Suchergebnisse

Schools implement a lot of various programmes of socialization. Some of them are included into the content of training, some are included into the content of training, some are developed in extracurricular activities, in various clubs at school and outside it and etc. There are some programmes which are accomplished the whole year, the state programmes, the programmes which are supported by the institutions of local government, international and national programmes. The abundance of these programmes is often the challenge for the teachers, social pedagogues, because it is needed to agree about the chosen programmes and how to realize them at school. There are not any researches, how the programmes of socialization help the teachers and school to achieve the raised training purposes. In the research it is tried to find out the opinion of the social pedagogues and the teachers about the realization of the preventive programmes and the programmes of socialization and compare the opinions of the teachers and social pedagogues about the possibilities of realization of the programmes of socialization at schools. The purpose of the research: To analyse the realization of the programmes of socialization at schools of general education from the point of view of the teachers. The objectives of the research: 1. To analyse the scientific literature, which concerns the concept of socialization and the problems of the content of training. 2. To study the documents and the acts of law, regulating socialization, and observe the development of the national programmes of socialization. 3. To find out the opinion of social pedagogues and teachers about the possibilieties of realization of the programmes of socialization at the teachers and social pedagogues about the possibilities of realization of the programmes of socialization at schools. 4. To prepare recommendations of the suitability of the programmes of socialization in training certain common competences and life skills. Methods: For collection of the data was chosen half-structural method of the interview which includes ten questions, presented to the social pedagogues and teachers. In the research was found out that pedagogues understand the importance of the relation of child socialization and the role of school. The teachers approve of the integration of the programmes of socialization into the content of training and informal training. It is suggested to ensure the concord of the integration of the programmes of socialization into formal and informal training. It is important to know, choosing the programme of socialization, which programme school is going to realize. Respondents know a lot of preventive programmes, in which schools take part, however, they state, that the programmes are realized by separate teachers, the realized preventive programmes are lack of integrity and consistency. Implanted in Lithuania OLWEUS programme of prevention violence and bullying is considered as an example of the lasting programme of socialization. The opinions concurred with the statement that it is the most effective preventive programme nowadays. Both groups of respondents support the lasting programmes of socialization, which could last the year or more. It is suggested to include the lacking programmes of training social skills, the preventive programmes of using drugs and other harmful substances and the summer programmes of entertaining children. For successful realization of the programmes of socialization the institutions of the national level should ensure integration of the programmes of socialization into the concord of formal and informal training, to provide for financing of the specific programmes, to induce the institutions, creating similar programmes, to forsee integration of the new programmes into the entire process of training, to create the methods of the programme realization, to finance the training of the teachers. The institutions of local administration, where the programmes of socialization will be realized, should get additional financing which can be assigned for realization of the children entertaining summer programmes and training social skills and etc. Every school, which decided to take part in the programme of socialization, schould carry out n investigation for the purpose to establish the actual school problems, the opinion of parents, students and teachers, to show, which certain programme is suitable for realization at school. School administration must actively take part in realization of the programme, motivate teachers, coordinate the works of the team. The teachers, realizing the lasting programme of socialization, should work in teams, share their experience.

Historiker sprechen von einer Ära des Christian Socialist Revival in den Jahrzehnten vor dem ersten Weltkrieg in Großbritannien. Geistliche und Gläubige fast aller Konfessionen beteiligten sich damals zunehmend an der Diskussion um notwendige Sozialreformen und sprachen sich für eine gerechtere Gesellschaftsordnung aus. Diese rege Beteiligung von aktiven Christen an der Debatte, die von Zeitgenossen und Historikern unter dem Namen Christlicher Sozialismus gehandelt wird, gilt als Spezifikum der britischen Sozialstaatsgenese und wird immer wieder zur Erklärung verschiedener Facetten des britischen Wohlfahrtsregimes herangezogen. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Frage, welchen Einfluss anglikanische und nonkonformistische Theologie(n) und Glaubenssätze tatsächlich auf die Debatte um die soziale Frage in Großbritannien im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert hatten. Sie stellt sich die Frage, ob sich eine in sich kohärente, sich von nicht-christlichen sozialreformerischen Ideen unterscheidbare Ideologie des Christlichen Sozialismus überhaupt ausmachen lässt. Dazu untersucht sie die Staats- und Gesellschaftstheorien, die Reformvorschläge und die Argumentationsstrukturen von sieben Denkern. Vier dieser Reformer waren bekennende Christen, zwei waren nicht-christlich und ein Denker dezidiert anti-christlich. Die Untersuchung zeigt eine Vielzahl von Überschneidungen zwischen christlichen und nichtchristlichen Denkern in Bezug auf deren Reformvorschläge und ihre jeweiligen Vorstellungen von Staat und Gesellschaft. Eine klare Abgrenzung eines christlichen (im Gegensatz zu einem nicht-christlichen) Sozialismus ist auf dieser Basis nicht möglich. Es zeigt sich aber, dass christliche und nicht-christliche Denker grundsätzlich andere Vorstellungen davon hatten, wer der hauptsächliche Nutznießer von Sozialreformen sein sollte. Die christlichen Reformer zielten mit ihren Reformvorschlägen darauf ab, das Individuum zu stärken. Für sie war der Mensch als Ebenbild Gottes heilig und sie betrachteten es als religiöse Pflicht, dem Einzelnen die Möglichkeit zu geben, sein gottgegebenes Potenzial voll zu entfalten. Die nicht-christlichen Denker hingegen nahmen die Gesellschaft als Hauptnutznießerin sozialer Reformen in den Blick. Sie betrachteten den Einzelnen als einen Baustein der höherwertigen sozialen Einheit Gesellschaft. Jede Verbesserung der Lebenssituation des Individuums zielte für sie vor allem darauf ab, die Gesundheit und Leistungsfähigkeit der Gemeinschaft zu steigern und der ganzen Nation dadurch einen Vorteil im internationalen Wettbewerb zu verschaffen. Die Studie schließt mit einem Ausblick auf New Labour und Tony Blair, der sich ein Jahrhundert später auf die Tradition des so genannten Christlichen Sozialismus berief. Die Untersuchung wirft die Frage auf, inwieweit der Fokus auf das Individuum und seine Selbstentfaltung, der im Rahmen dieser Studie als hauptsächliches Charakteristikum christlichen (im Gegensatz zu nicht-christlichem) sozialreformerischen Denkens ausgemacht wurde, von Tony Blair in seiner Sozialgesetzgebung aufgegriffen wurde. Die Frage könnte im Rahmen einer weiterführenden Studie zu Wesen und Wirkung christlichen, sozialreformerischen Gedankenguts umfassend beantwortet werden. ; In GB, the period before the First World War has been called an era of Christian Socialist revival . Clerics and members of almost all denominations increasingly spoke out against mass poverty, slumdom and inhumane working conditions and began to campaign for social justice and the improvement of conditions for the working classes. This active involvement of clerics and believers in the fight for social reform - commonly referred to by contemporaries and historians under the heading of Christian Socialism - constituted in the eyes of historians a specific characteristic of British social history and it has been used to explain certain aspects of the particular cast of the British welfare state. The present study explores in some detail what (if any) particular contribution Anglican and non-Conformist theology made to the re-thinking of the social question in Great Britain between 1880 and 1914 and whether there was ever any such coherence of thought which the name Christian Socialism implies. The study looks at and compares the social and political thought, reform programmes and argumentative structures of seven thinkers of whom four were practicing Christians, two were non-Christian and one was expressly anti-Christian. The study shows that there was considerable overlap between the policy proposals, their ideas on the role of the state and on the ideal form of social organisation of Christian and non-Christian thinkers. These congruencies make it difficult to draw a clear line of distinction between allegedly Christian versus non-Christian socialism in these respects. Christian and non-Christian thinkers under scrutiny here did, however, differ in their ideas on who should be the prime beneficiary of social reform. Christian thinkers considered the individual to be the focus and primary stakeholder of reform while the non-Christian thinkers examined here hoped to benefit first and foremost society as a whole. The Christian thinkers held that individual man as the image of God was sacred and considered it an end in itself to enable the individual to develop to his or her full potential. Non-Christians considered man to be but a unit of society and with their reform proposals hoped to increase the health and vigour and ultimately the competitiveness not of primarily the individual, but of the nation as a whole. The study closes with an outlook on New Labour and Tony Blair's self-professed Christian Socialist allegiances. It raises the question whether or not the focus on the individual and his or her self-realisation which the present thesis found to be the main dinstiguishing mark between Christian and non-Christian social thought in the formative period before the First World War influenced New Labour's social programmes under Tony Blair. The question could form the basis of future research into the nature and impact of Christian social thought on the British welfare system.

