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Thearticle analyses approaches of various schools,Russian and foreign economists to understanding of international economic integration. Eurasian integration projects are viewed as major driving forces of globalization. Current strategies of Eurasian regionalism and the role of Russia in this process is analyzed. Key tendencies and directions of integration in the global economy are examined. The article gives a detailed analysis of international economic unions and associations operating in the modern world. ; В статье анализируются подходы различных школ российских и зарубежных экономистов к пониманию международной экономической интеграции. Раскрываются евразийские интеграционные проекты как основные движущие силы мировой глобализации. Проводится анализ существующих стратегий евразийского регионализма и роль России в данном процессе. Рассматриваются основные тенденции и направления интеграционных образований в мировой экономике. В статье дан подробный анализ действующих в современном мире международных экономических союзов и объединений.

This paper examines three hypothesis concerning the relationship among economic integration, the nation-State and democracy. The first one, the "diminished democracy" hypothesis, claims that in an integrating world economy national policymakers are increasingly constrained in their ability to produce the public goods the voters demand. According to the second hypothesis —"transnational federalism"— this deficit should be corrected by transforming the present Union into a federal State. The third hypothesis —"transnational constitutionalism"— acknowledges that democracy cannot flourish above the national level since the peoples of the member States of the EU do not form a demos. ; Este trabajo examina tres hipótesis que se refieren a la relación entre integración económica, el Estado-nación y la democracia. En la primera, la hipótesis de la "democracia disminuida", el autor afirma que en un mundo de economía mundial integradora los encargados de dictar las políticas nacionales se ven crecientemente constreñidos en su capacidad para producir los bienes públicos que demandan los electores. De acuerdo a la segunda hipótesis, "federalismo transnacional", este déficit se corregiría transformando la actual Unión en un Estado federal. La tercera hipótesis, "constitucionalismo transnacional", admite que la democracia no puede florecer por encima del nivel nacional puesto que la gente de los Estados miembro de la UE no constituyen un pueblo.

Economic integration in a world of scarce resources and comparative advantages among countries is becoming a necessary stage in order to increase global welfare. Nonetheless, international integration covers not only the traffic of goods and services, but also the traffic of factors of production, capital and work. Thus, integration treaties usually frigthen common people, frightening that is in turn capitalized by political actors in each Nation and that results in protectionist measures as subsidies being adopted; they may be either protectionist or foment measures favoring an activity and regardless of everybody's criticizing them, they end up being defended in all integration accords and by almost all countries. The present work carries out an in-depth study of implicit subsidies established in the Social Security Covenant with which social protection of nationals of Spain and Colombia is sought. The autorfocuses on determining inequality and inefficiency problems arising upon the application of the covenant as to the main purpose of social security which is social and society protection. The author concludes that the social security covenant subscribed between Colombia and Spain permits a non equitative nor efficient use of social security funds and resources of both countries to take place, and he shows the aspects that would permit the bettering of the social security structure, particularly focusing on a risk population group that should be truly protected through the execution of a pension social security covenant.JEL Classification: F22, F53, K33, H55 ; La integración económica en un mundo con recursos escasos y ventajas comparativas entre países se perfila como un estadio necesario para incrementar el bienestar social global. No obstante, la integración internacional abarca no solamente el tráfico de bienes y servicios, sino también el tráfico de los factores de producción, capital y trabajo. Ahora bien, los tratados de integración suelen generar temores en la gente del común, temores que son capitalizados por los actores políticos en cada país y que se traducen en medidas proteccionistas como los subsidios; estos últimos, como medida deprotección o de fomento de una actividad, a pesar de que todo el mundo los critica, son defendidos en los acuerdos de integración por casi todos los países. El presente trabajo realiza un profundo estudio sobre los subsidios implícitos estipulados en el Convenio de Seguridad Social, suscrito entre Colombia y el Reino de España, con el cual se pretende ampliar la protección social de los nacionales de ambos países. El autor se centra en determinar los problemas de inequidad e ineficiencia que surgen con la aplicación del convenio, en relación con el fin fundamental de la seguridad social, cual es la protección social.El autor concluye que el convenio de seguridad social permite una inequitativa e ineficiente utilización de los recursos de la seguridad social de ambos países, y muestra los aspectos que permitirían mejorar el esquema de protección social, llamando la atención especialmente sobre el grupo de población en riesgo que verdaderamente debiera protegerse, mediante la celebración de un convenio de seguridad social en pensiones.Clasificación JEL: F22, F53, K33, H55

460 páginas ; Global geopolitics has shifted dramatically over the last thirty years. After the vanishing expectations of a unipolar international system led by the United States, China has gained an increasingly dominant role in areas as innovative as quantum computing, robotics and artificial intelligence. In the 'non-digital' dimension, the eastern superpower has made gigantic investments in its Belt and Road Initiative, which include the development of a massive network of highways, industrial centers, harbors, pipelines and bridges, among many other works of infrastructure. These investments allow for the connection of more than 60 countries worldwide, guaranteeing China's energetic security, easier conditions for trading goods and services and, perhaps more importantly, a significant influence in the political and economic events of the world.

The work considers topical issues of international economic relations of Uzbekistan. An analysis of the development of Uzbekistan's integration into the world economy is being conducted. The main government documents aimed at deepening economic reforms and structural reforms in the country's economy are given. A brief analysis of domestic economists and data of international economic bases formed the basis of this work. Political and economic relations as a basis for international cooperation in recent years have been reviewed and analyzed. Priority directions of the country's economy have been identified and the problems and prospects for the growth of Uzbekistan's international cooperation with neighbouring countries and Europe have been assessed. In conclusion, the conclusion is made about improving the functioning of market infrastructure and creating an effective market mechanism.

