Suchergebnisse

Il principale obiettivo della tesi è dimostrare come la connessione tra i differenti livelli giuridici che riguardano le relazioni tra Stati membri dell'UE richieda un'interpretazione sistematica delle convenzioni contro le doppie imposizioni intracomunitarie, ed in particolare richieda l'applicazione della clausola della nazione più favorita. ; The main goal of this thesis is to demonstrate how the connections between different juridical levels in the relationship between Member States of the European Union requires a systematic interpretation of the intra-EU double tax conventions, in particular the obligation of the most-favoured-nation treatment. The starting point is a dualistic interpretation of the non-discrimination principle; considered both as an obligation of equal treatment on the national level and an application of the most-favoured-nation clause. These principles are investigated in the context of intra-EU relationships and furthermore in the light of the main objective of the EU, i.e. to build an Internal Market. The analysis of the above-mentioned principle is considered in relation to the network of intra-EU double tax conventions, which are inspired by reciprocity due to their bilateral nature and other legal levels which operate in such context, namely the EU and the WTO. In fact, the exclusion of the direct taxation from the competences of the EU and, consequently, exclusive competence that the EU Member States have to negotiate and sign double tax conventions, cannot give to them the opportunity to provide every kind of rules. In particular, according to the CJEU case law, EU Member States must comply, on one side, with EU law and especially with the four market freedoms that cannot be restricted by international bilateral agreements based on reciprocity and, on the other side, with international obligations derived from the WTO (whose parties are EU Member States and the EU too). By contextualizing intra-EU double tax conventions in a EU internal market law-logic, this thesis has demonstrated that the existence of a most-favoured-nation clause enforceable to the provisions of such double tax conventions is the obvious consequence of a systematic EU interpretation.

Uno dei più lunghi periodi di redditività finanziaria dell'era presente è stato interrotto nel 2008 dal fallimento delle innovative strutture di cartolarizzazione ingegnate a Wall Street per condividere il rischio finanziario. Si sono affermati così nuovi fenomeni comportamentali nel campo della moderna finanza facendo emergere l'urgenza di strumenti di governo e di gestione finanziaria. In questo contesto si inserisce la crisi di una delle più importanti Compagnie Assicurative al mondo, l'AIG. che si era spinta in operazioni economiche con strumenti finanziari derivati quali i MBS, i CDS e i CDO. ; One of the longest periods of financial profitability of the present era was interrupted by the failure of innovative securitizazion structures invented at Wall Street to share the financial risk. These innovative structures established themselves as new behavioral phenomena in the field of modern finance, bringing out the urgency of instruments of government and financial management. In 2008 the subprime mortgages allowed to make invisible " risky mortgages " by combining them in financial products paced on the market, labeling them as obligations related to the 'real estate' world and so making them safe by definition. In this context we must insert the crisis of one of the largest insurance companies in the world, the American International Group ( Aig). The AIG was saved then with the help of the US Treasury.

The thesis explores the issue of implementation of international crimes. Implementing international criminal norms is far more complex than implementing other international norms and it also poses different challenges to States. This work aims at understanding the inherent reasons of this complexity, as well as the main difficulties that States generally face in this field. After an overview of the role of national legal orders in international criminal justice, the research focuses on problems related to the incorporation of international crimes into domestic legal orders. The thesis is not only an analysis of national implementing legislation on international crimes, but it is also an attempt to deal with the subject from the point of view of international law. The thesis thus addresses the issue of international obligations imposed on States in relation to international crimes, in the attempt to identify existing gaps in international law and to envisage future perspectives in the field.

The growing importance of the external action of the European Union, also determined by the constant expansion of the Union's competences in this area, has led to a considerable downsizing of the international relations life of the Member States. In many areas of international law, the Union has gradually replaced its own states in managing relations with third countries. [.] The choice of the subject dealt with in this work arises therefore from two considerations, one of method, the other of merit. The first coincides with the warned need to attempt a reconstruction of the forms of interaction between Union law and international agreements of the member states according to a single scheme, which takes into due consideration the pertinent rules of international law. [.] As for the considerations of merit, it is now more evident than in the past that the increase in the competences attributed to the European Union, both internal and external, increasingly raises crucial profiles of coordination between Union activities and international obligations of Member States. The forms of interaction between the two sources are the most varied and pose application problems of significant complexity.

