The relevance of the topic of a scientific article is related to the frequent cases in practice when there is a dispute over the application of the law of a particular state. With the help of the analysis of family law and private international law, a circle of subjects of legal relations is established that is connected with maintenance obligations complicated by a foreign element. In modern times there are many problems, in particular, the consequences of the dissolution of a marriage between spouses (one of whom is a foreign citizen) in the presence of minor children are poorly regulated internationally. The main problem in resolving issues related to alimony relations is the definition of applicable law. That is the law of which country (the right of citizenship of the husband's state or the right of citizenship of the wife's state) will be applied to resolve the dispute. In this paper, we will consider existing problems and offer our own vision of ways to solve such problems.
Раздел "Международное право" ; В статье детально рассматриваются формы недобросовестной конкуренции, закрепленные в Гражданском кодексе Республики Беларусь и Законе Республики Беларусь от 10 декабря 1992 г. «О противодействии монополистической деятельности и развитии конкуренции». Анализируя положения иных актов законодательства и международных договоров Республики Беларусь, а также работы некоторых ученых-правоведов, автор предлагает новую редакцию статьи 142 антимонопольного Закона. При этом делается вывод о нецелесообразности учета при доработке антимонопольного Закона зарубежно-правовых форм недобросовестной конкуренции. Кроме того, высказывается мнение о необходимости разъяснений отдельных терминов антимонопольного Закона в ряде нормативных правовых актов Республики Беларусь.= The article considers the unfair competition forms set forth in the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus and the Law of the Republic of Belarus from December 10, 1992 «On Counteraction of Monopolistic Activities and Promotion of Competition» (hereinafter — Antimonopoly Law). Analyzing provisions of other acts of legislation and international treaties of the Republic of Belarus as well as the works of some law scholars the author proposes a new formulation of article 142 of the aforementioned Law. At the same time she makes a conclusion about the inexpediency of taking into account foreign legal forms of unfair competition while revising the Antimonopoly Law. In addition, she expresses an opinion that some terms of the Antimonopoly Law in certain legal normative acts of the Republic of Belarus need clarifying.
в данной статье путём сравнительно-правового метода описываются общие черты и различия в обязательствах вследствие причинения вреда в Российской Федерации и других странах континентальной правовой семьи ; а также характеризуется ответственность за вред ; причинённый недостатками товаров ; работ и услуг по законодательству стран англо-саксонской правовой семьи ; вносятся предложения по совершенствованию законодательства. ; using a comparative law method this article describes the similarities and differences in the obligations as a result of the injury in the Russian Federation and other countries of continental legal family ; characterizes the responsibility for harm caused by deficiencies of goods ; jobs and services under the laws of the countries in the Anglo-Saxon legal family. The work also suggests the ways to improve the legislation.
Hrvatska je na putu prema Europskoj uniji morala udovoljiti nizu zahtjeva. Unija je uvjete propisala na sastanku Europskog vijeća u Kopenhagenu 1993. godine, a prva skupina tih uvjeta uključivala je i zaštitu ljudskih prava i osobito prava manjina. Zaštita manjina bila je posebno važna u kontekstu oružanog sukoba koji se vodio na području bivše Jugoslavije. Tijekom devedesetih Hrvatska je postala strankom međunarodnih ugovora Vijeća Europe koji su se odnosili na zaštitu manjina: Okvirne konvencije za zaštitu nacionalnih manjina i Europske povelje za zaštitu regionalnih i manjinskih jezika. Prihvaćanjem ugovora Hrvatska se podvrgnula i međunarodnom nadzoru primjene i poštivanja svojih međunarodnih obveza. Prikazom i analizom izvještaja nadzornih tijela može se pratiti i u kolikoj je mjeri Hrvatska uspjela u tome. ; On its path to the European Union, Croatia had to fulfill a number of requirements. The EU defined the accession requirements at the meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen in 1993. The first group of requirements included the protection of human rights, especially minority rights. The protection of minorities was especially important in the context of armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia. In the 1990's Croatia became party to the international agreements of the Council of Europe related to the protection of minorities: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. By ratifying these agreements Croatia has become subject to international monitoring of the application of its international obligations. The analyses of reports of monitoring bodies can show to what extent Croatia has succeeded in the implementation of these agreements.