The Mercosur countries (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela) are the most important source of beef imports for the European Union (EU). Despite the reductions of tariffs in the multilateral context, the EU´s tariff on beef is especially high. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay however enjoy preferential access to the European beef market through multilateral and bilateral tariff rate quotas (TRQs). These TRQs are overfilled, giving rise to quota rents whose distribution is a priori unknown. In the year 2005, the EU and the Mercosur countries exchanged their respective negotiation proposals. The Mercosur countries requested a significantly increased access to the beef markets of the EU. The EU responded with a less ambitious proposal. Both proposals have in common that expansion of the existing bilateral TRQs is envisaged. In addition, reductions of the in-quota tariffs are stipulated. The two proposals differ in the extent of both the TRQ expansions as well as the tariff reductions. For almost any policy change, there are winners as well as losers. The objective of this study is to provide an economic assessment of different options of beef trade liberalisation between the EU and the Mercosur countries. Three problems of analysis arise in this context. One is the low level of product aggregation on which the TRQs are defined. The second difficulty is the distribution of the quota rents both on international as well as on national level, which can have important consequences for the distribution of welfare. The third inconvenience is related to the non-continuous reaction of the domestic price to imports that needs to be included in any model that seeks to represent TRQs as accurately as possible. To provide an answer to the abovementioned research question, a partial equilibrium model operating at a very low degree of product aggregation was set up. Technically, the model is formulated as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP), which has the advantage of endogenously representing the quota rent. From a consultation of experts from the beef producing and exporting industry, insight into the market structure, the administration of the TRQs and the implications for the allocation of the rents was gained. It was found that the rents arising from the bilateral TRQs remain fully in the exporting country, whereas those from the multilateral schemes are captured by importers in the EU. The impact on trade is limited in the scenario based on the proposal made by the EU, and more pronounced in the one made by the Mercosur countries. The latter leads to de facto free trade for Argentina and Uruguay. It was found that the quota rents and their distribution are decisive for the welfare effect in some countries and for some economic agents, i.e. an alternative distribution of the quota rents would lead to a different welfare effect. ; Handelsliberalisierung zwischen der EU und den Staaten des Mercosur - Eine ökonomische Bewertung für den Fall von Rindfleisch Die Staaten des Mercosur (Argentinien, Brasilien, Uruguay, Paraguay und Venezuela) sind die wichtigste Quelle für Rindfleischeinfuhren in die Europäische Union (EU). Die Zölle, die die EU auf Einfuhren von Rindfleisch erhebt, sind trotz des Abbaus von Handelsschranken im multilateralen Kontext noch immer hoch. Argentinien, Brasilien, Uruguay und Paraguay verfügen über präferenziellen Marktzugang im Rahmen von bilateralen und multilateralen Zollquoten (TRQs). Die TRQs sind überliefert und Quotenrenten entstehen, deren Verteilung zunächst unbekannt ist. Im Jahr 2005 haben die beiden Staatengruppen Verhandlungsvorschläge präsentiert. Die Mercosur Staaten forderten deutlich verbesserten Zugang zu den Rindfleischmärkten der EU, der Vorschlag der EU war weniger weitreichend. Beiden Vorschlägen ist gemein, dass sie eine Ausdehnung der bestehenden TRQs zusammen mit einer Senkung des präferenziellen Zollsatzes vorsehen. Sie unterscheiden sich im Ausmaß der vorgeschlagenen Quotenausdehnung und Zollsenkung. Bei wohl fast jeder Politikänderung gibt es Gewinner und Verlierer. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine ökonomische Analyse verschiedener Optionen für die Liberalisierung des Rindfleischhandels zwischen der EU und den Staaten des Mercosur. Drei Herausforderungen stellen sich in diesem Zusammenhang. Eine besteht in der sehr spezifischen Definition der Produkte, die unter den Quoten importiert werden können. Die zweite ist die zunächst unbekannte Verteilung der Quotenrenten, die die Wohlfahrtswirkung aber entscheidend mit beeinflussen kann. Das dritte Problem ist die Darstellung der stellenweise nicht stetigen Reaktion des Preises eines importierten Guts auf die Menge. Um dem ersten Problem zu begegnen, wurde ein partielles Gleichgewichtsmodell entwickelt, dessen Produktdeckung speziell auf die oben genannte Forschungsfrage angepasst ist. Die TRQs wurden über einen Mixed Complementarity Problem (MCP) – Ansatz dargestellt. Dieser erlaubt die endogene Abbildung der Quotenrenten. Zusätzlich wurde eine Befragung von Experten aus dem landwirtschaftlichen Sektor und der verarbeitenden Industrie durchgeführt, aus der Informationen über die Administration der Quoten, die herrschenden Marktstrukturen sowie der daraus resultierenden Verteilung der Quotenrenten gewonnen wurden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Quotenrenten, die mit den bilateralen Quoten in Zusammenhang stehen, vollständig im exportierenden Land verbleiben. Die, die im Rahmen der multilateralen Zollquoten entstehen, fallen dagegen vollständig den Importeuren in der EU zu. Die Simulationsergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Auswirkungen des EU Vorschlags auf die Handelströme nur gering sind. Würde eine Einigung dagegen auf Basis des Mercosur Vorschlags erzielt, ist mit einem deutlich stärkeren Anstieg der Importe zu rechnen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Quotenrenten und ihre Verteilung für manche Länder und für manche ökonomischen Agenten entscheidend für die Gesamtwohlfahrtseffekte sind, d.h. eine alternative Verteilung der Renten würde zu anderen Wohlfahrtseffekten führen.

