Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме определения процессов, связанных с энергетическими аспектами в международных отношениях (в том числе и на региональных уровнях). Отмечено, что наиболее остро энергетические отношения между государствами проявляются в международных энергетических конфликтах (МЭК). Особенностью структуры которых является то, что в качестве одного из вероятностных элементов в составе каждой противоборствующей стороны находиться жертва, которая возникает либо в ходе конфликта, либо вне конфликта, и может стать причиной или поводом для его начала. Из анализа структуры МЭК сделаны соответствующие выводы.

""Africa's Middle-Class Motor"" finds growing evidence that a recent resurgence in the continent's economic well-being has staying power. In his overview article, Harvard professor Calestous Juma says the emphasis for too long has been on eradicating poverty through aid rather than promoting prosperity through improved infrastructure, education, entrepreneurship, and trade. That is now changing: there is a growing emphasis on policies that produce a middle class. The new African middle class may not have the buying power of a Western middle class but it demands enough goods and services to sup

'Wising Up to the Costs of Aging' looks at how falling fertility and rising life expectancy have combined to threaten the ability of many countries to provide a decent standard of living for the old without imposing a crushing burden on the young. In our lead article, Ronald Lee and Andrew Mason say that while population aging in rich industrial countries as well as in some middle- and lower-income countries will challenge public and private budgets in many ways, a combination of reduced consumption, postponed retirement, increased asset holdings, and greater investment in human capital should

The article is devoted to the study of methods of combating coronavirus infection in the Republic of Armenia in the context of international cooperation. Attention is focused on the interaction of country with international organizations to overcome the pandemic in the country. This paper presents the author's table based on the analysis of the mass media in order to summarize the full range of cooperation between the Government of Armenia and external actors during the COVID-19. The article emphasizes the importance of creating an anti-crisis committee to combat coronavirus, as well as the need to increase funding for the health system.

The article covers creation of a special political entity in Northwest Africa – the International zone of Tangier – in 1923-1925 as well as implementation of the international zone statute. Analyzing the experience of the Tangier international administration reveals complexity of the international structure formation in conditions of conflicts and even confrontation between the great and regional powers ; Статья посвящена созданию особого политического образования в Северо-Западной Африке – международной зоны Танжер в 1923–1925 гг. и введению в действие статута международной зоны. Анализ опыта международного управления Танжером показывает сложности формирования международных структур в условиях противоречий и даже противостояния великих и региональных держав

By the late-1950s, Soviet oil exports to Western Europe caused widespread concern in a number of Western countries as these feared that Moscow could use oil to weaken their economic interests. At the same time though, other Western countries had no hesitation in developing trade relations with the Soviets, seeing this as a good commercial opportunity. The paramount example of such political nonchalance was Italy's oil company, ENI. In 1960, ENI signed a barter contract with the Soviets, causing a scandal in the Western oil world: the Italian company's act was seen as a serious breach of faith by its international allies. As a consequence, ENI's contract became a serious bone of contention in the country's bilateral and international relations. This paper analyzes the origins and development of the ENI-Soviet deal, and focuses on the reactions of Italy's Western allies and the debate it generated at the European Economic Community. ; В конце 1950-х гг. поставки нефти из СССР в Западную Европу вызвали озабоченность в некоторых европейских странах, которые опасались, что Москва может использовать нефть в целях ослабления их экономических интересов. Однако наряду с этим, другие европейские страны продолжали поддерживать торговые отношения с Советским Союзом, считая их перспективными. Ярким примером такой политической беспечности стала итальянская нефтяная компания ENI (Национальное нефтегазовое учреждение). В 1960 г. она подписала с СССР соглашение о товарообмене, чем вызвала скандал на европейском нефтяном рынке: международные союзники восприняли действия итальянской компании как измену. В результате контракт ENI стал камнем преткновения в двусторонних и многосторонних отношениях Италии с другими странами. В статье рассматриваются предпосылки и этапы развития сотрудничества ENI и СССР, при этом особое внимание уделяется изучению реакции западных союзников Италии и споров, которые это событие вызвало в Европейском экономическом сообществе.