The lack of a coherent European legislative framework, coupled with the principle of state sovereignty, induced unaccompanied migrant children to find themselves in a position which produced a situation of rightlessness, when outside of their own territories. In addition to their harsh condition, Member States national law not always provides rules for their safeguard, also often not harmonized with EU Directives. In some cases, to worsen the situation the lack of adequate policies in respect of their rights, their needs and their claims. This thesis provides an analysis of the international and European discipline, of unaccompanied minor migrants entering Europe. Juveniles, who find themselves in a hope journey without family members or guardianship, are in a very vulnerable position. In consequence of the migration crisis, especially in 2015, a massive flux of UAMs entered the European Union, so its Member States found themselves unprepared to cope with the needs of this specific category. In this thesis it is brought to light the fact that, international conventions alongside with EU legislative scheme provide a fragmented scheme for protection of separated children. Legally binding documents, as relevant International Conventions, European Treaties, Regulations and Directives are analysed, as also Conventions of the Council of Europe in concern to unaccompanied minors asylum seekers. In the paper are outlined and criticized bad practises of States on treatment and neglecting the needs of unaccompanied minor migrants, on breach of the rights of unaccompanied asylum seekers and on marginalizing unaccompanied refugee minors. In this research, have been pointed some good practises, for ameliorating their condition through the study between some European countries. The commitment showed by European Union through the European Action Plan as also by the EU to fulfil the obligations in respect of the rights of UAMs is demonstrated by the interest in revising, amending and fortifying several legally binding documents towards a more comprehensive children based approach. In compliance with this, in confirming expectations and welcoming the challenge for an international an enforced scheme of legal protection on UAMs, highlighted the recent effort of soft law by the CRC Committee and the Committee on Migrants Workers with Joint Comments. It is noteworthy that, the International Community and the European Union are meeting the need for a slow emersion on a dedicated legal framework on unaccompanied minor migrants. In conclusion, deemed that the issue of UAMs is still evolving, by figuring out the actual situation, till the end of 2017, we hope for future better assessments on the rights of the children and their indeed protection by law and by practise.

