Armed drone is a military technology that is being used not only for surveillance but also in combat operations. In some military operations the distinctive technological features of drones offer an advantage compared to manned aircraft. Most of the military operations which are conducted by drones fall under Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). The use of military drones in non-international armed conflicts causes many legal problems in the international humanitarian law, concerning the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, armed drones are legal under international humanitarian law. The most relevant principles of international humanitarian law concerning the use of armed drones are distinction and proportionality. These principles can be fulfilled more effectively by drone operators because of the advanced technology of drones. However, the use of armed drones in real life operations usually violate the international humanitarian law and its core principles. Thus, existing regulation cannot protect the lives of civilians. Additional regulation of armed drones at the UN level could create international legal mechanism which would protect the civilians. However, the current political situation, as well as the difficult decision-making procedures at the UN institutions, suggest that future legal regulation is not likely to be enacted anytime soon.
Armed drone is a military technology that is being used not only for surveillance but also in combat operations. In some military operations the distinctive technological features of drones offer an advantage compared to manned aircraft. Most of the military operations which are conducted by drones fall under Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). The use of military drones in non-international armed conflicts causes many legal problems in the international humanitarian law, concerning the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, armed drones are legal under international humanitarian law. The most relevant principles of international humanitarian law concerning the use of armed drones are distinction and proportionality. These principles can be fulfilled more effectively by drone operators because of the advanced technology of drones. However, the use of armed drones in real life operations usually violate the international humanitarian law and its core principles. Thus, existing regulation cannot protect the lives of civilians. Additional regulation of armed drones at the UN level could create international legal mechanism which would protect the civilians. However, the current political situation, as well as the difficult decision-making procedures at the UN institutions, suggest that future legal regulation is not likely to be enacted anytime soon.
Armed drone is a military technology that is being used not only for surveillance but also in combat operations. In some military operations the distinctive technological features of drones offer an advantage compared to manned aircraft. Most of the military operations which are conducted by drones fall under Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). The use of military drones in non-international armed conflicts causes many legal problems in the international humanitarian law, concerning the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, armed drones are legal under international humanitarian law. The most relevant principles of international humanitarian law concerning the use of armed drones are distinction and proportionality. These principles can be fulfilled more effectively by drone operators because of the advanced technology of drones. However, the use of armed drones in real life operations usually violate the international humanitarian law and its core principles. Thus, existing regulation cannot protect the lives of civilians. Additional regulation of armed drones at the UN level could create international legal mechanism which would protect the civilians. However, the current political situation, as well as the difficult decision-making procedures at the UN institutions, suggest that future legal regulation is not likely to be enacted anytime soon.
Armed drone is a military technology that is being used not only for surveillance but also in combat operations. In some military operations the distinctive technological features of drones offer an advantage compared to manned aircraft. Most of the military operations which are conducted by drones fall under Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). The use of military drones in non-international armed conflicts causes many legal problems in the international humanitarian law, concerning the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, armed drones are legal under international humanitarian law. The most relevant principles of international humanitarian law concerning the use of armed drones are distinction and proportionality. These principles can be fulfilled more effectively by drone operators because of the advanced technology of drones. However, the use of armed drones in real life operations usually violate the international humanitarian law and its core principles. Thus, existing regulation cannot protect the lives of civilians. Additional regulation of armed drones at the UN level could create international legal mechanism which would protect the civilians. However, the current political situation, as well as the difficult decision-making procedures at the UN institutions, suggest that future legal regulation is not likely to be enacted anytime soon.
The Master's thesis \"Peculiarities of Cultural Diplomacy in the Activities of the Lithuanian National Museums\" aims to analyse the concept of cultural diplomacy in literature, evaluate the aims of foreign politics with cultural diplomacy instrumentation of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania by analysing publicly available documents, and perform research, which reflects the international cultural initiatives of Lithuanian national museums and its contribution to the foreign policy of the country. Often, cultural diplomacy remains the only thread that unites nations when diplomatic relation get cold, and cultural institutions, organizations take the lead in developing international cultural relations. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to evaluate the cultural initiatives of Lithuanian national museums and their contributions to cooperation of nations in pursuit of certain goals in international relations, based on scientific literature, publications and performed research. During the research, the data of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania on cultural diplomacy instruments, collected from national museums and systematized on the most important events of cultural diplomacy in the National Museums of Lithuania in the last decade were analysed. Museums were not compared regarding their different fields of activity, tasks and size. The focus is on the number and geography of international projects. The most important and significant projects were described in more detail by analysing the project patronage, the importance of diplomatic relations between the partner countries, and looking for links to significant events during the project: \"Vilnius European Capital of Culture\", Centenary of the Restoration of the State of Lithuania. After systematizing and analysing the available information, conclusions were drawn and five suggestions were made.