After a wide proliferation in the last decades, nowadays standards are globally diffused and are having effects on world market. Adoption of public standards grew both in numbers and variety, including several areas like nutrition, health, quality, safety, environment and social concerns. Standards introduction is a controversy issue. Their adoption has been justified as a response to consumers concerns, but they are also having effects on trade. Several authors pointed out that public standards represents a new form of non tariff barriers (NTBs) and protection-in-disguise. Nevertheless, some empirical observations showed that standards may be anti-protectionist when foreign producers are more efficient in comply with standards than domestic ones. Parallel to public standards, food companies have increased the introduction of private standards. Private standards are adopted in the same domains as public standards (e.g. food safety and quality) to increase consumers' trust and promote product differentiation. Private standards may also serve to preempt government regulations, in order to induce weaker public standards. In this context, we analyzed the role of public and private food standards on the global food market. We focus on GMO standards given the relevance and sensitivity of this issue, both politically and commercially, in developed and in developing countries. In the first chapter we present the problem of food standards, providing classification and definitions and discussing economic effects on trade and welfare and problem related to their measurement. In the second chapter, we developed a composite index for 60 countries distributed in all continents. The index is obtained by assigning a score to main components of the GMO regulation: approval process, risk assessment, labeling, traceability, coexistence and membership in international agreements. The overall index is obtained by score summation and normalization, so that it ranges between 0 and 1. Higher values correspond to more stringent regulations. Moreover, we studied the socio-economic determinants of GMOs regulation among country pairs. We calculated two different measures of the bilateral GMO index, namely GMOwij and GMOdij, for comparison purposes. Explanatory variables are classified in three groups: trade costs, institutional differences and economic controls. Our econometric strategy is to compare three different OLS regression specifications. The first is a pooled specification, in the second we include country fixed effects and in the third we include country fixed effects coupled with a dummy variable controlling for EU membership. Results showed that health expenditure and trade flows are significant determinants of similarity in GMO standards. Countries with different health systems and health protection investments may adopt dissimilar GMO standards. Moreover, highest bilateral trade of major GM crops induce countries to set similar regulations, creating regulatory harmonization that reduce the protectionist impact of GMO regulation. This result is confirmed also by the negative effect on harmonization of tariffs. In chapter three, we used the bilateral GMO index to analyze the effect of GMO regulation on bilateral trade flows of agricultural products. We investigate how bilateral similarity/dissimilarity in GMO regulation affects trade flows. We used a gravity model controlling for zero trade flows. Moreover, we instrumented the dependent variable to deal with endogeneity problems. Three main results are shown. First, countries with greater differences in GMO regulation trade significantly less. The level of harmonization of the GMO regulation is important to boost trade flows. Second, labeling, approval process and traceability are the most important components of the regulation. Third, the effect of endogeneity of GMO regulations to trade flows largely dominates in magnitude (about four times) the traditional selection bias problem. In chapter four, we investigated through a political economy model why private standards are often more stringent than public ones. The model combines both aspects of retailers' market power and producers' political power. The public standard is assumed to be determined in a political game: producers, retailers, and consumers have some political power to influence the standard-setting process. The resulting public standard is set at a lower level than the private one. Additionally, we provide an empirical application to show how our model's predictions fit the real world. We conducted a survey collecting information on GMOs private standards among a sample of 45 retailers. The findings are consistent with the model's prediction. First, in Europe, GMO private standards are stricter than public standards for a large number of supermarkets, while in the US retailers set standards according with public regulation. Furthermore, the level of restrictiveness varies accordingly to consumers' preferences and to public regulation of the country where retailers are operating.

AbstractBuilding a Movement: Filipino American Union and Community Organizing in Seattle in the 1970sbyLigaya Rene DomingoDoctor of Philosophy in EducationUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Catherine Ceniza Choy, Co-ChairProfessor Ingrid Seyer-Ochi, Co-ChairThe Asian American Movement emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, Antiwar Movement, Black Liberation Movement, and struggles for liberation in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Activists, including college students and community members throughout the United States, used "mass line" tactics to raise political awareness, build organizations, address community concerns, and ultimately to serve their communities. While the history of the Asian American Movement has been chronicled, the scholarship has been analytically and theoretically insufficient -and in some cases nonexistent- in terms of local struggles, how the movement unfolded, and the role of Filipino Americans. This dissertation focuses on one, untold story of the Asian American Movement: the role of activists in Seattle, Washington who were concerned with regional injustices affecting Filipino Americans. I argue that this local struggle in the Pacific Northwest not only demonstrates the diversity of action and strategy within the Asian American Movement but also deepens our understanding of the broader movement as both local and transnational - unique in its local strategies yet closely aligned with the goals of the era's social movements. Based on both historical and qualitative data, this dissertation uses a Gramscian framework to explore the possibilities and limitations of using civil society as instruments for social change. Specifically, I examine the efforts by a group of local activists in the 1970s to seek redress for the exclusion, discrimination and social dislocation experienced by Filipino Americans. I explore two local Asian American Movement case studies in which activists worked within two preexisting organizational formations of civil society, the Alaska Cannery Worker's Union and the Filipino Community of Seattle, to achieve their goals. This dissertation sheds light on the evolution of their organizing strategies and tactics with regard to broader processes of community and identity formation, as well as to their aims of bringing about revolutionary change. My research explored the following questions about attempts to serve and support the Filipino American community in Seattle in the 1970s: First, how do processes of community, identity, and ideological formation shape social movement organizing strategies? And second, how have changing patterns of immigration, institutional community formation, and international movement ideology shaped the strategies used by activists organizing on behalf of the Filipino American community in Seattle, Washington? I argue that the efforts to organize in support of the Seattle Filipino American community in the 1970s unfolded in two phases. In the first phase, the activists were influenced and guided by the Civil Rights Movement and the ideas of the larger Asian American Movement. These movements provided activists with a framework from which to understand their grievances and activists started organizing using a Civil Rights and equity-based framework to address grievances and achieve social reforms. However, the declaration of martial law in the Philippines in 1972 coincided with a fracture within the Filipino American community in Seattle because one group of activists experienced an ideological shift to a more radical viewpoint. This schism amongst the activists and within the larger Filipino American community was complicated by differences based on time of immigration, class, and generation and was manifested in political questions regarding the mission, goals, and use of both the Filipino Community of Seattle and the Cannery Worker's Union. In the second phase of organizing, the radical activists were no longer intent on just reforming these local organizations; they also had a broader political agenda, and their organizing strategies changed to reflect this ideological shift. I argue that the strategy of the activists in this second phase was what Gramsci calls a "War of Position," meaning that the activists tried to use civil society institutions - a non-profit and community organization and a union - as a means to build a social movement and as a way to wage an attack on the state. Ultimately, the findings of this study challenge previous claims that the Asian American Movement was either reformist or radical. In this case study of Filipino American activists in Seattle, the data demonstrates that they were agents for social reform and also revolutionaries, not one or the other. The findings of this study point to the need for more nuanced and complex frameworks for understanding social change processes and organizing strategies.