Секция 2. Международное право: теория и практика применения в современных условиях ; Несмотря на существующие нормы в области прав человека и международного гуманитарного права, которые запрещают применение пыток при любых обстоятельствах, пытки практикуются более чем в половине стран мира. Несоответствие абсолютного запрета пыток и их повсеместного распространения свидетельствует о том, что государства не всегда принимают надлежащие эффективные меры, одной из которых является установление уголовной ответственности за пытки в национальном законодательстве. Цель исследования — определить подходы международных судебных органов и Комитета против пыток к обязательству криминализировать пытки, разработать рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства. Автор приходит к выводу, что обязательство установить ответственность и наказание за пытки является неотъемлемой частью эффективной системы запрета пыток и вносит предложение по изменению законодательства Республики Беларусь, способствующее предупреждению пыток и направленное на выполнение государством своих обязательств по Конвенции против пыток, а также рекомендаций Комитета против пыток и Комитета по правам человека. ; Despite existing human rights and international humanitarian law, which prohibits the use of torture in all circumstances, torture is practiced in more than half of the countries in the world. The discrepancy between the absolute prohibition of torture and its widespread distribution indicates that states do not always take appropriate effective measures, one of which is to establish criminal responsibility for torture in national legislation. The purpose of the study is to determine the approaches of the international judicial bodies and the Committee against Torture to the obligation of states to criminalize torture, to develop recommendations for the improvement of legislation. The author concludes that the obligation to establish responsibility and punishment for torture is an integral part of an effective system for prohibiting torture and makes a proposal to amend the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, helping to prevent torture and aimed at fulfilling its obligations under the Convention against Torture, as well as the recommendations of the Committee against Torture and the Human Rights Committee.
Despite very developed international mechanisms and the great efforts made by the international community and non-governmental national and international human rights organization, there are still a lot of problems in the field of human rights at the national level. Some states are constantly neglecting and violating human rights. Hence, it is crucially relevant to modernize the process of implementation, which could be a useful tool for managing with states' reluctance and unwillingness to fulfill their obligations. The main purpose of this master's thesis is to critically analyze the role of the individual in increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of international human rights obligations at the national level at the present stage of development of international human rights law. The main objectives of the thesis are: to define the concept of \"implementation\"; identify application problems of Article 2 of the ICCPR in Belarus; determine the place of the individual in the implementation process; identify trends in the development implementation process. The object of the master's thesis is the social and legal status of the individual in the implementation process. The first chapter analyzes the concept of implementation, its essential content, and also using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the current mechanism of implementing international obligations in the absence of the state to perform them in good faith. The second chapter deals the evolution of the status of an individual in international law in general, and in human rights law in particular. This chapter also analyzes the status of an individual under the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders (Declaration on the Rights and Obligations of Individuals, Groups, and Organs of the Society to Promote and Protect Generally Accepted Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). The third chapter considers education and training in the field of human rights as a worldwide phenomenon. In addition, it analyzes such a social phenomenon as a culture of human rights and its importance for the effectiveness of the process of implementing international human rights standards at the national legal system, as well as the importance of human rights education for the formation of such culture. On the basis of the conducted study, using such methods as historical comparison, formal-logical method, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the at the present stage of human rights law development of the role of the individual has been conceptually rethought and the awareness of the importance of the role of the individual for the effective implementation of international human rights obligations and standards at the national level has increased significantly, especially when the political will for faithful observance of the state's international obligations is lacking. Traditionally, the fulfillment of implementation of international legal obligations imposed on state and, therefore, depends exclusively on its behavior. In a case when political will is lacking such concept of implementation leads to a deadlock, as it is demonstrated in the present thesis using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus. To break the deadlock the international community is taking action to enhance the human rights culture of individuals through human rights education and training aimed at all members of society. Due to the awareness of the human rights value, universal respect for and observance of them as well as the formation of relevant knowledge, skills and ideas among individuals and development of their abilities and courage to promote, defend and protect human rights, human rights culture must prevent the violation of human rights and their abuse.