The Master's thesis \"Peculiarities of Cultural Diplomacy in the Activities of the Lithuanian National Museums\" aims to analyse the concept of cultural diplomacy in literature, evaluate the aims of foreign politics with cultural diplomacy instrumentation of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania by analysing publicly available documents, and perform research, which reflects the international cultural initiatives of Lithuanian national museums and its contribution to the foreign policy of the country. Often, cultural diplomacy remains the only thread that unites nations when diplomatic relation get cold, and cultural institutions, organizations take the lead in developing international cultural relations. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to evaluate the cultural initiatives of Lithuanian national museums and their contributions to cooperation of nations in pursuit of certain goals in international relations, based on scientific literature, publications and performed research. During the research, the data of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania on cultural diplomacy instruments, collected from national museums and systematized on the most important events of cultural diplomacy in the National Museums of Lithuania in the last decade were analysed. Museums were not compared regarding their different fields of activity, tasks and size. The focus is on the number and geography of international projects. The most important and significant projects were described in more detail by analysing the project patronage, the importance of diplomatic relations between the partner countries, and looking for links to significant events during the project: \"Vilnius European Capital of Culture\", Centenary of the Restoration of the State of Lithuania. After systematizing and analysing the available information, conclusions were drawn and five suggestions were made.
The subject of the master's work is the Budapest Memorandum. The purpose of the work is to consider the significance of the Budapest Memorandum, as well as the causes and consequences of its violations. The main objectives of the work: to explore the development of international relations between the Republic of Belarus, the European Union and the Russian Federation in the XX century; to determine the role of international law in resolving the political crisis in the Republic of Belarus by the example of an analysis of the Budapest memorandum; assess the prospects for the development of international law with regard to the provision of guarantees and territorial integrity to the countries-participants of potential conflicts. The methodological basis is the method of system analysis, comparative historical method, structural and functional analysis, forecasting method. All these methods allowed, on the basis of a thorough study of sources, academic literature, media, Internet sources and interviews, to study the chosen scientific problem. The presented work, combining the method of system analysis, comparative historical method, structural and functional analysis, forecasting method, is an analysis of the Budapest memorandum and an attempt to identify the causes of violation of the memorandum articles in relation to the Republic of Belarus. In the framework of this work, little-known facts were examined about the interference of the guarantor country of the Budapest memorandum of the Russian Federation in the internal affairs of the Republic of Belarus. The study may serve as another argument for creating an international negotiating platform for resolving a conflict situation. The fist document of nuclear disarmament of the Republic Belarus was State Sovereignty Declaration (the 27th of July 1990) which said that Belarus declared its intention to become a permanently neutral state in the future, which won't place military forces of other countries and refuses nuclear weapons. After signing Lisbon Protocol in 1992 Belarus arranged the membership in the Treaty of Strategic Offensive Reduction (START I Treaty), which supposed that Belarus is the follower of Soviet Union in the part of following the agreement the START I Treaty, but not in the part of nuclear weapons. On the 22 of July 1993 Belarus officially joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and became the first state which willingly rejected owning nuclear weapons, which was left after the collapse of the USSR. Welcoming the fact of joining of the Republic Belarus in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons on the 23d of May 1992 as a non-nuclear state, the UK, Russia and the USA provided Belarus with the guaranty of safety and fixed their responsibilities in Budapest memorandum on the 5th of December 1994. According to Budapest memorandum this guaranty is the realization of Helsinki act of OSCE 1975 concerning Belarus and Ukraine. By the rejection of nuclear weapons in exchange of safety guaranty on UN principles Belarus and Ukraine have strengthened the international regime of non-spreading of nuclear weapons and Euro-Atlantic safety in general. At the same time with signing Budapest memorandum of safety guaranties of Belarus and Ukraine OSCE behavior code concerning military-political safety aspects was adopted. The analyses of Budapest memorandum text shows that this international document after its creation created for signing countries-the USA, the UK and Russia-the responsibilities of providing territorial safety and political sovereignty of Belarus and Ukraine in return of handing in the nuclear weapons to Russia by these countries, and later Belarus and Ukraine got the following guaranties for the China and France which joined later-from force threat or its usage against the territorial safety and political independence (p.2 of Budapest memorandum),from economical force, aimed at realization of sovereignty state rights for their own interests and gaining any advantages in this way(p.3 of Budapest memorandum) On the 22 of November 1996 due to Russia's interference into the