Hafner (2004), 'Pros and Cons Ensuing from Fragmentation of International Law', Michigan Journal of International Law, 25, Summer, 849-63 -- Pierre-Marie Dupuy (1999), 'The Danger of Fragmentation or Unification of the International Legal System and the International Court of Justice', New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 31, 791-807 -- Ruti Teitel and Robert Howse (2009), 'Cross-Judging: Tribunalization in a Fragmented but Interconnected Global Order', New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 41, 959-90 -- Emmanuel Decaux (2011), 'The Place of Human Rights Courts and International Criminal Courts in the International System', Journal of International Criminal Justice, 9 (3), July, 597-608 -- Chester Brown (2002), 'The Proliferation of International Courts and Tribunals: Finding Your Way through the Maze' [review essay], Melbourne Journal of International Law, 3 (2), October, 453-75 -- Sonia Morano-Foadi and Stelios Andreadakis (2011), 'The Convergence of the European Legal System in the Treatment of Third Country Nationals in Europe: The ECJ and ECtHR Jurisprudence', European Journal of International Law, 22 (4), November, 1071-88 -- Dinah Shelton (2009), 'Form, Function, and the Powers of International Courts', Chicago Journal of International Law, 9 (2), Winter, 537-71 -- Antonio Cassese (2007), 'The Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia', European Journal of International Law, 18 (4), September, 649-68 -- J.G. Merrills (2007), 'The Mosaic of International Dispute Settlement Procedures: Complementary or Contradictory?', Netherlands International Law Review, LIV (2), August, 361-93 -- Rosalyn Higgins (2003), 'The ICJ, the ECJ, and the Integrity of International Law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 52 (1), January, 1-20 -- David D. Caron (1990), 'The Nature of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and the Evolving Structure of International Dispute Resolution', American Journal of International Law, 84 (1), January, 104-56

The issue of the defining elements of a truly fair justice system has become a constant and consistent concern of international and/or regional political and legal organisations. Given the scale of the phenomenon of establishing and resorting to international courts and tribunals, reflecting, among others, the preference and availability of international actors for settling their disputes by independent and impartial decision-makers, the principles and values of the international judiciary have been subjected to discussions in an increasingly elaborate manner. Among these, judicial independence occupies a special position, being tightly connected to the issue of the legitimacy of such institutions, as an essential factor in ensuring voluntary compliance to the internationally adopted decisions. In this context, the present paper addresses the independence of the judiciary in international courts, both in terms of the fundamental theoretical contributions and from a practical perspective, by following the institutional provisions and guarantees for ensuring an independent and impartial judiciary in the statutes of two of the most relevant international courts, namely the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court.

The question of adjudication in international financial law has rarely been analysedcomprehensively in the legal literature. This can probably be explained with the factthat, unlike in other areas of international economic law, there is no internationalfinancial court specifically designed to adjudicate international disputes between financial regulators, or between governments and financial institutions or investors.Moreover, the informality of regulatory cooperation through Transnational RegulatoryNetworks (TRNs), the use of soft laws to regulate international financial relations, andthe presence of prudential carve-outs in international treaties was supposed to keepfinancial supervisory and regulatory authorities free from international scrutiny and tolimit the judicial review of regulatory measures to a purely domestic exercise. Yet, financial measures are increasingly challenged in international investment tribunals, human rights courts, and regional courts. From 1995 to 2016, there have been more than 100 known international disputes on financial services, of which roughly two thirds involved a supervisory measure such as the resolution or bankruptcy of an insolvent bank or the imposition of supervisory fines. The remaining claims mostly included violation of sovereign debt contracts, or emergency legislation affecting financial services. Investment arbitrations, in particular, are considerably on the rise. The increased number of regulatory disputes represents fundamental implications for the financial regulatory community in terms of domestic governance, regulatory cooperation, and global financial stability.This essay empirically investigates and maps for the first time the patterns of international adjudication in financial law, and comments on what the rise of international litigation means for the global financial architecture.

"Most studies describing this evolution have either drawn on classical legalistic approaches (see e.g. Aust and Nolte 2016; Keller and Stone Sweet 2008 or Mackenzie, Romano and Shany 2010) or been developed by constitutionalists?often from political science and sociology?preoccupied with mapping the global development and influence of ICs (see e.g. Slaughter 2000; Slaughter 2004; Slaughter and Burke-White 2006; Romano, Alter and Shany 2013 and Alter 2014). While the more classical legal scholarship has been predominated by accounts that outline principles and application of IC case law in national courts, constitutionalists have focused on actual practice, describing the evolution and functioning of ICs more broadly. What has unified both strands of research, however, is the often implicit description of a universal and unidirectional strengthening of legalization and judicialization in global affairs. The present volume puts the question in a different way. We do not from the outset normatively assume that ICs are important and powerful actors or that national actors without further ado cite, embrace or enter into a constructive dialogue with these supranational bodies. Rather what this book does is to ask?from a multidisciplinary perspective?how and to what degree do ICs actually influence, impose constraints on and create loyalty from those actors involved? It is our claim that rather little research has been occupied with the actual effects on the ground for those national courts, political institutions and citizens who are formally governed by the increased judicialization"--

Presenting an operational 'tool box' of jurisdiction regulating measures, which practitioners can apply in litigation, this book offers an innovative theoretical discussion of interactions between international and national jurisdiction offering important insights on current judicial policy

An easily accessible and comprehensive study of the International Court of Justice, this work succinctly explains all aspects of the world's most important court, including an overview of its composition and operation, jurisdiction, procedure, and the nature and impact of its judgments

This unique book examines the role and impact of human rights norms in international courts other than human rights courts. It covers a whole range of courts and jurisdictions, looking at the practice of prominent international courts, such as the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, as well as various fora of economic adjudication, including the World Trade Organisation, regional integration organisations in Europe and Africa, and investment arbitration. The book systematically explores the role of human rights norms at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, thereby providing an insight into the future evolution of environmental law towards judicial enforcement at the international level. Within each jurisdiction under study, the respective authors, who all are experts within their fields, address the role of different categories of human rights, as well as the range of available modes of operation of human rights norms.

During the last twenty years the world has experienced a sharp rise in the number of international courts and tribunals and a correlative expansion of their jurisdictions. This book draws on social sciences to provide a clear, goal-orientated assessment of their effectiveness and a critical evaluation of the quality of their performance.