Apesar das diferenças estruturais e regulatórias que caracterizam as organizações internacionais individuais, a doutrina de hoje é unânime em afirmar a capacidade de cada organização de criar seu próprio sistema jurídico interno. A relação de trabalho dentro dessas organizações reproduz claramente muitas das características da relação de trabalho internas a um Estado e, embora haja uma falta de regras internacionais uniformes sobre o emprego, e cada organização internacional tenha absoluta autonomia jurídica e administrativa, é possível identificar certas obrigações e direitos dos funcionários internacionais que se replicam, de forma ampla e homogênea, na maioria das organizações. O artigo analisa resumidamente, em termos gerais, os direitos e deveres dos funcionários nacionais e internacionais, referindo-se aos "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" e examinando os regulamentos internos da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (ILO, na sigla em inglês) e do World Bank (WBG, em inglês) com foco na evolução do dever de confidencialidade, tanto em nível nacional como internacional. Com efeito, apesar da reversão drástica da tendência que tem caracterizado os Estados democráticos, conduzindo a uma reformulação restritiva do sigilo administrativo e do dever de confidencialidade, este dever ainda está muito vivo e continua a desempenhar um papel importante. Não parece, portanto, desarrazoado afirmar que, dada a substancial afinidade entre as disposições regulamentares em matéria de dever de confidencialidade, esta pode ser qualificada como um princípio geral. Por outro lado, o que representa um importante ponto de distinção entre os ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais e internacionais é a lógica que move os diversos legisladores na regulamentação desse dever. ; Despite the structural and regulatory differences that characterize individual international organizations, today's doctrine is unanimous in affirming the ability of each organization to create its own internal legal system. The employment relationship within these organizations clearly replicates many of the features of the employment relationship within a State and, although there is a lack of uniform international rules on employment and each international organization has absolute legal and administrative autonomy, it is nevertheless possible to identify certain obligations and rights of international civil servants which replicate in most organizations, in a broad homogeneous way. The paper briefly analyzes, in general terms, the rights and duties of national and international civil servants referring to the "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" and examining the internal regulations of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank Group (WBG) focusing on the evolution of the duty of confidentiality, both on a national and international level. Indeed, despite the drastic reversal of the trend which has characterized democratic States leading to a restrictive reformulation of administrative secrecy and the duty of confidentiality, this duty is still very much alive and continues to play an important role. Therefore, it does not seem unreasonable to claim that, on the one hand, given the substantial affinity between the regulatory provisions on the duty of confidentiality, this can be classified as a general principle. On the other hand, what represents an important point of distinction between national and international legal systems is the logic that moves the different legislators in the regulation of this duty. ; Nonostante le differenze strutturali e normative che caratterizzano le singole organizzazioni internazionali, la dottrina odierna è unanime nell'affermare la capacità di ciascuna di creare un proprio ordinamento giuridico interno. Il rapporto di impiego nell'ambito di tali organizzazioni replica in modo evidente molte caratteristiche tipiche del rapporto di impiego nell'ambito statale e, sebbene manchi una disciplina uniforme dell'impiego internazionale e ciascuna organizzazione internazionale vanti assoluta autonomia giuridica ed amministrativa, è tuttavia possibile individuare alcuni obblighi e diritti dei funzionari presenti, in modo sostanzialmente omogeneo, nella maggior parte delle organizzazioni. Il paper analizza brevemente, in termini generali, i diritti e i doveri dei funzionari nazionali e internazionali, facendo riferimento agli "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" ed esaminando le normative interne dell'Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro (acronimo ILO in inglese) e del World Bank Group (WBG), mettendo in evidenza, in particolare, l'evoluzione che ha caratterizzato il dovere di riservatezza gravante sui dipendenti pubblici, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale. Infatti, a fronte della drastica inversione di tendenza che ha caratterizzato gli ordinamenti degli Stati democratici, il dovere di riservatezza è stato sicuramente riformulato in termini più restrittivi, ma sopravvive e continua a giocare un ruolo importante. Non sembra, perciò, irragionevole affermare che, da un lato, in ragione della sostanziale affinità tra le previsioni normative in tema di dovere di riservatezza, questo possa essere qualificato come un principio generale. Ciò che, invece, rappresenta un importante punto di distinzione tra gli ordinamenti nazionali e internazionali è la ratio che muove i vari legislatori nel disciplinare tale dovere.

Cover -- Occhiello -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- REGULATIONS (EC) Nº 593/2008 ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ("ROME I") AND (EC) Nº 864/2007 ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO NON-CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ("ROME II") -- Capitolo I - REGULATION (EC) Nº 593/2008, ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ("ROME I") -- Capitolo II - REGULATION (EC) Nº 864/2007, ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO NON-CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ("ROME II") -- MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACTS UNDER THE ROME I AND BRUSSELS I REGULATIONS: CΟΝFLICT OF LAWS AND JURISDICTION ISSUES -- THE DISCIPLINE OF MARITIME TRANSPORT CONTRACTS UNDER THE ROME I AND BRUSSELS I REGULATIONS: CONFLICT OF LAWS AND JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES -- THE DISCIPLINE OF MARITIME TRANSPORT CONTRACTS UNDER THE ROME I AND BRUSSELS I REGULATIONS: CONFLICT OF LAWS AND JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES -- MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL DELICT/TORT -- Capitolo I - GENERAL COMMENTS -- Capitolo II - THE CHARACTERIZATION (THE QUALIFICATION) OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE -- Capitolo III - THE REASONING OF ARTICLE 7 OF ROME II REGULATION -- Capitolo IV - APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 7 -- Capitolo V - PARTY AUTONOMY IN NON-CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION ARISING OUT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE -- Capitolo VI - THE RULES OF CONDUCT AND SAFETY IN MARITIME ENVIRONMENT TORTS/DELICTS IN THE CONTEXT OF BULGARIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW.