Despite very developed international mechanisms and the great efforts made by the international community and non-governmental national and international human rights organization, there are still a lot of problems in the field of human rights at the national level. Some states are constantly neglecting and violating human rights. Hence, it is crucially relevant to modernize the process of implementation, which could be a useful tool for managing with states' reluctance and unwillingness to fulfill their obligations. The main purpose of this master's thesis is to critically analyze the role of the individual in increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of international human rights obligations at the national level at the present stage of development of international human rights law. The main objectives of the thesis are: to define the concept of \"implementation\"; identify application problems of Article 2 of the ICCPR in Belarus; determine the place of the individual in the implementation process; identify trends in the development implementation process. The object of the master's thesis is the social and legal status of the individual in the implementation process. The first chapter analyzes the concept of implementation, its essential content, and also using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the current mechanism of implementing international obligations in the absence of the state to perform them in good faith. The second chapter deals the evolution of the status of an individual in international law in general, and in human rights law in particular. This chapter also analyzes the status of an individual under the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders (Declaration on the Rights and Obligations of Individuals, Groups, and Organs of the Society to Promote and Protect Generally Accepted Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). The third chapter considers education and training in the field of human rights as a worldwide phenomenon. In addition, it analyzes such a social phenomenon as a culture of human rights and its importance for the effectiveness of the process of implementing international human rights standards at the national legal system, as well as the importance of human rights education for the formation of such culture. On the basis of the conducted study, using such methods as historical comparison, formal-logical method, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the at the present stage of human rights law development of the role of the individual has been conceptually rethought and the awareness of the importance of the role of the individual for the effective implementation of international human rights obligations and standards at the national level has increased significantly, especially when the political will for faithful observance of the state's international obligations is lacking. Traditionally, the fulfillment of implementation of international legal obligations imposed on state and, therefore, depends exclusively on its behavior. In a case when political will is lacking such concept of implementation leads to a deadlock, as it is demonstrated in the present thesis using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus. To break the deadlock the international community is taking action to enhance the human rights culture of individuals through human rights education and training aimed at all members of society. Due to the awareness of the human rights value, universal respect for and observance of them as well as the formation of relevant knowledge, skills and ideas among individuals and development of their abilities and courage to promote, defend and protect human rights, human rights culture must prevent the violation of human rights and their abuse.
The study of problems that are associated with the realization of human rights and freedoms is always relevant since their implementation affects the immediate vital interests of the individual. A special role is played by ensuring human rights and freedoms, mechanisms and procedures for their protection, that is corresponding positive and negative obligations of the state. We believe that civil and political rights of a person, usually characterized as negative rights, cannot be ensured only by negative obligations of the state. To ensure them, States still need to assume corresponding positive obligations, the proper fulfillment of which directly affects the effectiveness of ensuring guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this regard the study of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights is relevant. The object of the master's work is public relations that arise in connection with the implementation of positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of European Union law. The purpose of the master's work is to analyze the peculiarities of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of the European Union law. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to analyze the sources of the main political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union; 2) to characterize the system and content of basic political and civil rights; 3) to give a definition and to consider the ratio of positive and negative obligations of states; 4) to give a definition and to characterize the scope of application of the positive obligations of a state in the field of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens under the European Convention; 5) to analyze the problem of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union and their judicial protection; 6) to determine the responsibility of states for violation of obligations in the field of human rights protection in European law. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the system method and other methods of cognition. The sources of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union have been established. Among them there are the documents adopted before the creation of the European Union and the documents of the European Union. The problem of the implementation of modern legal standards in the field of human rights has been revealed. The system and content of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union are considered. The ratio of positive and negative obligations of states is considered. It has been revealed that not only negative, but also positive obligations of states are required to ensure negative rights. The specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights are considered, the examples are supported by judicial practice. It has been revealed that the state has a triad of obligations in the field of human rights: obligations to respect, obligations to provide and obligations to protect. The principle of the responsibility to protect includes the following obligations: the obligation to prevent; the obligation to respond; the obligation to recover. Some scholars add the obligation to punish the guilty. It has been established that the responsibility of a state for harsh and massive violations of human rights arises before the international community as a whole. On this basis all states can demand the cessation of these violations and the provision of appropriate compensation to their victims making appropriate claims against the violating state. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a complex scientific work, in which a theoretical study of the relationship between positive and negative obligations of states is carried out, as well as specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.
