International entrepreneurship as a field of research, involves research into entrepreneurship in multiple countries and research into cross-border entrepreneurship. Despite two decades of international entrepreneurship theory building in developed countries, yet to date, little is known about international entrepreneurship in emerging economies.Objective: This article thus contributes to the literature of international entrepreneurship theory by reviewing the empirical research in the context of emerging economies and more specifically the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are leading emerging economies and political powers at the regional and international level.Material and Methods: To review the diverse set of studies in the IE field, we undertake a systematic and narrative review in the recent literature of international entrepreneurship in the BRICS context.Results: Our results show that although this research line is rapidly growing, the IE literature in the BRICS context is still fragmented. We also provide a summary of the research field and suggest some future research lines.
The violence of Mexico's so-called "war on drugs" has caught the attention of the international community, with calls for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to turn its attention to the country. If they're successful, high-level government officials - or even leaders of drug trafficking organizations - may be prosecuted in the Hague. But it's a difficult road ahead. ; News Analysis (InSight Crime Foundation)
The present research focuses on arbitration, which seeks to examine the advantages and disadvantages of third party funding(TPF) and its differences with other forms of financial interference and determines who can act as an investor. The result of this research is that third party funding has disadvantages and advantages that in general, its advantages are dominated due to the difference in volume of funding, and investors in this area can be lawyers, insurance companies or any other person who is not prohibited by law and can be simulated and executed under the Article 10 of civil law.
En este artículo se analiza cómo las administraciones internacionales que ejercen un poder gubernamental en territorios post conflicto justifican su autoridad política sin tener legitimidad democrática. En el artículo se estudia el establecimiento, los mandatos y las prácticas de gobierno de las administraciones de Bosnia, Kosovo y Timor Oriental y se identifican cinco fundamentos de la autoridad: el consentimiento, la delegación, el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad, el fomento de los derechos humanos y la democracia, y la disposición para gobernar. No obstante, todos estos aspectos son cuestionables. En concreto, la autoridad de las administraciones internacionales se debilita debido a sus prácticas, a que no existe la obligación rendir cuentas y a la efectividad limitada a la hora de disponer gobierno. Para concluir, en el artículo se destacan algunas posibles vías de refuerzo de la autoridad de las administraciones internacionales ; In this article there is analyzed how the international administrations that exercise a governmental power in post conflict territories justify their political authority without having democratic legitimacy. In the article it is studied, both the establishment, the mandates and the practices of government of the international administrations of Bosnia, Kosovo and East Timor, and they are identified five sources for this authority: the assent, the delegation, the maintenance of the peace and the safety, the promotion of the human rights and the democracy, and the disposition to govern. Nevertheless, all these aspects are questionable. Concretely, the authority of the international administrations is weakened due to its practices, to the unexistence of any obligation for accountability and to the limited efficiency at the moment of arranging government. To conclude, in the article are outlined some possible ways for the reinforcement of the authority of the international administrations.
L'article examine les implications politiques et théoriques du lien entre l'individu et l'histoire et prend comme référence le moment actuel de la pandémie COVID-19. Il met en lumière les réflexions de Fidel Castro, et d'autres penseurs marxistes qui l'ont précédé, sur le rôle des dirigeants dans l'histoire et les circonstances sociales dans lesquelles ils émergent et dirigent les masses. L'ouvrage reflète la crise du leadership politique international, dont l'incarnation est sans aucun doute le président des États-Unis Donald Trump, qui, dans le contexte de la pandémie, a fait preuve d'un mépris fondamental pour les peuples.
The objective of the research was to consider the forms of protection of the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings. The methodological basis used is presented as: comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Everything allows to conclude that, in order to clarify the issue of compliance of methods for judicial protection of the rights of individuals, provided by the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, with the criteria of a rule of law and the needs of establishing at each moment the rule of law in concrete reality, the assessment of provisions of the legislation on administrative procedures of: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Finally, it has been established that administrative courts in Ukraine have significant human rights powers to make decisions on recovery of funds from an authority to compensate for the damage caused by its unlawful administrative act, if such a claim is filed simultaneously with the application for recognition of such act as unlawful.