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the review of Eurasian integration processes, to the development of transport export-import relations of the Russian Federation, the position of the national transport system in the global transport communications system in the context of the country's participation in international economic associations. The need to find prospects for development of the transport sector is actualized in view of new realities created after the establishment of the Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Union. A model of strengthening transport and transit potential through improvement of customs and transport and logistics management of the transport system is offered. Keywords: economic integration, EEU, SCO, BRICS, transport infrastructure, international transport corridors, transport and logistical support, process model. REFERENCES 1.Pekhterev, F. S. Development and modernization of infrastructure of Russian sections of international transport corridors [Razvitie I modernizacija infrastruktury rossijskih uchastkov mezhdunarodnyh transportnyh koridorov].Information-analytical publication «Infrastructure of Russia», 2012.[Electronic source]: http://federalbook.ru/files/ Infrastruktura/Soderjaniye/V/Pehterev.pdf.Last accessed 06.11.2014. 2.Mosyakina, E.A., Rudneva, L. N. The Eurasian Economic Community and the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union [Evrazijskoe ekonomicheskoe soobshhestvo i formirovanie Evrazijskogo ekonomicheskogo sojuza].Problems of formation of a common space of economic and social development of the CIS countries: Proceedings of International scientific-practical conference.Tyumen, TSOGU publ., 2014, pp.190-194. 3.Kholopov, K.V., Golubchik, A. M. Problems and directions of Russia's integration into the international transport system [Problemy i napravlenija integracii Rossii v mezhdunarodnye transportnye sistemy].Rossijskij vneshneekonomicheskij vestnik, 2011, Iss.10, pp.43-50. 4.Lapidus, B.M., Macheret, D. A. Economy of transport space: methodological bases [Ekonomika transportnogo prostranstva: metodologicheskie osnovy].VestnikVNIIZhT, 2012, Iss.2, pp.3-10. 5.Tonysheva, L. L. Innovative development of Russia's Economy [Innovacionnoe razvitie ekonomiki Rossii].Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal prikladnyh i fundamental'nyh issledovanij, 2014, Iss.5-1, p.164. 6.Chumlyakov, C. S. Specificity of formation of transport complex structure at the regional level [Specifika formirovanija struktury transportnogo kompleksa na regional'nom urovne].Vestnik MADI, 2010, Iss.4, pp.46-51. 7.Chumlyakov, C. S. Geo-economic and geo-political factors and prerequisites of integration processes in the transport system of the region [Geoekonomicheskie i geopoliticheskie factory i predposylki integracionnyh processov v transportnoj sisteme regiona].VestnikINZhJeKONa. Serija Ekonomika, 2011, Iss.1, pp.90-95. 8.Chumlyakov, C. S. The strategic role of transport corridors in development of international transit transportation [Strategicheskaja rol' transportnyh koridorov v razvitii mezhdunarodnyh tranzitnyh perevozok].Rossijskij vneshneekonomicheskij vestnik, 2013, Iss.11, pp.62-67. 9.Chumlyakov, C. S. Transport infrastructure of Russia in the system of international economic relations [Transportnaja infrastruktura Rossii v sisteme mezhdunarodnyh hozjajstvennyh svjazej].IzvestijaVUZov. Sociologija. Ekonomika. Politika, 2013, Iss.4, pp.47-49. 10.Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States // Executive Committee of the CIS, the official website.[Electronic source]: http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=187.Last accessed 06.12.2014. 11.Shafiev, R. M. Integration interaction of the CIS states in terms of accession to the WTO [Integracionnoe vzaimodejstvie gosudarstv SNG v uslovijah prisoedinenija k VTO].Rossijskij vneshneekonomicheskij vestnik, 2013, Iss.6, pp.3-14. 12.Lifan, Li.National energy security and Sino-Russian- Kazakh-Japan energy cooperation.Central Asia and the Caucasus, Iss.1 (43), 2007, pp.110-120. ; Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Статья посвящена евразийским интеграционным процессам, развитию транспортных экспортно-импортных связей Российской Федерации, положению национальной транспортной системы в системе глобальных транспортных коммуникаций - и это все в контексте участия страны в международных экономических объединениях. Актуализирована необходимость поиска перспектив развития транспортной отрасли с учетом новых реалий после создания Таможенного союза и ЕАЭС. Предложена модель процесса усиления транспортно-транзитного потенциала за счет совершенствования таможенного и транспортно- логистического администрирования транспортной системы.

We strive to show the direction of the Georgian foreign policy, which is fully oriented towards European integration and economic development. The focus of Georgia's foreign policy is shifting to the EU region. European integration into the economic and political space is the main direction of Georgia's development. Today, integration processes between Georgia and the European Union are going on in such areas as economy, politics, and security. The undoubted political significance of rapprochement with the EU is connected, first of all, with Georgia's concern for security. Development in a peaceful and stable environment is not only the national interest of Georgia, but also the priority of the entire civilized world. In this regard, the coincidence of interests of Georgia and the Western world is obvious. Georgia's cooperation with the European Union began in the 1990s. The first official agreement signed in 1992 with the EU and regulating the priority areas of cooperation was the 1999 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Georgia adopted the European Neighborhood Policy Action Plan in 2006, the Eastern Partnership Communiqué was signed in 2008 and the Mobility Partnership Joint Declaration was signed in 2009. The Association Agreement signed in 2014 is an important milestone for Georgia on the path to EU integration. The agreement is basically an action plan for the modernization of the country, it provides for the strengthening of democratic institutions and the promotion of economic growth.