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Shipping list no.: 2007-0231-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: Institut de France (Académie des sciences morales et politiques) ; Mode of access: Internet.

Son yılların AB tekstil ve giyim sektörü açısından sektörün üretim alanında yaşadığı ani düşüşler ve dünyada tekstil sektöründe yaşanan gelişmeler ve değişikler sebebiyle zor olması, AB'nin tekstil ve giyim sektöründeki stratejik vizyonunu klasik üretiminden uzaklaştırarak, potansiyel rekabet edebilirliğini arttıracak, AB'ye yeni rekabet avantajları yaratabilecek daha farklı alanlara odaklanmasını sağlayacak bir takım kökten düzenlemelerin yapılmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. AB'nin özellikle teknik tekstile yönelmesi, bu alandaki AR-GE çalışmaları ve neticesinde yüksek ısıya duyarlı yanmayan kumaşların üretilebilmesi, astronot kıyafetlerinin yapımı gibi yeniliklerin ortaya çıkması ile bir takım düzenlemeler yapılarak yasal çerçevenin oluşturulması ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Gerek yasal düzenlemelerin gerekse AB deki teknik ilerlemenin ABD, Çin ve hatta ülkemiz testil sektörüne ciddi etkileri bulunmaktadır. Klasik ekonominin belkemiği, pek çok yan sektöre hayat veren tekstil sektörü uluslararası alanda problemli sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Bu sektörün bir yandan problemli sektör oluşu diğer yandan ise hala küresel ticaretin en etkin konularından biri olması, tez konusu olarak incelenmesinde teşvik edici olmuştur. Bu tez ile Avrupa Birliği'nin, tekstil sektörüne yönelik oluşturduğu düzenleyici çerçeve ile sektörün ve sektörel uyuşmazlıkların tahkim kurumu ışığı altında çözümlenip çözümlenemeyeceğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tezin ana önemi, genelde AB müktesabatına uyum çalışmaları çerçevesinde gerek AB mevzuatı ve gerek piyasalarda tekstil sektörünün şu an içinde bulunduğu konum ile özelde tekstil sektöründeki rekabetin oluşabilmesi amacıyla sektörel gelişmelerde tahkim kurumunun etkisine açıklama getirmektir.Konular, AB hukuku perspektifinde hem üye ülkerin düzenlemeleri dikkate alınarak, hem ülkemizdeki mevcut düzenlemelerle ve de küresel düzeyde hakim konumda olan ülke mevzuatlarıyla da karşılaştırma yapmak suretiyle incelenmiştir. İlgili AB Direktifleri, Adalet Divanı kararları, ICC ve ülkelerin ulusal mahkemelerinin kararları başta olmak üzere yerli ve yabancı yayınlardan faydalanılmıştır.Tezin birinci bölümünde sektör belli başlıklar halinde ayırılmıştır. Her bir başlık altında hem AB hem Dünya çapında sektörel veriler ve istatistikler yardımıyla sektörün gösterdiği gelişimi inceleyerek AB tekstil politikları ve özellikle teknik tekstil ve bu konuda yaşanan son gelişmelerileri bunun sonucunda yeni düzenleyici çerçeve adıyla oluşturulan yeni mevzuat ve etkileri, bunların Türk Tekstil sektörüne izdüşümleri tezin birinci bölümünde ele alınmıştır. Tezin ana konusu, alternatif çözüm sistemlerinden olan "tahkim" kurumu ise tarihsel gelişiminden başlanmak üzere detaylıca tezin ikinci kısmında incelenmiştir. Sektörel uyuşmazlıkların nitelikleri itibariyle tahkim yoluna uyarlı olup olamayacağı, bu şekilde bir çözümün etkin olup olamayacağı, Adalet Divanı ve ICC ve ulusal mahkeme kararları çerçevesinde ele alınarak, eğer ki bu uyuşmazlıkların tahkim yoluyla çözümü etkin ise Türk Hukuku ile AB Hukuku kıyaslanmak suretiyle Türk Hukukunda tahkim profili çıkartmak istenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ele alınan konular ve bulgular göz önüne alınarak, tekstil sektöründe satım sözleşmelerinden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların tahkim yoluyla çözümünün üzerinde durulmuştur. The sudden decrease in the textile sector during the last decade changes the focus of the EU to classical textile products to new areas such as technical textile. The innovations and researches, globalisation makes denationalisation.The textile sector used to be problem industry and one of the most effective sector of global commerce which envisiges many subsectors.The aim of this thesis is to seek a resolution within the framework of union legislation. The vital importance of this thesis is to analysise the effect of the "arbitration" in the content of both aquis communataire and competition in the sector.In the first chapter of the thesis the textile sector is analyised under the light of both ECJ and other High Courts decisions of foreign states and also Member States legislation and Turkey's legislation and Turkish jurispudence.Briefly, the resolutions of disputes arising from sales contract under the light of arbitration is discussed.