ÖZETBu tezin temel amacı Lizbon Strateji'sinin Eğitim ve Öğretim hedefleri doğrultusunda Avrupa Ülkeleri'nin ve Türkiye'nin performanslarını ve ilerlemelerini analiz etmektir. Eğitimin sosyal ve ekonomik faydalarının yanında ekonomik büyümedeki rolü de incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma, aşağıdaki sorulara cevap aramıştır: (1) Eğitimin rapor edilmiş sosyal ve ekonomik faydaları nelerdir?, (2) Eğitim ile ekonomik büyüme arasında kanıtlanmış bir ilişki var mıdır?, (3) (a) Lizbon Stratejisi nedir, (b) Stratejinin başlıca amaçları ve bölümleri nelerdir, (c) Nasıl bir gidişata sahiptir?, (4) (a) Lizbon Strateji'sinin eğitim ve öğretim hedefleri nelerdir, (b)Bu hedefler doğrultusunda ülkelerin gelişmelerini takip etmek ve ülkeler arası karşılaştırma yapmak için gereken kriter ve göstergeler nelerdir?, ve (5) Lizbon Eğitim-Öğretim kriter ve göstergeleri doğrultusunda, ülkelerin karşılaştırmalı performans ve gelişimi nasıldır? Bu tez dokuman analizine dayanmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği, OECD ve UNESCO'nun veri, araştırma ve yayınları tezin ana dokümanlarını oluşturmaktadır. Bu kronolojik doküman analizi; yeni büyüme teorilerinin, insan sermayesinin en önemli boyutu olan eğitimi, ekonomik büyümenin motoru olarak tanımlanmadığını göstermiştir. Bununla beraber, eğitimin faydalarını ölçmeye dayanan yeni çalışmalar, eğitimin önemini çok daha açık olarak göstermektedir. Buna göre ileri eğitimin; gelir artışı, verimlilik artışı ve yüksek özel ve kamu geri dönüşleri gibi ekonomik faydalarının yanında daha iyi kişi ve kamu sağlığı, daha gelişmiş demokratikleşme, daha fazla politik istikrar, daha gelişmiş çevre kalitesi, daha az doğurganlık ve suç oranları , açlık ve eşitsizlikte azalma gibi sosyal faydaları da vardır.Avrupa Birliği 2000 yılında, günümüz bilgi çağının engellerini aşmak için "Lizbon Stratejisi" adı verilen 10 yıllık bir stratejik plan ortaya koymuştur ve "Eğitim ve Öğretim" ayağı bu stratejinin gelişmesinde ve başarılı olmasında hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Tezin son bölümünde, Avrupa Konseyi tarafından sürece rehberlik etmek ve süreci izlemek amacıyla oluşturulmuş eğitim alanındaki beş kıstas ve on altı gösterge kullanılarak uluslararası bir karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, eğitimde ülkeler arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. İskandinav ülkeleri en iyi performansa sahip olurken; birliğe yeni katılan ülkelerin, AB ortalamalarıyla karşılaştırıldığında önemli eksiklikleri olduğu görülmektedir. Hemen hemen tüm eğitim göstergelerinde, Romanya ve Bulgaristan ile beraber Türkiye'nin performansı Avrupa ve OECD ülkeleri arasında en alt sıralardadır.ABSTRACTThe main aim of this thesis is to analyze the performance and progress of European Union Countries and Turkey towards the Education and Training Objectives within the context of Lisbon Strategy. It also attempts to explore the social and economic benefits of education as well as the role of education in economic growth. Following research questions are intended to be answered: (1)What are the reported social and economic benefits of the education?, (2) Is there any documented relationship between education and economic growth?, (3)(a)What is the Lisbon Strategy, (b)What are its main objectives and pillars, (c)How does it progress?, (4) (a)What are the Education&Training Objectives of the Lisbon Strategy, (b)What are the benchmarks and indicators that are required in order to analyze the progress and make a comparison between countries towards these goals?, and (5) What are the compared results of countries' performance and progress according to Lisbon Education and Training benchmarks and indicators?" This study is based on chronological document analysis. These documents mainly consist of data, surveys and publications of EU, OECD, and UNESCO. The document review indicated that new growth theories define the education, which is the main dimension of human capital, as an engine of the economic growth. Recent studies which measure the benefits of education demonstrated the importance of education more obviously. Accordingly, further education has economic benefits such as increase in earnings, productivity and high private and public returns as well as social benefits such as better private and public health, enhanced democratization, greater political stability, improved environment quality, the reduce of poverty and inequality, lower fertility rates, and lower crime rates .European Union set a ten-year year strategic goal -The Lisbon Strategy- in 2000 to overcome the challenges of today's information era. "Education and Training" objectives have been essential for the development and success of this process. In the last section of this thesis, an international comparison was made by using the five benchmarks and sixteen indicators of education, that are set by European Council in order to guide and monitor the progress towards these objectives. The results demonstrated that there are significant variations among countries in the field of education. Nordic countries perform the best, while EU's newcomers show significant shortfalls compared to EU averages. The performance of Turkey together with that of Romania and Bulgaria are in the lowest levels among European and OECD Countries according to almost all education and training indicators.

Key words: competitiveness, factors of competitiveness, sport clubs. The target of the research- factors, increasing competitiveness of sport clubs. The problem of the research. Business organizations face problems related to competitiveness and it is sometimes difficult to solve them only using economical, management and political methods. Scientific discussions about competitiveness are quite contrasting. There is a view that competitiveness is one of the main business peculiarities, engine of economical progress and market settlement machine. There are many factors which influence the increase of competitiveness of the organization. It is discusses which factors are crucial. The aim of the research- to estimate main factors which increase competitiveness of sport clubs composing practical model of competitiveness. Objectives of the research: 1. To analyse the main factors increasing competitiveness in scientific Lithuanian and foreign literature. 2. To establish main factors and indexes and their influence increasing competitiveness of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas. 3. To formulate the model of factors which increase competitiveness of sport clubs. Hypothesis of the research- The competitiveness of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas is influenced more by inner environment than by outer. Conclusions: 1. After analysis of scientific literature M. Porter 'Diamonds' excludes the main model of factors determining competitiveness: inner environment – factors, demand, also industry services, the strategy, structure and competitiveness of the company, outer environment- the role of the government, opportunities and international business. Other scientists consider inner factors such as leader or strategy creator, the image of the company and the quality of services and outer economical and social factors. 2. The analysis of sport clubs in Jurbarkas and Sakiai shows that: • The quality of services has the main influence to competitiveness of sport clubs considering inner factor. The evaluation of inner factors showed that respondents think that other authors' inner factors of competitiveness are more important that M. Porter's 'Diamonds" model. We can presume that this is influenced by the awareness of chiefs of sport clubs, that these factors are likely to be seen and more valuated than situations of factors, demand, industrial services and strategy, structure and competitiveness of the company. • Considering outer factors, activeness of consumers has the main influence to competitiveness of sport clubs, other important factors are the implementation of development programmes and level of unemployment. Also very important is M. Porter's 'Diamonds' model - the role of government (4,08(0,23)) and economical factor(4,04(0,65) analyzed by other authors. We can draw conclusions that the role of the government helps sport clubs to be competitive, clubs which are less informative about legislative system in Lithuania have few opportunities developing and implementing innovative programmes, looking for support. • Considering the importance of competitive factors in sport clubs we can make findings that the activity of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas for consumers can be reliable, long-lived, qualitative and these clubs can be dominant, to be quick-oriented in the market and in the competitive environment and to have good price and quality because they are very good valuated by their technical(4,39(0,57) and marketing (4,31(0,5) indexes. 3. All excluded models of factors of competitiveness of sport clubs are separately actual and important but according to data collected from respondents of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas we can say that hypothesis was confirmed that the main influence to competitiveness of sport clubs has inner competitive environment and the main factor influencing the environment is the quality of services. Suggestions To increase competitiveness of sport clubs in Jurbarkas and Sakiai we suggest: 1. To ensure the best quality of services, which meet the requirements of consumers, to analyse the market situation and to follow new tendencies and technologies due to the fact that the quality of services is the main factor of inner competitiveness. 2. To analyse the requirement of consumers and to develop the activity searching for partnerships with other sport clubs, sport masters and sponsors, sharing resourses, experiences, creating new projects and products due to the fact that meeting the requirements of consumers is the main inner factor of M. Poter's 'Diamonds' model.