El Derecho Ambiental Internacional constituye un conjunto de normas básicas de carácter ambiental destinadas a reglar las relaciones y los efectos jurídicos de esa relaciones, entre los diferentes sujetos del Derecho Internacional Público. El objetivo de dichas normas consiste en la incorporación de la variable ambiental al proceso de toma de decisiones en la política y gestión ambiental. ; International Environmental Law constitutes a body of basic environmental norms destined to rule relations and their juridical effects among the different Public International Law subjects. The aim of such norms is to incorporate the environmental variable to the decision making process in environmental management and politics. ; Dossier: Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
This article aims at sinthetizing different perspectives about the rol of internacional civil society (ICV) in the exercise of a global power. It refers to some anglosajon and european recent studies, both at theorical as empirical levels, in order to do an evaluation of the most critical results. Being esceptical about the very concept of ICV, it tries to analize it from different points of view, in order to respond the main problem: is it posible for the ICV to ejercize power at a global level, and which is its legitimity to resolve global issues. The analysis of the concept is based on some results of the classical theory of civil society at a national level, but also examines specific dificulties to define an ICV and its functions in a globalized world. Eventually, it presents some theoretical challenges which are linked with the relation between ICV and a global democratic order. ; Este artículo pretende sintetizar diferentes perspectivas en torno al papel de la Sociedad Civil Internacional (SCI) en el ejercicio de un poder global. Se refiere a distintos y recientes estudios anglosajones y europeos, tanto al nivel teórico como empírico, en aras a realizar una evaluación de sus principales resultados. Siendo escépticos respecto al mismo concepto de SCI, se busca analizarlo desde distintos puntos de vista, para contestar la principal interrogante: es posible para la SCI ejercer el poder al nivel global, y cuál es su legitimidad para resolver problemas globales? El análisis del concepto esta fundamentado en algunos aportes de la teoría clásica de la sociedad civil al nivel nacional, pero también examina las dificultades específicas que plantea el definir una SCI y sus funciones en un mundo globalizado. Finalmente, se presentan algunos retos teóricos que se refieren a la relación entre la SCI y un orden democrático global.
SECTION I: GENERAL OVERVIEW 1. LEGAL SOURCES 1.1. Intellectual Property 1.1.1. International Conventions 1.1.2. EU Law: Approximation of Laws and Community Rights 1.1.3. National Legislation 1.1.4. Institutional Competences 1.2. International Jurisdiction 1.2.1. EU Law: Scope of Application and Grounds of Jurisdiction 1.2.2. International Conventions 1.2.3. National Legislation 1.3. Choice-of-Law 1.3.1. International Conventions 1.3.2. EU Law: Implications of the new Regulations 1.3.3. National Legislation 1.4. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 1.4.1. International Conventions 1.4.2. EU Law 1.4.3. National Legislation 2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 2.1. International Jurisdiction 2.1.1. Infringement Claims 2.1.2. Contractual Disputes 2.1.3. Exclusive Jurisdiction on Validity of Rights Subject to Registration 2.2. Applicable Law 2.2.1. Infringement of IP Rights 2.2.2. Territoriality and lex loci protectionis 2.2.3. Contracts Relating to Intellectual or Industrial Property Rights 2.3. Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments 2.3.1 Procedural Issues 2.3.2 Grounds for Non-Recognition SECTION II: HYPOTHETICAL CASE STUDIES Case 1. General Special Grounds of Jurisdiction Case 2. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Case 3. Consolidation of Proceedings Case 4. Choice of Court Case 5. Parallel Proceedings Case 6. Principle of Territoriality (Choice of Law) Case 7. Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights Case 8. Applicable Law to Initial Ownership Case 9. Applicable Law to the Transfer of Rights Agreements Case 10. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Case 11. Provisional Measures and Injunctions
A lei ambiental internacional é um conjunto de regras e regulamentos do direito internacional que regem as relações entre seguidores e atores do direito internacional, incluindo leis governamentais e não- governamentais para proteger o meio ambiente, e é um campo emergente cujo ponto de virada foi a Conferência de Estocolmo em 1972. Desde então, este campo sofreu muitas mudanças e os advogados dividiram a evolução da estrada em três etapas: a conferência de 1972, a Conferência do Rio em 1992 e a Conferência da Rio + 20; Esses desenvolvimentos são principalmente focados em questões como o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas, a ampliação das garantias de compromissos ambientais dos governos, o ajuste dos governos e a redução do princípio da soberania nacional. No entanto, o processo tem enfrentado obstáculos e limitações, como falta de recursos financeiros, questões ambientais e preferências e governança nacionais. Instituições internacionais fortes e eficientes, com a competência e capacidade necessárias para avançar objetivos am
According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central Americanexperience, which shows particularities since the 19th century. ; El actor central en las relaciones internacionales es el Estado soberano independiente, según la naturaleza del sistema westfaliano; sin embargo, en la disciplina no se han desarrollado enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso de independencia. Se considera más un asunto del derecho internacional y de los intereses políticos de los actores estatales. Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo, la cuestión de la independencia como un paso básico para que las entidades políticas accedan a la categoría de Estado, lo que sirve de fundamento para entender el papel del Estado independiente en el orden westfaliano. Al reconocer que hay cambios profundos en el sistema internacional, es necesario observar las variaciones en la concepción de independencia, sobre todo en relación con el principio de autodeterminación y el reconocimiento.Esto tiene mayor relevancia a partir de la década de 1990, por los procesos de desintegración de algunos países, en particular, el caso de Kosovo; otra experiencia relevante es Taiwán. A lo anterior, se suma el debilitamiento del Estado, con la aparición de variantes que cuestionan la estatidad y la existencia del actor estatal. Al final,se hace una breve referencia a la experiencia latinoamericana y centroamericana, que muestran particularidades desde el siglo XIX.