internal affairs of sovereignty Belarus and agreement was made "About public-political situation and constitutional reform in Belarus" which allowed the president to hold a referendum on the 24th of November 1996 about the changing of the constitution of Belarus. Using the political interference into the internal affairs of Belarus, Russia in November 1996 broke p. 2 and p. 3 of Budapest memorandum, putting pressure on the Supreme council and the Constitutional court and putting the Belorussian economy in dependence of Russian preferences. Concerning Ukraine Russia broke p.2 of Budapest memorandum "avoid force threat or its usage against territorial safety. On these points which refer to Budapest memorandum the international policy of non-recognition of the changed status of Autonomous Republic of the Crimea and the city of Sevastopol and their annexation by Russia is based (according to the referendum in the Crimea on the 14th of March 2014.The 9th of April 2014 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) in its resolution 1988(2014) The failure of Budapest memorandum of 1994 which had to provide safety guaranties for Ukraine and Belarus has really undermined the trust to the similar documents which don't have the legal power, which Russia and the West could offer to other countries. Signing of such guaranties by the resolution of the safety council of the UN would make them legally compulsory. At the moment between governments of Russian and Belarus are negotiating about signing the programs of profound integration within the agreement about the Union state from the 26th of January 2000, the Union state of Belarus and Russia together with the Ukrainian territory-the Republic of the Crimea and the city of Sevastopol will undermine the international regime about non-spreading of nuclear weapons and the Euro-Atlantic safety system.
The subject of the master's work is the Budapest Memorandum. The purpose of the work is to consider the significance of the Budapest Memorandum, as well as the causes and consequences of its violations. The main objectives of the work: to explore the development of international relations between the Republic of Belarus, the European Union and the Russian Federation in the XX century; to determine the role of international law in resolving the political crisis in the Republic of Belarus by the example of an analysis of the Budapest memorandum; assess the prospects for the development of international law with regard to the provision of guarantees and territorial integrity to the countries-participants of potential conflicts. The methodological basis is the method of system analysis, comparative historical method, structural and functional analysis, forecasting method. All these methods allowed, on the basis of a thorough study of sources, academic literature, media, Internet sources and interviews, to study the chosen scientific problem. The presented work, combining the method of system analysis, comparative historical method, structural and functional analysis, forecasting method, is an analysis of the Budapest memorandum and an attempt to identify the causes of violation of the memorandum articles in relation to the Republic of Belarus. In the framework of this work, little-known facts were examined about the interference of the guarantor country of the Budapest memorandum of the Russian Federation in the internal affairs of the Republic of Belarus. The study may serve as another argument for creating an international negotiating platform for resolving a conflict situation. The fist document of nuclear disarmament of the Republic Belarus was State Sovereignty Declaration (the 27th of July 1990) which said that Belarus declared its intention to become a permanently neutral state in the future, which won't place military forces of other countries and refuses nuclear weapons. After signing Lisbon Protocol in 1992 Belarus arranged the membership in the Treaty of Strategic Offensive Reduction (START I Treaty), which supposed that Belarus is the follower of Soviet Union in the part of following the agreement the START I Treaty, but not in the part of nuclear weapons. On the 22 of July 1993 Belarus officially joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and became the first state which willingly rejected owning nuclear weapons, which was left after the collapse of the USSR. Welcoming the fact of joining of the Republic Belarus in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons on the 23d of May 1992 as a non-nuclear state, the UK, Russia and the USA provided Belarus with the guaranty of safety and fixed their responsibilities in Budapest memorandum on the 5th of December 1994. According to Budapest memorandum this guaranty is the realization of Helsinki act of OSCE 1975 concerning Belarus and Ukraine. By the rejection of nuclear weapons in exchange of safety guaranty on UN principles Belarus and Ukraine have strengthened the international regime of non-spreading of nuclear weapons and Euro-Atlantic safety in general. At the same time with signing Budapest memorandum of safety guaranties of Belarus and Ukraine OSCE behavior code concerning military-political safety aspects was adopted. The analyses of Budapest memorandum text shows that this international document after its creation created for signing countries-the USA, the UK and Russia-the responsibilities of providing territorial safety and political sovereignty of Belarus and Ukraine in return of handing in the nuclear weapons to Russia by these countries, and later Belarus and Ukraine got the following guaranties for the China and France which joined later-from force threat or its usage against the territorial safety and political independence (p.2 of Budapest memorandum),from economical force, aimed at realization of sovereignty state rights for their own interests and gaining any advantages in this way(p.3 of Budapest memorandum) On the 22 of November 1996 due to Russia's interference into the internal affairs of sovereignty Belarus and agreement was made "About