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Peculiarities of modern intercountry trade disputes and their subject-object characteristics, protectionist methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied in the article. The purpose of the article is to study the features and tools for the implementation of modern interstate trade disputes in the context of strengthening protectionist policies and the spread of the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology is presented by historical and logical method, statistics and graphic methods, comparative method, correlation regression method, forecasting method, method of theoretical generalization have been used in the article. Dominance and detecting protectionism policy within the process of protecting national markets of goods from international competition have been highlighted and manifestation form of protectionism actions has been defined. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of trade disputes of countries within WTO has been carried out; their subject-object characteristics have been defined; major tools of the most active member countries being a complainant or a respondent have been analyzed. It has been discovered that the largest number of disputes have taken place between the USA and the EU, the USA and China, and China and the EU; methods and tools for trade disputing between the above mentioned countries were identified.

Peculiarities of modern intercountry trade disputes and their subject-object characteristics, protectionist methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied in the article. The purpose of the article is to study the features and tools for the implementation of modern interstate trade disputes in the context of strengthening protectionist policies and the spread of the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology is presented by historical and logical method, statistics and graphic methods, comparative method, correlation regression method, forecasting method, method of theoretical generalization have been used in the article. Dominance and detecting protectionism policy within the process of protecting national markets of goods from international competition have been highlighted and manifestation form of protectionism actions has been defined. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of trade disputes of countries within WTO has been carried out; their subject-object characteristics have been defined; major tools of the most active member countries being a complainant or a respondent have been analyzed. It has been discovered that the largest number of disputes have taken place between the USA and the EU, the USA and China, and China and the EU; methods and tools for trade disputing between the above mentioned countries were identified.

Peculiarities of modern intercountry trade disputes and their subject-object characteristics, protectionist methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied in the article. The purpose of the article is to study the features and tools for the implementation of modern interstate trade disputes in the context of strengthening protectionist policies and the spread of the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology is presented by historical and logical method, statistics and graphic methods, comparative method, correlation regression method, forecasting method, method of theoretical generalization have been used in the article. Dominance and detecting protectionism policy within the process of protecting national markets of goods from international competition have been highlighted and manifestation form of protectionism actions has been defined. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of trade disputes of countries within WTO has been carried out; their subject-object characteristics have been defined; major tools of the most active member countries being a complainant or a respondent have been analyzed. It has been discovered that the largest number of disputes have taken place between the USA and the EU, the USA and China, and China and the EU; methods and tools for trade disputing between the above mentioned countries were identified.

Peculiarities of modern intercountry trade disputes and their subject-object characteristics, protectionist methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied in the article. The purpose of the article is to study the features and tools for the implementation of modern interstate trade disputes in the context of strengthening protectionist policies and the spread of the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology is presented by historical and logical method, statistics and graphic methods, comparative method, correlation regression method, forecasting method, method of theoretical generalization have been used in the article. Dominance and detecting protectionism policy within the process of protecting national markets of goods from international competition have been highlighted and manifestation form of protectionism actions has been defined. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of trade disputes of countries within WTO has been carried out; their subject-object characteristics have been defined; major tools of the most active member countries being a complainant or a respondent have been analyzed. It has been discovered that the largest number of disputes have taken place between the USA and the EU, the USA and China, and China and the EU; methods and tools for trade disputing between the above mentioned countries were identified.

Peculiarities of modern intercountry trade disputes and their subject-object characteristics, protectionist methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied in the article. The purpose of the article is to study the features and tools for the implementation of modern interstate trade disputes in the context of strengthening protectionist policies and the spread of the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology is presented by historical and logical method, statistics and graphic methods, comparative method, correlation regression method, forecasting method, method of theoretical generalization have been used in the article. Dominance and detecting protectionism policy within the process of protecting national markets of goods from international competition have been highlighted and manifestation form of protectionism actions has been defined. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of trade disputes of countries within WTO has been carried out; their subject-object characteristics have been defined; major tools of the most active member countries being a complainant or a respondent have been analyzed. It has been discovered that the largest number of disputes have taken place between the USA and the EU, the USA and China, and China and the EU; methods and tools for trade disputing between the above mentioned countries were identified.

The problem of the geopolitical stability of the country has always been the basis of sustainable economic development. CIS countries and their closest neighbours are the international centres where important transport and communication routes from Asia to Europe intersect. They have a wide range of various raw material reserves, which focuses the world community's attention and builds a separate vector of economic relations. The transformation processes that have taken place in recent years in countries have been due to scientific and technological progress, the intensity of global innovation, and globalization trends, which encourage the country to move to a new level of development. This article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the place and prospects of CIS countries' international economic position in the formation of the basis for innovative development. The main purpose of the study is to confirm the hypothesis about the functional links between foreign trade and investment activities of countries and the level of innovative development of the country according to the level of economical development. The study's methodological tools were the methods of correlation-regression analysis and simultaneous structural equations, which allow formalizing both explicit and latent relationships between the studied objects. The study period was chosen from 2011 to 2018 because of statistical data availability. In this regard, the array of input data is presented in the form of regressors which identify the level of innovation development countries and three dependent variables (regressands) which indicate the dynamics of foreign trade turnover, doing business and total internal economic conditions. Besides, the variables from each defined block participate as both dependent and independent variables during the construction of the structural model. The results of the study could be useful for The Innovation Agencies, which are established under the Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies of these countries that assist local business entities in acquiring modern technologies and technological solutions.