Education is a powerful soft power instrument. By studying the educational programmes Erasmus, CIS Network University and SCO University, International educational programs in the EU and post-Soviet space: present and future enables a better understanding of the role of academic mobility in supporting political cooperation in the European and Eurasian region. Furthermore, this book is the first comparative study of the Erasmus programme with CIS Network University and SCO University, two educational programmes inspired to Erasmus Mundus, aimed at strengthening the academic mobility of Russia with former Soviet countries and China.r

The review is dedicated to the results of the international conference on the theme "Uzbekistan in the context of regional security and global changes", which was held on November 7-8, 2019 in Tashkent. The organizers were the University of World Economy and Diplomacy under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan together with the international scientific project COMPASS (Great Britain). During the two-day discussions, international experts discussed a wide range of issues, including large-scale reforms in Uzbekistan, integration processes in Central Asia, issues of security and sustainable development. They noted that today A new political atmosphere is being formed in Central Asia, contributing to the solution of acute regional problems and the further rapprochement of states. The catalyst for these processes is the dynamic and open regional policy of Uzbekistan. During the conference, much attention was paid to security in the region and a peaceful settlement in Afghanistan. In particular, experts emphasized significant changes in the approach of Uzbekistan to Afghanistan, which is expressed in the intensification of bilateral relations, as well as the active assistance of the Uzbek side in achieving peace and stability in Afghanistan.

The article presents the overview of International Scientific Conference «The Russian Systematic Reconstruction as a Strategic Inevitability: Neoeconomic, Neoindustrialization, Neodirigizm», which had taken place at 5—7 of December 2016 on Faculty of Economics of MSU. The questions of fundamental understanding of the state national economy of Russia during structural crisis, search the main directions of Russian social economic reconstruction for strengthen Russian economy, the need and the prospects of «soft mobilization» were discussed at this conference.

During the Bulgarian Revival Period, in a time of increasing national awareness and struggles for political and spiritual liberation, the number of scientific articles is on the increase. Some favourable conditions for language interaction are established, conditions to form a pool of words that can be used internationally. Internationalisms enrich the general vocabulary of European languages and are the primary core, a possible future lexical unification of languages. Marin Drinov was one of the first Bulgarian scholars to continue and enrich the Revival tradition by developing the problems of the literary language on a scientific basis. In the article analyses the international vocabulary in Marin Drinov's works.Once a reference to the archive from the Revival Period is made, it can be ascertained that Marin Drinov was the first among his contemporaries to use a number of words that belong to the international vocabulary like genesis, graphics, interpunction, restoration, strategy, etc. He is credited with the creative enrichment of the socio-political vocabulary, as many words from the lexical system of language acquire new shades of meaning, includingnew political meaning and new functional importance. The vocabulary used in his scientific andliteraryworks is, to a great degree, part of the entire Bulgarian literary fund of that period, and it is an indicator of the dynamics and the development of the socio-political vocabulary that is its main constituent. The analysis of the internationalisms in Marin Drinov's works outlines his practical contribution to the generative processes in the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language, to its Europeanisation and modernization. ; През епохата на Възраждането с бързото развитие на националното самосъзнание и борбата за духовно и политическо освобождение се увеличава броят на научните публикации. Създават се благоприятни условия за езиково взаимодействие, за обособяване на един фонд от думи, които имат международна употреба. Интернационализмите обогатяват общия речников състав на европейските езици и се явяват първичното ядро за възможна бъдеща лексикална унификация на езиците. Марин Дринов е един от първите български учени, който продължава и обогатява възрожденската традиция, като разработва на научна основа проблемите на книжовния език. В доклада се анализира интернационалната лексика в произведенията на Марин Дринов. При справка с Възрожденския архив установяваме, че Марин Дринов пръв сред своите съвременници употребява редица думи от интернационалната лексика като генезис, графика, интерпункция, реставрация, стратегия и др. Той има заслуги за творческото обогатяване на интернационалната лексика, като много думи от лексикалната система на езика придобиват нова оценъчност, окраска, ново политическо съдържание, нова функционална значимост. Лексиката, използвана в научните и публицистичните му съчинения, в преобладаващата си част е от общонародния книжовен фонд на българския език от този период и е показател за динамиката и развитието на обществено-политическата лексика, която е съществена негова съставка. Изследването на интернационализмите в произведенията на Марин Дринов очертава неговата практична заслуга за градивните процеси в устройството на българската лексика, за нейната европеизация и осъвременяване.