public-political situation and constitutional reform in Belarus" which allowed the president to hold a referendum on the 24th of November 1996 about the changing of the constitution of Belarus. Using the political interference into the internal affairs of Belarus, Russia in November 1996 broke p. 2 and p. 3 of Budapest memorandum, putting pressure on the Supreme council and the Constitutional court and putting the Belorussian economy in dependence of Russian preferences. Concerning Ukraine Russia broke p.2 of Budapest memorandum "avoid force threat or its usage against territorial safety. On these points which refer to Budapest memorandum the international policy of non-recognition of the changed status of Autonomous Republic of the Crimea and the city of Sevastopol and their annexation by Russia is based (according to the referendum in the Crimea on the 14th of March 2014.The 9th of April 2014 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) in its resolution 1988(2014) The failure of Budapest memorandum of 1994 which had to provide safety guaranties for Ukraine and Belarus has really undermined the trust to the similar documents which don't have the legal power, which Russia and the West could offer to other countries. Signing of such guaranties by the resolution of the safety council of the UN would make them legally compulsory. At the moment between governments of Russian and Belarus are negotiating about signing the programs of profound integration within the agreement about the Union state from the 26th of January 2000, the Union state of Belarus and Russia together with the Ukrainian territory-the Republic of the Crimea and the city of Sevastopol will undermine the international regime about non-spreading of nuclear weapons and the Euro-Atlantic safety system.
This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.
This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.
This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.
This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.
The right to liberty is a fundamental human right that must be protected for everyone regardless of immigration status and is established under international and regional European law. Another recognised human right is the right to asylum which is comprehensively protected by the Refugee Convention. These two human rights apply simultaneously within asylum detention, a measure fully depriving liberty. It is a measure that is widely imposed within the European asylum context. This thesis aims to analyse the asylum-seekers right to liberty standards under the international law and the Council of Europe and European Union law. It found that there is disparity between such standards, with the Council of Europe and European Union establishing considerably lesser right to liberty guarantees for asylum-seekers. This in direct conflict with the international standards. The overarching issue of this conflict appears to be the tension between the States sovereign right to control immigration and the individual's right to liberty as well as asylum. In an attempt to solve these conflicts, the adoption of ATD are proposed.
The right to liberty is a fundamental human right that must be protected for everyone regardless of immigration status and is established under international and regional European law. Another recognised human right is the right to asylum which is comprehensively protected by the Refugee Convention. These two human rights apply simultaneously within asylum detention, a measure fully depriving liberty. It is a measure that is widely imposed within the European asylum context. This thesis aims to analyse the asylum-seekers right to liberty standards under the international law and the Council of Europe and European Union law. It found that there is disparity between such standards, with the Council of Europe and European Union establishing considerably lesser right to liberty guarantees for asylum-seekers. This in direct conflict with the international standards. The overarching issue of this conflict appears to be the tension between the States sovereign right to control immigration and the individual's right to liberty as well as asylum. In an attempt to solve these conflicts, the adoption of ATD are proposed.
Peculiarities of Legal Regulation of Maternity Social Security in Lithuania and Czech Republic Maternity is admitted as social risk and that is why needs special protection, to protect the health of pregnant women and her baby as well as to ensure lost income. No less important is also paternity institute which gives right to paternity leave and benefit. This institute distributes the burden of raising a child between women and men likewise helps to establish an early relationship between the child and the father. This master thesis analyzes maternity, paternity institutes and also parental leave and benefit. International and European Union law wide enough establish requirements and principles for members in regulation of maternity protection. Whereas, international law does not devote exceptional attention to the regulation of paternity comparing to maternity protection. A similar situation prevailed in European Union until June of 2019. At that time directive 2019/1158 on work-life balance for parents and carers was adopted which is particularly important to regulation of paternity at European Union level. In this master thesis mostly, attention is devoted for analyzing international and EU law maternity, paternity institute and parental leave and benefit. Also, in this scientific work there is analyzed Lithuanian and Czech Republic national laws which stipulate peculiarities of maternity, paternity and parental social protection. The most important elements of the master's thesis are the analysis of the legal acts of Lithuania and the Czech Republic and their compliance with international and EU legal documents, as well as the comparison and evaluation of the legal regulation of maternity and paternity protection in Lithuania and the Czech Republic.