The problem of the geopolitical stability of the country has always been the basis of sustainable economic development. CIS countries and their closest neighbours are the international centres where important transport and communication routes from Asia to Europe intersect. They have a wide range of various raw material reserves, which focuses the world community's attention and builds a separate vector of economic relations. The transformation processes that have taken place in recent years in countries have been due to scientific and technological progress, the intensity of global innovation, and globalization trends, which encourage the country to move to a new level of development. This article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the place and prospects of CIS countries' international economic position in the formation of the basis for innovative development. The main purpose of the study is to confirm the hypothesis about the functional links between foreign trade and investment activities of countries and the level of innovative development of the country according to the level of economical development. The study's methodological tools were the methods of correlation-regression analysis and simultaneous structural equations, which allow formalizing both explicit and latent relationships between the studied objects. The study period was chosen from 2011 to 2018 because of statistical data availability. In this regard, the array of input data is presented in the form of regressors which identify the level of innovation development countries and three dependent variables (regressands) which indicate the dynamics of foreign trade turnover, doing business and total internal economic conditions. Besides, the variables from each defined block participate as both dependent and independent variables during the construction of the structural model. The results of the study could be useful for The Innovation Agencies, which are established under the Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies of these countries that assist local business entities in acquiring modern technologies and technological solutions.

The problem of the geopolitical stability of the country has always been the basis of sustainable economic development. CIS countries and their closest neighbours are the international centres where important transport and communication routes from Asia to Europe intersect. They have a wide range of various raw material reserves, which focuses the world community's attention and builds a separate vector of economic relations. The transformation processes that have taken place in recent years in countries have been due to scientific and technological progress, the intensity of global innovation, and globalization trends, which encourage the country to move to a new level of development. This article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the place and prospects of CIS countries' international economic position in the formation of the basis for innovative development. The main purpose of the study is to confirm the hypothesis about the functional links between foreign trade and investment activities of countries and the level of innovative development of the country according to the level of economical development. The study's methodological tools were the methods of correlation-regression analysis and simultaneous structural equations, which allow formalizing both explicit and latent relationships between the studied objects. The study period was chosen from 2011 to 2018 because of statistical data availability. In this regard, the array of input data is presented in the form of regressors which identify the level of innovation development countries and three dependent variables (regressands) which indicate the dynamics of foreign trade turnover, doing business and total internal economic conditions. Besides, the variables from each defined block participate as both dependent and independent variables during the construction of the structural model. The results of the study could be useful for The Innovation Agencies, which are established under the Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies of these countries that assist local business entities in acquiring modern technologies and technological solutions.

Mode of access: Internet. ; of the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics;

Article in: Timo Myllyntaus, Economic Crises and Restructuring History. Experiences of Small Countries (St. Katharinen 1998). ; For countries like Belgium or the Netherlands it was impossible to formulate a foreign policy that guaranteed freedom and independence during the interwar period. It was also impossible to realise an independent monetary or trade policy. The economic problem of such highly developed, small countries was that their economies were dependent of trade with number of countries, which during these years became members, sometimes the centre of separated economic blocks. Participating in one of these blocks would not only be disastrous for the relations with vital partners outside it, but also would threaten the political independence.

Ukrainian military-industrial complex in system of international economic relations. Analyzed the current state of the military-industrial complex of Ukraine, the inevitability of the inclusion of Ukraine in international economic relations and integration into the global defense industry defense industry, in order to further its effective functioning. Considered the basic factors that affected the interest of multinational corporations in long-term investments in basic science and research and practical infrastructure. Summarizes different strategies restructuring in the defense industry with various defense protections from the action in the new economic conditions in the countries: USA, Western Europe, China Russia, and the main trends of transformation and development of companies manufacturers of weapons.However, cooperation with multinational corporations hide possible threats for the economic security of Ukraine, and therefore the defined strategic tasks of Ukraine, including the maximum harmonization of national economic interests and the interests of multinational corporations and observance of economic security in context of calling in foreign multinational corporations in the military- industrial of Ukraine. ; Украинский оборонно-промышленный комплекс в системе международных экономических связей. Проанализировано современное состояние оборонно-промышленного комплекса Украины, неизбежность включения Украины в международные экономические связи и интеграции ОПК в мировую оборонительную промышленность, с целью дальнейшего его эффективного функционирования. Рассмотренные основные факторы, которые влияют на заинтересованность ТНК в долгосрочных инвестициях в фундаментальную науку и опытно-практическую инфраструктуру. Обобщенно разные стратегии реструктуризации компаний в оборонительной промышленности с учетом разной степени защищенности компаний ОПК от действий у новых экономических условий в США, странах Западной Европы, КНР, России, а также основные тенденции трансформации и развития компаний ...

This paper explores the idea of sustainable tourism as a criterion for long-term global planning that takes the economic, sociocultural and environmental benefits of tourist products into account. The paper also discusses what Slovenia's strategy of international economic relations, together with the Law on tourist activities have contributed to the subject. ; U radu se istražuje ideja održivog turizma kao kriterija dugoročnog planiranja, koji uključuje ekonomske, sociokulturne i ekološke koristi. Posebno je istaknut doprinos strategije međunarodnih ekonomskih odnosa Slovenije i zakona o turističkim aktivnostima toj problematici.

Defence date: 22 October 1993 ; Supervisor: Antonio Cassese ; The final publication is available on http://link.springer.com

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 80 S381-4 ; Includes bibliograhical references. ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

HighlightsSixteen million died prematurely due to noncommunicable diseases (NCD)—3.4 million in India, the highest worldwide.Financial commitments to NCD do not match the increasing political commitment.India's tax-to-gross domestic product ratio is lower than its BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) counterparts and half of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) average.Governments levy sin taxes to inhibit NCD risk factors and expand revenue base.Revenue from sin taxes is usually not earmarked for health or NCD particularly.