The study of problems that are associated with the realization of human rights and freedoms is always relevant since their implementation affects the immediate vital interests of the individual. A special role is played by ensuring human rights and freedoms, mechanisms and procedures for their protection, that is corresponding positive and negative obligations of the state. We believe that civil and political rights of a person, usually characterized as negative rights, cannot be ensured only by negative obligations of the state. To ensure them, States still need to assume corresponding positive obligations, the proper fulfillment of which directly affects the effectiveness of ensuring guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this regard the study of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights is relevant. The object of the master's work is public relations that arise in connection with the implementation of positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of European Union law. The purpose of the master's work is to analyze the peculiarities of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of the European Union law. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to analyze the sources of the main political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union; 2) to characterize the system and content of basic political and civil rights; 3) to give a definition and to consider the ratio of positive and negative obligations of states; 4) to give a definition and to characterize the scope of application of the positive obligations of a state in the field of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens under the European Convention; 5) to analyze the problem of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union and their judicial protection; 6) to determine the responsibility of states for violation of obligations in the field of human rights protection in European law. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the system method and other methods of cognition. The sources of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union have been established. Among them there are the documents adopted before the creation of the European Union and the documents of the European Union. The problem of the implementation of modern legal standards in the field of human rights has been revealed. The system and content of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union are considered. The ratio of positive and negative obligations of states is considered. It has been revealed that not only negative, but also positive obligations of states are required to ensure negative rights. The specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights are considered, the examples are supported by judicial practice. It has been revealed that the state has a triad of obligations in the field of human rights: obligations to respect, obligations to provide and obligations to protect. The principle of the responsibility to protect includes the following obligations: the obligation to prevent; the obligation to respond; the obligation to recover. Some scholars add the obligation to punish the guilty. It has been established that the responsibility of a state for harsh and massive violations of human rights arises before the international community as a whole. On this basis all states can demand the cessation of these violations and the provision of appropriate compensation to their victims making appropriate claims against the violating state. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a complex scientific work, in which a theoretical study of the relationship between positive and negative obligations of states is carried out, as well as specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.
The relationship between economic development, energy consumption and the environmental issues is complex. However, energy law is based on reciprocal benefits for governments while environmental law is based on common interests and erga omnes. Studies have shown that despite the implementation of several energy and environmental conventions at international levels, the situation of global environmental conditions is critical. Different concepts and conflicting interests between the energy supply system and environmental protection have led to poor implementation of some conventions. The present study examined some existing rules and regulations on energy and the environment and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the descriptive-analytic method. The purpose of investigating these conventions is to decrease the weaknesses and increase the strengths. The strengths can then be used for environmental concerns and international obligations of states under the rules of erga omnes to protect the environment and sovereignty of states for jurisdictional and energy management within national boundaries. The investigations revealed the characteristics of an international convention to decrease conflicts of interest between the energy supply system and environmental protection. In addition, two facilitator mechanisms are proposed for effective implementation of the international convention on energy and the environment.
Abstrac: The article deals with the problematic issues of movement of military products. The relevance of the topic is associated with a significant volume of movement of this category of goods across the state border of the Russian Federation and the customs border of the EAEU, while increasing the likelihood of violation of the law, which can reduce the country's defense capability and state security. ; В статье рассмотрены проблемные вопросы перемещения продукции военного назначения. Актуальность темы связана со значительным объемом перемещения данной категории товаров через Государственную границу РФ и таможенную границу ЕАЭС, при этом растет вероятность нарушения законодательства, что может снизить обороноспособность страны и безопасность государства.