Despite growing concerns about the co-morbidity of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bipolar disorder, few studies have been conducted on this topic in Asian populations This study examined Korean patients with bipolar disorder to assess its co-morbidity with MetS and to compare the prevalence of MetS in patients with medication for bipolar disorder with that of healthy patients We used cross-sectional data from the medical records of patients with bipolar disorder who presented to the psychiatric clinic in Seoul National University Hospital between June 2007 and June 2008. The control group, matched for age and gender, was randomly drawn from visitors to the Health Promotion Center at the same hospital during the same period We compared the prevalence of MetS between these two groups with independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests We also calculated the indirectly standardized prevalence ratio (ISPR) with a standardization that used the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES. 2007) The prevalence of MetS in patients who took medication for bipolar disorder (N = 152) was 270%. 25.0% and 25 7%, based on the definitions of the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute`s adaptation of the Adult Treatment Panel III (AHA), the National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), respectively The present study determined that the prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in patients with bipolar disorder than in the control group, the odds ratios (OR) (95%CI) were 2.44 (1 35-4 40), 248 (1.34-459) and 257 (1.40-4.74), based on the definition of the ANA. ATPIII and IDF, respectively.The ISPR (95%CI) was 1.48(1 02-1 93), 1.54(1 05-2 03) and 1 98 (1 36-2 60). respectively Patients with medications for bipolar disorder showed a significantly higher prevalence of increased waist circumference, elevated triglycerides. and reduced HDL-cholesterol than the control group. The prevalence of MetS in patients taking medication for bipolar disorder was higher than that in the general population Obesity and dyslipidemia were particularly prevalent in patients with bipolar disorder (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved ; This study was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (2009-0077030). ; Meyer JM, 2009, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V70, P318 ; De Hert M, 2009, WORLD PSYCHIATRY, V8, P15 ; CHANG HH, 2009, J AFFECT DISORD ; Correll CU, 2008, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V69, P1948 ; Correll CU, 2008, BIPOLAR DISORD, V10, P788, DOI 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00625.x ; Daumit GL, 2008, SCHIZOPHR RES, V105, P175, DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.006 ; Ader M, 2008, J PSYCHIATR RES, V42, P1076, DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.004 ; van Winkel R, 2008, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V69, P1319 ; Fiedorowicz JG, 2008, ANN CLIN PSYCHIATRY, V20, P131, DOI 10.1080/10401230802177722 ; Sicras A, 2008, BIPOLAR DISORD, V10, P607 ; Salvi V, 2008, GEN HOSP PSYCHIAT, V30, P318, DOI 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.04.009 ; Fagiolini A, 2008, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V69, P678 ; van Winkel R, 2008, BIPOLAR DISORD, V10, P342 ; Sicras-Mainar A, 2008, EUR PSYCHIAT, V23, P100, DOI 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.07.005 ; Park HS, 2008, OBES REV, V9, P104, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00421.x ; Garcia-Portilla MP, 2008, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V106, P197, DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.002 ; Cardenas J, 2008, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V106, P91, DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.030 ; Fagiolini A, 2008, CNS DRUGS, V22, P655 ; FAUCI AS, 2008, HARRISONS PRINCIPLES ; Kim B, 2008, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V105, P45, DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.006 ; Narisawa S, 2008, J EPIDEMIOL, V18, P37, DOI 10.2188/jea.18.37 ; McIntyre RS, 2007, CURR OPIN PSYCHIATR, V20, P406 ; Birkenaes AB, 2007, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V68, P917 ; Yumru M, 2007, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V98, P247, DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.009 ; Guo JJ, 2006, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V67, P1055 ; Alberti KGMM, 2006, DIABETIC MED, V23, P469 ; Correll CU, 2006, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V67, P575 ; De Hert MA, 2006, SCHIZOPHR RES, V83, P87, DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2005.12.855 ; McEvoy JP, 2005, SCHIZOPHR RES, V80, P19, DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.014 ; Grundy SM, 2005, CIRCULATION, V112, P2735, DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404 ; Fagiolini A, 2005, BIPOLAR DISORD, V7, P424 ; Lieberman JA, 2005, NEW ENGL J MED, V353, P1209 ; Lim S, 2005, DIABETES CARE, V28, P1810 ; COHN T, 2004, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V49, P753 ; 2002, CIRCULATION, V106, P3143 ; JIN H, 2002, ANN CLIN PSYCHIAT, V14, P59 ; Koller E, 2001, AM J MED, V111, P716 ; Wetterling T, 2001, DRUG SAFETY, V24, P59 ; Henderson DC, 2000, AM J PSYCHIAT, V157, P975, DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.975 ; 4

Key words: competitiveness, factors of competitiveness, sport clubs. The target of the research- factors, increasing competitiveness of sport clubs. The problem of the research. Business organizations face problems related to competitiveness and it is sometimes difficult to solve them only using economical, management and political methods. Scientific discussions about competitiveness are quite contrasting. There is a view that competitiveness is one of the main business peculiarities, engine of economical progress and market settlement machine. There are many factors which influence the increase of competitiveness of the organization. It is discusses which factors are crucial. The aim of the research- to estimate main factors which increase competitiveness of sport clubs composing practical model of competitiveness. Objectives of the research: 1. To analyse the main factors increasing competitiveness in scientific Lithuanian and foreign literature. 2. To establish main factors and indexes and their influence increasing competitiveness of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas. 3. To formulate the model of factors which increase competitiveness of sport clubs. Hypothesis of the research- The competitiveness of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas is influenced more by inner environment than by outer. Conclusions: 1. After analysis of scientific literature M. Porter 'Diamonds' excludes the main model of factors determining competitiveness: inner environment – factors, demand, also industry services, the strategy, structure and competitiveness of the company, outer environment- the role of the government, opportunities and international business. Other scientists consider inner factors such as leader or strategy creator, the image of the company and the quality of services and outer economical and social factors. 2. The analysis of sport clubs in Jurbarkas and Sakiai shows that: • The quality of services has the main influence to competitiveness of sport clubs considering inner factor. The evaluation of inner factors showed that respondents think that other authors' inner factors of competitiveness are more important that M. Porter's 'Diamonds" model. We can presume that this is influenced by the awareness of chiefs of sport clubs, that these factors are likely to be seen and more valuated than situations of factors, demand, industrial services and strategy, structure and competitiveness of the company. • Considering outer factors, activeness of consumers has the main influence to competitiveness of sport clubs, other important factors are the implementation of development programmes and level of unemployment. Also very important is M. Porter's 'Diamonds' model - the role of government (4,08(0,23)) and economical factor(4,04(0,65) analyzed by other authors. We can draw conclusions that the role of the government helps sport clubs to be competitive, clubs which are less informative about legislative system in Lithuania have few opportunities developing and implementing innovative programmes, looking for support. • Considering the importance of competitive factors in sport clubs we can make findings that the activity of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas for consumers can be reliable, long-lived, qualitative and these clubs can be dominant, to be quick-oriented in the market and in the competitive environment and to have good price and quality because they are very good valuated by their technical(4,39(0,57) and marketing (4,31(0,5) indexes. 3. All excluded models of factors of competitiveness of sport clubs are separately actual and important but according to data collected from respondents of sport clubs in Sakiai and Jurbarkas we can say that hypothesis was confirmed that the main influence to competitiveness of sport clubs has inner competitive environment and the main factor influencing the environment is the quality of services. Suggestions To increase competitiveness of sport clubs in Jurbarkas and Sakiai we suggest: 1. To ensure the best quality of services, which meet the requirements of consumers, to analyse the market situation and to follow new tendencies and technologies due to the fact that the quality of services is the main factor of inner competitiveness. 2. To analyse the requirement of consumers and to develop the activity searching for partnerships with other sport clubs, sport masters and sponsors, sharing resourses, experiences, creating new projects and products due to the fact that meeting the requirements of consumers is the main inner factor of M. Poter's 'Diamonds' model.