1International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Pact of Bogotá — Subject matter of dispute before Court — Preliminary objections — Examination by Court of issues linked to merits at preliminary objections stage — Decision of objection to jurisdiction at merits stage — Analysis of objections to jurisdiction in relation to various elements of a case — Whether Court's jurisdiction precluded by a treaty settling dispute within meaning of Article VI of Pact of Bogotá — Whether 1928 Nicaragua–Colombia Treaty settled dispute concerning sovereignty over disputed maritime features — Whether 1928 Nicaragua–Colombia Treaty invalid — Exercise of coercion in relation to conclusion of a treaty — Whether 1928 Treaty in force in 1948 — Exact composition of San Andrés Archipelago — Whether 1928 Nicaragua–Colombia Treaty fixed boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia along 82nd meridian west of Greenwich — Whether jurisdiction under Article XXXI of Pact of Bogotá exclusive — Optional clause — ICJ Statute, Article 36(2)International Court of Justice — Intervention — Requirements — Nature of intervention — Distinction between intervention as a party and as a non-party — Protection of third States' interests in delimitation disputes — ICJ Statute, Article 62 — Interest of a legal nature — Whether interest of a legal nature affected by Court's future judgment — Precise object of intervention — Prohibition to introduce new case by way of intervention — Whether consent to intervention a requirement for application for intervention to succeed — Burden of proof in relation to establishing existence of interest of a legal nature — Link between interest of a legal nature and main proceedings — Jurisdictional link in relation to intervention — Whether indication of maritime areas in which State having interest sufficient to prove existence of such interest — ICJ Statute, Article 59 — Relative effect of Court's judgments — Whether 1986 Colombia–Honduras Treaty influencing extent of Colombia's rights in delimitation vis-à-vis Nicaragua — Whether Court having discretion as to allow intervention — Whether "interest of a legal nature" and "right" distinct2Territory — Islands — Definition — Appropriation of islands under international law — Whether low-tide elevations capable of appropriation — Whether 1928 Nicaragua–Colombia Treaty disposing of issue of title over disputed maritime features — Exact composition of San Andrés Archipelago — Uti possidetis juris — Effectivités — Critical date — Establishment of sovereignty over small maritime features requiring only modest display of State powers — Acts à titre de souverain including variety of different actions by State — Whether Nicaragua recognizing Colombia's sovereignty over disputed maritime features — Whether third States recognizing Colombia's sovereignty over disputed maritime features — Limited probative value of mapsSea — Maritime delimitation — Single maritime boundary — Applicable law — 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS") — UNCLOS, Articles 74 and 83 — Customary international law — Nicaragua's claim to delimitation beyond 200 nautical miles from its coast — Whether Nicaragua's request for delimitation beyond 200 nautical miles changing subject matter of dispute — Admissibility of Nicaragua's request for delimitation beyond 200 nautical miles — Connection between Nicaragua's new claim and original claim in Application — Whether connection of general nature sufficient — UNCLOS, Article 76 — Overlapping maritime entitlements as precondition to delimitation — Whether Nicaragua proving continental margin extending beyond 200 nautical miles from its coast — Relevant coast — Relevant area — Maritime entitlement generated by disputed features — UNCLOS, Article 121 — Three-stage approach to maritime delimitation — Provisional equidistance line — Selection of base points — Relevant circumstances — Cut-off — Disparity in coastal length — Whether Colombian islands should be enclaved — Parties' conduct — Security and law-enforcement factors — Access to natural resources — Presence of other agreed boundaries in delimitation area — Proportionality — Whether Nicaragua entitled to compensation for unjust enrichment stemming from Colombia's administration of disputed features — Declaratory judgment

In Nevsun Resources Ltd. v. Araya, the Supreme Court of Canada declined to dismiss a series of customary international law claims brought by Eritrean refugees against a Canadian mining corporation for grave human rights abuses committed in Eritrea. In doing so, the Supreme Court opened the possibility of a novel front for transnational human rights litigation: common law tort claims based on customary international law. Under the doctrine of adoption, customary international law is directly incorporated into the Canadian common law. However, Canadian courts have not yet upheld a private right of action for violations of customary international law. Writing for a divided court (5–4), Justice Abella allowed the plaintiffs' claims to proceed, finding that it is not "plain and obvious" that the plaintiffs' customary international law claims are bound to fail under either Canada's burgeoning "transnational" or "foreign relations" law, or international law itself. In reaching this conclusion, she offered a unique and overdue reflection on the role of national courts in identifying, adopting, and developing custom. A larger majority of the court (7–2) also rejected outright the application of the act of state doctrine in Canada, tracking several common law systems in limiting the doctrine in favor of human rights litigants.