Исследуются вопросы, связанные с выполнением международных обязательств, принятых Республикой Беларусь и Российской Федерацией в рамках межгосударственных интеграционных объединений, на основе анализа международно-правовых и внутригосударственных нормативных правовых актов. По итогам исследования международно-правовых актов, законодательных актов Республики Беларусь и Российской Федерации, а также научных разработок сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию законодательства в сфере выполнения международных обязательств, источником которых являются в том числе акты международных организаций, включая Евразийский экономический союз. ; The article examines issues related to the fulfillment of international obligations, the adoption of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation in the framework of interstate integration associations, based on the analysis of international and domestic regulatory legal acts. According to the results of studies of international legal acts, legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, as well as scientific developments, proposals were made to improve legislation in the area of fulfilling international obligations, including within international organizations, including the Eurasian Economic Union.
Характеристика влияния решений международных судов на правоприменение исследуется в основном в западной доктрине. Понимание роли данного источника международного права является важной предпосылкой эффективного исполнения Российской Федерацией принятых на себя международных обязательств, участия в отправления правосудия. Все возрастающая роль международных актов в российской правовой системе требует их изучения в целях правильной реализации. Целью исследования является определение роли практики международных судов в выявлении норм международного права, места судебных решений в ряду иных источников международного права. Базовым тезисом является отсутствие у судей правотворческих полномочий, что не исключает возможность интерпретации норм в новых ситуациях с учетом возникающих потребностей. Однако изменения судебной практики должны находиться в пределах допустимого толкования. В ряде случаев источниками международного права следует рассматривать консультативные заключения. Сами решения не могут порождать нормы международного права. Судебные решения следует рассматривать сквозь призму межгосударственного консенсуса, они выступают основным элементом международного обычая. Однако международная юстиция существует как независимый от государств институт, задачей которого является правоприменение и отправление международного правосудия. ; Apart from the western doctrine, not many studies have touched the topic of the influence of international courts' decisions on the enforcement. Understanding of the role of this source of the international law is an important prerequisite for the Russian Federation effective execution of the adopted international obligations and administration of justice. The increasing role of the international acts in the Russian legal system requires their studying for their correct implementation. Thus, the aim of this paper is the definition of a) the role that the international courts take in identifying the rules of the international law, as well as b) the place, which the judicial decisions occupy among other sources of the international law. The main thesis is that the judges lack legislative authorities, which does not exclude the possibility of interpreting the rules in new situations according to arising needs. Yet, the changes in jurisprudence should lie within the existing interpretation. In a number of cases, advisory opinions may serve as the sources of international law. The decisions themselves cannot lead to rules of international law. Judicial decisions should be viewed through the interstate consensus; they shoud act as the key element of the international traditions. Nevertheless, the international justice exists as an independent from states institute, the aim of which is the law enforcement and international justice administration.
The object of this master thesis is the problem of domestic violence against women. The goal of this thesis is to identify international legal standards in the field of combating domestic violence against women and ways to implement these standards in national legislation on the example of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania. The main tasks of the thesis are: to define the concept of domestic violence; define the importance of combating domestic violence; track the evolution of standards for combating domestic violence; to define the existing international legal standards for combating domestic violence at the universal and regional levels; find out how international legal standards on combating domestic violence against women are implemented in national legislation on the example of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania; identify problematic aspects of national legislation related to the regulation of combating domestic violence and propose changes based on established international standards in this area. The usage of such methods as sociological, feminist, and evolutionary, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and comparative legal method led to a conclusion that over the past few decades, there has been a radical transformation in the international community's attitude towards violence against women, including domestic violence. The consolidation of guarantees of protection against domestic violence against women at the international level, as well as the development of jurisprudence on this issue, have played a huge role in shaping international standards related to this problem. To eradicate domestic violence, it is necessary to require states to fulfill positive obligations to prevent domestic violence, and the adoption of a specialized law is the first step to combat domestic violence by complying with international obligations.