ÖZETTÜRKİYE'NİN FİLİSTİN POLİTİKASI ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: 1945-1980 YILLARI ARASINDA İÇ VE DIŞ SİYASİ FAKTÖRLERİN DİKKATE ALINMASI (IŞIĞINDA)1945 yılı başlangıç noktası olarak alındığında o dönemde Türkiye'yi geçmiş bağları ve gelecek planları olan çift yönlü bir yapı olarak düşünmek gerekmektedir. Bundan dolayı aynı anda geçmişten ve genel dış politikadan bağımsız olarak o dönemde yürütülen Filistin politikasını değerlendirmek mümkün değildir. Ele alınan dönemde Türkiye'nin dış politikası genel olarak Sovyet tehdidi ve Kıbrıs krizi ile belirlenmiştir. Ancak Sovyet tehdidi sonucunda Türkiye dış politikasını kademeli olarak batı oryantasyonlu bir temele oturturken, Kıbrıs krizi sonucunda ise genel eğilimden bir sapma olmaksızın dış politika seçeneklerini çeşitlendirme ihtiyacı duymuştur. Türkiye'nin Filistin politikası BM'nin 1947 tarihli Filistin'in Taksimi Kararı ile başlamaktadır. Türkiye başta Amerika olmak üzere tam da Batı ile entegre olmaya başladığı bir dönemde batılı ülkeler ile ayrı hareket ederek Arap ülkeleri ile birlikte Taksim Kararına karşı oy kullanmıştır. Türkiye'nin bu tavrını ancak Osmanlı geçmişi/mirası ile ilişkilendirmek suretiyle açıklamak mümkündür. Bundan hemen sonra Türkiye'nin bu sefer Arap ülkelerinden ayrı hareket etmek suretiyle Filistin Uzlaştırma Komisyonu'nun kurulmasını desteklemesi ve arkasından da adı geçen Komisyona üye olmasını ise geçmiş ve gelecek arasındaki bir ayrım noktası olarak değerlendirmek mümkündür. Çünkü amacı uzlaştırma olan bu Komisyona üyelik Türkiye'nin taraflara eşit mesafede olmasını gerektirmekteydi. Bundan sonra ise, Türkiye'nin İsrail'i birtakım ince ayarlar ile tanıma süreci gelmektedir. Ancak Türkiye'nin genel dış politika yönelimi, en yakın müttefiki olan Amerika'nın Johnson mektubu ve silah ambargosu ve genel olarak Kıbrıs konusunda uluslararası arenada yalnız kalması ve detente süreci gibi nedenlerden dolayı değişmeye başlamıştır. Bu durum, daha sonra dış politikanın ekonomik bir boyut kazanması ile de desteklenmiştir. Bundan dolayı Türkiye, 1960'lı yılların ortalarından itibaren çok yönlü bir dış politika anlayışını benimsemeye başlamıştır. Türkiye bu yönelime uygun olarak 1967 ve 1973 Arap-İsrail Savaşları sırasında Arap yanlısı bir politika takip etmiştir. Sonuç olarak değerlendirildiğinde, Türkiye tarafından 1945-1980 yılları arası dönemde takip edilen Filistin politikasının o dönemde yürütülen genel dış politikayı yansıtan bir reflektör durumunda olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. ABSTRACTA STUDY ON TURKEY'S PALESTINE POLICY: CONSIDERING DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLITICAL FORCES BETWEEN 1945-1980It is possible to evaluate Turkey, at that time, as having a two-way structure, with its past ties on one side and its future plans on the other by taking 1945 as a starting point. Therefore, it is not possible to assess the Palestinian policy, independently of the past nor the general foreign policy approach during the period taken into consideration. Turkey's foreign policy during this was identified mainly with the Soviet threat and the Cyprus crisis. However, Turkey gradually built its foreign policy on a Western oriented basis as a result of the Soviet threat and a need to diversify its foreign policy choices as a result of the Cyprus crisis, but without a deviation from the prevailing tendency. Turkey's Palestinian policy began with the UN Palestine Partition Plan of 1947. Turkey voted against the Plan by supporting the Arab countries, while at the same time, acting apart with the Western countries at a time when Turkey had started to fully integrate with the West, the US in particular. It is only possible to explain Turkey's attitude by looking at her Ottoman past heritage. Following this, it is possible to evaluate Turkey's support for the establishment of the Palestine Conciliation Commission and then its becoming a member of this Commission as the separation point between past and future. This is because the membership to such a Commission, whose purpose was to ensure conciliation, required Turkey to be at equal distance to both sides. Then, Turkey's recognition of Israel came with some fine adjustment. However, Turkey's general foreign policy orientation began changing due to several reasons, such as the Johnson's letter and the arms embargo of its closest ally, the US, its isolation in the international arena regarding the Cyprus issue and the start of the détente process. Later, this was also supported by a foreign policy which gained an economic dimension. Therefore, Turkey began adopting a multifaceted foreign policy approach in the mid-1960s. Turkey followed a pro-Arab policy during the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars in accordance with this orientation. As a result, it is possible to argue that the Palestinian policy of Turkey between 1945-1980 reflects, by and large, the foreign policy adopted in those years.

Swop Projects (2003–2007) was a long-term art and research project that functioned as a platform for the production and dissemination of material and ideas dealing with contemporary political, economic and social debate. We initiated the project as an attempt to cross national and academic boundaries and collect a variety of voices and opinions with the intention of visualizing models that linked economic and environmental concerns. Together with professionals with a similar focus we wanted to analyse inequalities regarding the uneven access to power, to global flows of resources and information and to explore models that challenge these conditions. We initiated a dialogue on informal economies and systems based on open source and participatory thinking in a space we occupied at the time – a storefront at Frederiksberg, Copenhagen. The programme comprised a series of open talks and discussions featuring artists, economists and activists. As a result of these encounters, we established a research archive at our premises and online that contained interviews with the people we had met, i.e. groups and individuals whose work is based on ideas of generosity, local currencies and ways of organising sustainable systems. Swop Projects has since developed into a number of initiatives that include an experimental alternative exchange currency in the Hidden Flow Exchange Project; the distribution of the free newspaper Gratis; the Give Away Shop, which highlights gift economies; and Give Away in Circulation, a project that collects and disseminates ideas about circulation and open source systems. The Swop Archive continued to develop throughout the Swop Projects period. It now consists of interviews made in various contexts, some excerpts of which are reproduced in this book. The projects are presented in a chronological order, starting with a number of works that became the starting point of Swop Projects and that were carried out prior to the launch. Several of the projects are concerned with a reaction to the fact that the public sphere, perceived as an open arena for cultural exchange, is shrinking. The attempts that have been made over the last few years to transform cultural products into "private property" cannot only be associated with the material dimensions of public spaces; cultural products can easily be exchanged and distributed via the Internet. Paradoxically, these possibilities have been made more difficult due to increased regulation and copyright control. Our work with Swop Projects reflects an interest in developing non-commercial methods for the distribution of goods and services and the exchange of information. In line with the project's notions on Open Source and of recycling, we also chose to reproduce texts that were previously published within the scope of the project. The objective of this book is to present Swop Projects and some of the initiatives and projects we conducted within this framework. Apart from the material, documentation and concrete output, the book also includes three texts commissioned from authors to give an idea of the contexts in which the various projects operated. As a backdrop, we chose to include a text by writer and researcher Kolya Abramsky, which outlines the political and economical climate. We asked Emily Pethick, director of CASCO at the time, to contribute a text on how to build relationships around an art institution by collaborating with artists. We also asked freelance curator Katarina Stenbeck to contextualize the project from a contemporary art perspective. To us, the work of developing alternative strategies and micro-models is a collective effort involving individuals from various groups and local communities. In order to understand local contexts and, not least, to be able to imagine alternative destinations, we have operated within an international network. We started in Copenhagen and around Denmark. The project then brought us further afield to cities in Europe and beyond. We met people and visited local communities whose relationship to contemporary culture is based on ideas of co-operation, collectivism and social diversity in the local environment. During the years we spent on Swop Projects we learned a lot, both personally and professionally, through meeting people who inspired us, presented us with ideas and who generously shared their knowledge and experience. We hope that we, through this book, can communicate the views of a political and artistic sphere as well as share some of the critical and diverse ideas that we have had the privilege to come across during the course of our work. We hope to inspire others and to arouse the readers' curiosity in the same way as our own curiosity was kindled.