The paper analyzes two recent orders hold by the International Court of Justice in the Armed activities in the territory of the Congo case, concerning the appointment of experts, according to article 50 of the Statute of the Court. The experts will assist the Court in the assessment of the reparation owed to the Democratic Republic of Congo by Uganda for the injuries caused by Uganda as a result of the breach of several international obligations, determined by the Court in the 2005 Judgment. The analysis has the scope to highlight some of the substantial issues relating to the role of Court-appointed experts in the litigations brought before the Court. The need for this investigation is particularly significant, despite the sparing reliance of the power to call experts by the Court. Notwithstanding the great discretion enjoyed, the Court appointed independent experts only in four cases, including the present one. The limited number of precedents rises several questions related both to the function of Court-appointed experts and the Court approach to technical or scientific complexity. Firstly, the article focuses on the function of the experts appointed by the Court in the case, evaluating the terms of reference assigned by the Court. Secondly, the examination attempt to shed light on the approach of the Court in the exercise of its power to use experts. Regard this point, the essay analyses, on the one hand, the relationship between the margin of discretion, enjoyed by the Court in order to use experts, and the relevance of the Jura novit curia principle, in light on the distinction between questions of law and questions of fact. On the other hand, the essay will evaluate the usefulness of the use of experts in the determination of the amount of reparations, in order to underline the methodology employed by the Court in the assessment of damages. Thirdly, the article questioning whether the appointment of independent experts might affect the principles and rules governing the production and the burden of proof in the adjudication before the Court.

La contiguità delle successioni con altre materie ad esse connesse porta a difficoltà nell'applicazione del regolamento (UE) 650/2012 e, specificamente, nell'esatta delimitazione del suo ambito di applicazione rispetto alle materie da questo escluse, così che si rende necessario indagare tali zone "di confine". La prima zona di confine che viene analizzata è quella del rapporto tra il regolamento e le altre convenzioni vigenti in materia successoria. La seconda delimita invece il campo di applicazione del regolamento da quello di altre materie, da questo escluse, che non siano state oggetto di armonizzazione. Tra queste, spiccano la natura dei diritti reali e le questioni disciplinate dalla legge applicabile alle società e ad altre persone giuridiche. La terza segna i limiti di applicazione del regolamento rispetto ad aree del diritto armonizzate, come per esempio le donazioni, le obbligazioni alimentari e i regimi patrimoniali tra coniugi e tra partner uniti civilmente. Alcune riflessioni a sé stanti merita inoltre il tema del rapporto tra il regolamento successioni e il regolamento (UE) 2015/848 sull'insolvenza transfrontaliera. L'analisi delle singole zone di confine permette di scorgere delle linee conduttrici, che portano ad alcune riflessioni conclusive. Si tratta, in primo luogo, di definire come le questioni non coperte dal regolamento, ma comunque indispensabili per regolare una successione, possano venire conosciute alla stregua di questioni preliminari, e quale sia il valore di queste in relazione al rilascio di un certificato successorio europeo. In secondo luogo, gli argomenti analizzati portano a ragionare della costruzione di una nozione di adattamento condivisa a livello di Unione Europea, nozione di cui il regolamento (UE) 650/2012 si dimostrerebbe il promotore. Né questa constatazione deve stupire, perché maggiori sono le interconnessioni tra ambiti attigui del diritto, più grande è anche la necessità di definire gli strumenti di risoluzione di antinomie applicative dovute a siffatte interconnessioni. ; The contiguity of successions with other related matters leads to difficulties in the application of Regulation (EU) 650/2012 and, specifically, in the exact delimitation of its scope with respect to matters excluded from it, so that it is necessary to investigate these "border" areas. The first border area analysed is that of the relationship between the Regulation and the other conventions in force in matters of succession. The second delimits the scope of application of the Regulation from that of other, excluded matters that have not been harmonised. These include the nature of rights in rem and questions governed by the law applicable to companies and other legal persons. The third one marks the limits of application of the Regulation with regard to harmonised areas of law, such as gifts, maintenance obligations and matrimonial and civil partnership property regimes. The topic of the relationship between the Succession Regulation and the Regulation (EU) 2015/848 on cross-border insolvency also merits separate consideration. The analysis of the individual border areas allows us to discern a number of guiding lines, which lead to some concluding reflections. Firstly, it must be understood how questions not covered by the Regulation, but nevertheless indispensable for settling a succession, can be known as preliminary questions, and what value these have in relation to the issuance of a European Certificate of Succession. Secondly, the arguments analysed lead to the question of the construction of a concept of adaptation shared at European Union level, a concept of which Regulation (EU) 650/2012 would prove to be the promoter. Nor does this appear surprising, since the greater are the interconnections between adjacent areas of law, the greater is the need to define the means of resolving application inconsistencies due to such interconnections. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)