Today, digital diplomacy tools are used by governments in many countries in their efforts to build effective collaboration with an international audience. However, sometimes digital interaction with the audience takes forms unusual for the traditional understanding of diplomatic communication. For example, the use of humor in social networks is becoming the new reality of official diplomacy. It is not surprising that diplomats use humor to attract a foreign audience, but at the same time, this affects the formation of the country's image. Little is known about the humorous interaction between official state actors and their target audience. The role of such communication in building the country's image has not been studied. This paper analyzes the ability of humorous interaction between government officials and the target audience through digital communication channels to influence the formation of stereotypes regarding the country's image. Methodologically, this study is a two-component content analysis of the news media and the Russian embassy Twitter account in London. The goals for which official state representatives use humor in the communication process are specified in the paper. In addition, the study attempts to analyze the basic components of the «image of the country» complex construct and to trace the role that humour plays in the formation of this image. The most obvious conclusion from this study is that a positive image of Russian humor is being formed among the followers of the Russian Embassy's Twitter account. This perception outweighs the negative stereotypes about Russian humour broadcast by the press.

The role of war in the evolution of human society, the change of its scale. It is shown that the decline in morals and the growth of cynicism in international political relations in comparison with the past, led to non-compliance with the rules of warfare developed by the international community. The dependence of small States on the military confrontation of the key players in international politics, which turned the world into a single geostrategic space, is substantiated. ; Рассмотрена роль войны в эволюции человеческого общества, изменение ее масштабов. Показано, что падение нравов и рост цинизма в международных политических отношениях в сравнении с прошлым привело к несоблюдению выработанных международным сообществом правил ведения войн. Обоснована зависимость малых государств от военной конфронтации ключевых игроков международной политики, превративших мир в единое геостратегическое пространство.

At present, the speed and scale of the dissemination of false health information has increased significantly, due to the Internet and social networks, which has become a serious problem and challenge for the worlds public health systems. The issue of spreading implausible news has become most acute against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since February 2020, the World Health Organization has introduced the term infodemiс, which characterizes the rapid growth of unreliable and false reports of a pandemic by analogy with the spread of the virus. The purpose of this article is to study the issues of the emergence and ways of spreading misinformation about health, to consider approaches for taking effective response measures in the conditions of infodemiс. The article was prepared using a systematic review of research publications based on strict selection criteria in the bibliographic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, as well as online resources that addressed the issues of dissemination and countering false information in the field of healthcare. Countering disinformation needs to be done through correcting information, purposeful refutations based on evidence, implementing initiatives to improve the media literacy of the population, as well as by improving the supervision of social networks. Coordinated interaction between governmental and international organizations, the scientific community, the media, and global Internet social media platforms is crucial in this process. ; В настоящее время скорость и масштабы распространения недостоверной и ложной информации о здоровье существенно выросли благодаря Интернету и социальным сетям, что стало серьезной проблемой и вызовом для мировых систем общественного здравоохранения. Вопрос распространения неправдоподобных новостей встал наиболее остро на фоне пандемии COVID-19. Всемирная организация здравоохранения в феврале 2020 г. ввела термин инфодемия, характеризующий стремительный рост недостоверных и ложных сообщения о пандемии по аналогии с распространением вируса. Цель данной статьи изучить вопросы возникновения и пути распространения дезинформации о здоровье, рассмотреть подходы для принятия эффективных мер реагирования в условиях инфодемии. При подготовке статьи использовался систематический обзор публикаций исследований на основе строгих критериев отбора в библиографических базах данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, а также интернет-ресурсов, в которых рассматривались вопросы распространения и противодействия недостоверной информации в сфере здравоохранения. Противодействие дезинформации необходимо осуществлять с помощью коррекции информации, целенаправленных опровержений, основанных на фактических данных, реализации инициатив по повышению медиаграмотности населения, а также путем совершенствования надзора над социальными сетями. Важнейшая роль в этом процессе отводится скоординированному взаимодействию между правительственными и международными организациями, научным сообществом, средствами массовой информации и глобальными интернет-платформами социальных сетей.