In May, 2005, the Papua New Guinea (PNG) National Department of Health (NDoH) determined that the Integrated Management of Adult and Adolescent Illness (IMAI) Chronic HIV Care training program, modified for the PNG context, would serve as the basis for the development of teams for the Rapid Scale-Up of HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment. The IMAI Chronic HIV Care training program was developed as a joint effort carried out in a working partnership involving WHO, Geneva, the WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO), as well as many international collaborating institutions. Trials and implementation of the program have occurred predominantly on the African continent and to date there has been no research undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the IMAI program as a learning modality for preparing registered nurses to provide comprehensive HIV care. The purpose of this hermeneutic informed interpretive research study is to explore and describe how registered nurses in Papua New Guinea make sense of their learning and implementation of the IMAI training program in providing Comprehensive Care and treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS. The study is a mixed methods study. The rationale for this approach was to better understand the research problem by converging both broad numerical trends from quantitative research and the detail of qualitative research with the intent of producing a richer and more complete picture of the investigated phenomenon. Data collection included a quantitative survey, semi-structured interviews and a focus group. These data informed the development of descriptive accounts that allowed for the subsequent identification of common and divergent themes reflective of factors that influenced nurses learning and implementation of IMAI training. The findings from the quantitative survey revealed that all respondents had a positive impression of the IMAI program and expressed the view that the IMAI program had a positive effect on various aspects of patient care and their learning and experience. Overall, the survey identified that registered nurses who participated in the IMAI Chronic HIV Care training program perceived the program to be beneficial for improving the way HIV care is provided. Three major themes were identified from the qualitative analysis, and under these major themes data was arranged as sub-themes. The three major themes identified were Overcoming Personal Anxiety, Actioning Learning and Identifying Challenges. The qualitative analysis revealed that overwhelmingly, the fear of anxiety of HIV was significant for all participants of the semi-structured interviews. Nurses in the focus group felt that the overt expression of fear given by the interview participants more accurately reflected the reality for the majority of nurses in Papua New Guinea. Most nurses also identified that their participation in the IMAI program contributed to their personal change process and helped them to identify and understand their fear of HIV. Expert patient trainers (EPTs) were a highly valued component of the flexible IMAI training methodology and were seen by nurses as being important both for learning and for assisting them to overcome their personal anxiety created by the fear of HIV. The findings also identified that the key challenge faced by nurses in attempting to implement their learning was that of system issues including a lack of medical supplies, including antiretroviral drugs (ART), lack of staff and an absence of continuing professional education. These issues require enhanced commitment from the NDoH if nurses are to be effective in implementing their learning to provide HIV care and treatment. It is also important that NDoH give support to enable the establishment and implementation of continuing education for nurses providing HIV care and treatment and that the development of processes to ensure the ongoing maintenance of quality in HIV care and treatment training be implemented as a matter of priority. Finally this study has provided an in-depth understanding of the experiences of how registered nurses in Papua New Guinea make sense of their learning and implementation of the IMAI training program in providing comprehensive HIV care and treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS. The current multitude of factors fueling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Papua New Guinea are explored as is the current status of HIV/AIDS in New Guinea, and the multitude of cultural patterns, social, and political factors influencing the spread of HIV within the country. This exploration also undertakes a comprehensive discussion of cultural issues related to gender inequality including a rich description of changing cultural patterns and values in Papua New Guinea. [Appendix J not included in PDF]

Wadi Wurayah area is located in the north of Fujairah Emirates between the towns of Khor Bidiyah Fakkan and Oman on the Gulf Coast Line in Fujairah Emirates, United Arab Emirates. It lies within a priority World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF) Global 200 Ecoregions ( ecoregion 127, Arabian Highland Woodlands and Shrublands ), a rich diversity of sheltering rare and endangered mountainous and freshwater habitats and species , and providing opportunities for the revival and sustenance of local livelihoods. However, as most of the United Arab Emirates and the region , the area is undergoing dramatic changes linked to economic diversification and promotion of tourism. The United Arab Emirates in 1999 approved the programmed of work from the UN convention of Biological Diversity ( CBD). This momentum must be used wants it or disappear. In a first move , the United Arab Emirates established the federal Environment Agency ( FEA) that produced the Environmental Law of 1999 with the role to encourage each to Emirates assess its land and coastal / marine resources, formulate plans for establishing protected areas , upgrade those that may already exist , and help implement the environment law. In early 2006, UAE created its first Ministry of Environment and Water ( MEW ), which was before the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Environmental issues and a greater role of the civil society are now higher on the agenda of the United Arab Emirates government , partner of the Emirates Wildlife Society ( EWS ), the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF) - UAE Project Office is the only international conservation NGOs operating in the UAE that plays a pioneering role in partnering with local- governmental institutions to establish win- win solutions. The United Arab Emirates is making tremendous efforts in diversification is the development of tourism. Too often tourism mass , With all of its negative environmental consequences is privileged. However, the more traditional Emirates are seeking alternatives that would preserve their environment and respect the traditional lifestyles of the local communities. This study aims to help a sustainable biosphere reserve integrating oneself local traditional and lifestyle with the conservation of biodiversity and habitat inimitable by providing a model of economical incentives unique to the region . In order to further the implementation of the Wadi Wurayah Biosphere Reserve, this study will: • Implement a set of carefully - targeted actions in Wadi Wurayah and its hinterland and therefore Fujairah Emirates. • Work to demonstrate the feasibility and viability of combining environmental protection in a sensitive area with the preservation of traditional activities. • Support the capacity building of key national and local authorities and selected partners in the Emirates of Fujairah and the UAE So that they have the awareness and skills to fully realize the aims of the study . To set out and develop options for sustainable natural resource management in the proposed Wurayah Biosphere Reserve , one of the UAE as examples of marginal dry lands , building on environmental information system was the best choice using Geographic information systems (GIS ) as a tool. This has been classified to there steps of work: Field Survey and Analysis Lab Office work. As a first step, this study used to survey this area in the light of the work done by the EWSWWF and the Fujairah Municipality, to evaluate the potential and the feasibility of the creation of a Biosphere Reserve. The traditional field survey has been carried out in three batches between January 2007 and January , 2009 for sample collection using specially tailored database forms that suit the properties and nature of the variables measured, and the database . Design The information obtained from field survey included the Landscape and their local classification and distribution , local habitats , water catchments areas , local rangeland systems and indigenous agro -ecological zones. This information in addition to the laboratory analysis has then be transformed into GIS format, and overlaid with the base maps of the study area in order to produce a georeferenced maps. Various types of maps required according the selected works related to area of study have been used as an input data for the GIS system An integrated management methodology / approach has been proposed associated with the plan of work throughout the forthcoming years. The plan of work is designed to be as consistent as possible with that of the concept of the UNESCO 's Man and Biosphere Program.