Most continental European legal systems where normative value is conferred on collective bargaining agreements also include a legal mechanism, known as after-effects, whereby the content of such agreements survives after they expire. After-effects can be regulated by specific legislative provisions. Where such provisions are absent, jurisprudential constructions based on the application of general principles of contract law have been applied instead. This comparative study reveals an important convergence between these models, in terms of both the legal techniques adopted and in the objectives pursued. The study also reveals that states share common concerns around maintaining a certain balance between negotiating parties, whether through consolidating the respective models of collective bargaining or via correcting dysfunctions introduced by emergency measures. Those solutions can be embedded in the international definition of the right to collective bargaining, revealing the importance of a holistic vision on regulations underpinning the European collective bargaining model. ; mayor parte de los ordenamientos jurídicos de Europa que confieren valor normativo a los convenios colectivos incluyen un sistema de supervivencia del contenido de éstos cuando expiran (ultraactividad). En algunos casos, está regulado por disposiciones legislativas específicas; en otros, por construcciones jurisprudenciales. El estudio comparativo muestra una convergencia importante entre los modelos, revelando preocupaciones comunes en el mantenimiento de un cierto equilibrio entre los interlocutores de la negociación colectiva, sea mediante la consolidación de los modelos existentes o mediante la corrección de disfunciones provocadas por medidas de emergencia. Estas soluciones se integran en la definición internacional del derecho a la negociación colectiva, lo que revela la importancia de una visión holística de la regulación que sustenta el modelo de negociación colectiva europea.

The article examines the practice of the applicability of the Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter—ICCPR) and Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter—ECHR). Through the case—law of the European Court on Human Rights (hereinafter—ECtHR) and insights of the Human Rights Committee the author is investigating the content and limits of the freedom of religion. The article examines in detail the limiting clauses to the freedom of belief (national security, public order, public health, public morals) and the possibility to apply derogation clause. The author comes to the conclusion that due to the complexity of this right it is difficult to forecast the future developments of this right. The jurisprudence of the ECtHR is numerous as well as the decisions of the Court are often accompanied by dissenting opinions. Moreover, some potential cases related to the freedom of religion are not considered by the ECtHR as the admissibility criteria are not met. Therefore the author looks forward to the forthcoming jurisprudence of both—regional and universal human rights bodies. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Tarptautinio pilietinių ir politinių teisių pakto 18 ir Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos 9 straipsnio taikymo praktika. Pasitelkdama Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktiką ir Žmogaus teisių komiteto jurisprudenciją autorė analizuoja religijos laisvės turinį ir ribas. Doktrinoje ir jurisprudencijoje pripažįstama, kad religijos laisvė universaliuose ir regioniniuose žmogaus teisių dokumentuose yra formuluojama skirtingai. Tarptautinio pilietinių ir politinių teisių pakto nuostatos, susijusios su religijos laisve, formuluojamos plačiau nei Tarptautinio pilietinių ir politinių teisių pakto ir Europos žmogaus teisių konvencijos nuostatos. Tam įtakos turėjo pirminiai dokumentai, mat minėtos Pilietinių ir politinių teisių pakto nuostatos yra formuluojamos atsižvelgiant į Visuotinę žmogaus teisių deklaraciją ir joje įtvirtintą straipsnį dėl religijos laisvės. Dėl tos pačios priežasties universaliajame žmogaus teisių dokumente papildomai yra įtrauktos nuostatos dėl asmens teisės turėti arba pasirinkti religiją ar tikėjimą savo nuožiūra bei reikalavimas gerbti tėvų ir – atitinkamais atvejais – teisėtų globėjų laisvę rūpintis savo vaikų religiniu ir doroviniu auklėjimu pagal savo pačių įsitikinimus. Tokių nuostatų Europos žmogaus teisių konvencijoje nėra. Religijos laisvė priskiriama prie nenukrypstamų teisių, tačiau tai nereiškia, kad ši teisė jokiais pagrindais negali būti ribojama. Straipsnyje išsamiai nagrinėjami saugumo, tvarkos, sveikatos, dorovės arba kitų asmenų pagrindinių teisių bei laisvių apsaugos pagrindai, kuriais remiantis religijos laisvė gali būti ribojama. Daroma išvada, kad ribojimas nacionalinio saugumo pagrindais nėra aktualus religijos laisvei, todėl, esant būtinybei, tikslinga ribojimus taikyti visuomenės tvarkos pagrindu. Gausi tarptautinių žmogaus teisių gynimo institucijų praktika atskleidžia religijos laisvės turinio sudėtingumą ir riboja galimybę prognozuoti tolesnį šios laisvės turinio formavimą, todėl tolesnė Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencija bylose, susijusiose su 9 straipsniu, gali neabejotinai keisti besiformuojantį religijos laisvės turinį ir daryti jam įtaką.