International audience ; Recent catastrophic flood events such as Elbe in 2002 or Rhône in 2003 have shown limits of flood management policies relying on dykes protection: worsening of flood impacts downstream, increased damage by dykes rupture. Those events, among others, contributes to radical changes on the philosophy of flood prevention, with the promotion of new orientations for mitigating flood exposition. Two new trends may have a significant impact on rural areas: floodplain restoration and vulnerability mitigation. The Rhône River program, which is an contract of objectives signed between French Government and local collectivites,is highly illustrative of these new trends and their impact on agricultural sector. In this program, it appears that areas to be concerned by floodplain restoration are agricultural ones, because their supposed vulnerability to flood is expected to be less important to urban areas. As a consequence, agricultural sector is particularly concerned by planned actions on mitigation of assets vulnerability, an important part of the program (financial support of European Union of 7.5 Million euros). Mitigation of agricultural assets vulnerability reveals particularly interesting for two following reasons. Firstly, it is a way to maintain agricultural activities in floodplains yet existing, without promoting flood protection. Secondly, in case of floodplain restoration, vulnerability mitigation is a way for local authorities to compensate over-flooding impacts. In practice, local authorities may financially support farmers for implementing measures to mitigate their farm vulnerability. On the Rhône River, an important work has already been done to identify farm vulnerability to flooding, and propose measures to mitigate it. More than 3 000 farms exposed to flood risk have been identified representing 88 690 ha of agricultural areas which is estimated to generate damage between 400 and 800 Million euros depending on the season of occurrence for a catastrophic flood. In the case of farm activities, vulnerability mitigation consists in implementing measures which can be: physical (equipment or electric power system elevation), organizational (emergency or recovery plan) or financial (insurance). These measures aim at decreasing the total damage incurred by farmers in case of flooding. For instance, if equipment is elevated, it will not suffer direct damage such as degradation. As a consequence, equipment will be available to continue production or recovery tasks, thus, avoiding indirect damage such as delays, indebtedness. . . The effects of these policies on farms, in particular vulnerability mitigation cannot be appraised using current methodologies mainly because they do not consider farm as a whole and focus on direct damage at the land plot scale (loss of yield). Moreover, since vulnerability mitigation policies are quite recent, few examples of implementation exist and no feedback experience can be processed. Meanwhile, decision makers and financial actors require more justification of the efficiency of public fund by economic appraisal of the projects. On the Rhône River, decision makers asked for an economic evaluation of the program of farm vulnerability mitigation they plan to implement. This implies to identify the effects of the measures to mitigate farm vulnerability, and to classify them by comparing their efficacy (avoided damage) and their cost of implementation. In this presentation, we propose and discuss a conceptual model of vulnerability at the farm scale. The modelling,in Unified Modelling Language, enabled to represent the ties between spatial, organizational and temporal dimensions,which are central to understanding of farm vulnerability and resilience to flooding. Through this modelling,we encompass three goals: To improve the comprehension of farm vulnerability and create a framework that allow discussion with experts of different disciplines as well as with local farmers; To identify data which are needed to implement the model and to collect them, specifically using the focus group method; Based on the conceptual model, to program a mathematical model which will be used to simulate damage (direct and indirect) on farm due to flood. This last objective should enable us to appraise policy to mitigate vulnerability which is planned to be implemented on Rhône River at the individual and regional scale. Finally, we discuss the ossibility to use the UML modelling to develop a multi-agent system approach which could be interesting to take into account ties between farmers (solidarity, loan of equipment) or systemic effects due to the damage incurred by economic partners (loss of market share).

International audience ; Recent catastrophic flood events such as Elbe in 2002 or Rhône in 2003 have shown limits of flood management policies relying on dykes protection: worsening of flood impacts downstream, increased damage by dykes rupture. Those events, among others, contributes to radical changes on the philosophy of flood prevention, with the promotion of new orientations for mitigating flood exposition. Two new trends may have a significant impact on rural areas: floodplain restoration and vulnerability mitigation. The Rhône River program, which is an contract of objectives signed between French Government and local collectivites,is highly illustrative of these new trends and their impact on agricultural sector. In this program, it appears that areas to be concerned by floodplain restoration are agricultural ones, because their supposed vulnerability to flood is expected to be less important to urban areas. As a consequence, agricultural sector is particularly concerned by planned actions on mitigation of assets vulnerability, an important part of the program (financial support of European Union of 7.5 Million euros). Mitigation of agricultural assets vulnerability reveals particularly interesting for two following reasons. Firstly, it is a way to maintain agricultural activities in floodplains yet existing, without promoting flood protection. Secondly, in case of floodplain restoration, vulnerability mitigation is a way for local authorities to compensate over-flooding impacts. In practice, local authorities may financially support farmers for implementing measures to mitigate their farm vulnerability. On the Rhône River, an important work has already been done to identify farm vulnerability to flooding, and propose measures to mitigate it. More than 3 000 farms exposed to flood risk have been identified representing 88 690 ha of agricultural areas which is estimated to generate damage between 400 and 800 Million euros depending on the season of occurrence for a catastrophic flood. In the case of farm activities, vulnerability mitigation consists in implementing measures which can be: physical (equipment or electric power system elevation), organizational (emergency or recovery plan) or financial (insurance). These measures aim at decreasing the total damage incurred by farmers in case of flooding. For instance, if equipment is elevated, it will not suffer direct damage such as degradation. As a consequence, equipment will be available to continue production or recovery tasks, thus, avoiding indirect damage such as delays, indebtedness. . . The effects of these policies on farms, in particular vulnerability mitigation cannot be appraised using current methodologies mainly because they do not consider farm as a whole and focus on direct damage at the land plot scale (loss of yield). Moreover, since vulnerability mitigation policies are quite recent, few examples of implementation exist and no feedback experience can be processed. Meanwhile, decision makers and financial actors require more justification of the efficiency of public fund by economic appraisal of the projects. On the Rhône River, decision makers asked for an economic evaluation of the program of farm vulnerability mitigation they plan to implement. This implies to identify the effects of the measures to mitigate farm vulnerability, and to classify them by comparing their efficacy (avoided damage) and their cost of implementation. In this presentation, we propose and discuss a conceptual model of vulnerability at the farm scale. The modelling,in Unified Modelling Language, enabled to represent the ties between spatial, organizational and temporal dimensions,which are central to understanding of farm vulnerability and resilience to flooding. Through this modelling,we encompass three goals: To improve the comprehension of farm vulnerability and create a framework that allow discussion with experts of different disciplines as well as with local farmers; To identify data which are needed to implement the model and to collect them, specifically using the focus group method; Based on the conceptual model, to program a mathematical model which will be used to simulate damage (direct and indirect) on farm due to flood. This last objective should enable us to appraise policy to mitigate vulnerability which is planned to be implemented on Rhône River at the individual and regional scale. Finally, we discuss the ossibility to use the UML modelling to develop a multi-agent system approach which could be interesting to take into account ties between farmers (solidarity, loan of equipment) or systemic effects due to the damage incurred by economic partners (loss of market share).