Suchergebnisse

This work subscribes how right to individual petition is implemented in two main and most effective international organizations – United Nations and Council of Europe – and their international institutions which may consider individual petitions: the Human Rights Committee established according to 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination established according to 1965 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Committee Against Torture established according to 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and European Court of Human Rights established according to 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Right to individual petition was first acclaimed by Council of Europe in 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. European Court of Human Rights is one of the main and most effective institution considering individual petitions. Its case-law is really important and deserves much attention in this work too. Requirements for the individual petitions according to the above mentioned conventions are broadly explained in this work. It is possible to say that requirements for the individual petitions to UN treaty bodies and to the European Court of Human Rights are similar or almost the same, only a few differences can be named: ratione temporis requirement (individual petition to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and European Court of Human Rights can be submitted within the period of six months from the date on which the final decision was taken), possible claimant (to all UN treaty bodies individual petitions may be submitted by any person or group of individuals only the European Court of Human Rights also accepts petitions from non-governmental organizations) and requirement that the same individual petition is at the same time submitted to another procedure of international investigation or is already solved by it (only individual petitions to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination do not have to fulfill this requirement). The system of individual petitions is compared with the system of collective complaints established within the framework of the Council of Europe by 1995 Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints. It gives opportunity to name peculiarities of each system. Complaints to EC European Committee of Social Rights may bring up a question in general that general situation in a state-party does not comply in law or practice with European Social Charter of 1961 or the European Social Charter (revised) of 1996. This leads to that "victim" and exhaustion of interim measures requirements cannot be applied to collective complaints though these requirements are to be considered one of the main applied to individual petitions. Analysis of these two systems only emphasize that system of individual petitions seeks to implement justice in each single case and afford just satisfaction to the injured party. In the case of collective complaints individual remedies are not applied.

This work subscribes how right to individual petition is implemented in two main and most effective international organizations – United Nations and Council of Europe – and their international institutions which may consider individual petitions: the Human Rights Committee established according to 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination established according to 1965 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Committee Against Torture established according to 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and European Court of Human Rights established according to 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Right to individual petition was first acclaimed by Council of Europe in 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. European Court of Human Rights is one of the main and most effective institution considering individual petitions. Its case-law is really important and deserves much attention in this work too. Requirements for the individual petitions according to the above mentioned conventions are broadly explained in this work. It is possible to say that requirements for the individual petitions to UN treaty bodies and to the European Court of Human Rights are similar or almost the same, only a few differences can be named: ratione temporis requirement (individual petition to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and European Court of Human Rights can be submitted within the period of six months from the date on which the final decision was taken), possible claimant (to all UN treaty bodies individual petitions may be submitted by any person or group of individuals only the European Court of Human Rights also accepts petitions from non-governmental organizations) and requirement that the same individual petition is at the same time submitted to another procedure of international investigation or is already solved by it (only individual petitions to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination do not have to fulfill this requirement). The system of individual petitions is compared with the system of collective complaints established within the framework of the Council of Europe by 1995 Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints. It gives opportunity to name peculiarities of each system. Complaints to EC European Committee of Social Rights may bring up a question in general that general situation in a state-party does not comply in law or practice with European Social Charter of 1961 or the European Social Charter (revised) of 1996. This leads to that "victim" and exhaustion of interim measures requirements cannot be applied to collective complaints though these requirements are to be considered one of the main applied to individual petitions. Analysis of these two systems only emphasize that system of individual petitions seeks to implement justice in each single case and afford just satisfaction to the injured party. In the case of collective complaints individual remedies are not applied.

The article presents the theoretical framework that could be used in analyzing the opposition of state sovereignty and human rights in international relations. As the methodological tool is chosen the English School of international relations, which is known as a via media, a third way between realism and liberalism. The English School is generally divided into two major camps – pluralism and solidarism, distinguishable by their positions on the role of values in international society. The pluralistic variant of English School is closer to realism, and the solidarist variant – to liberalism. The main concept which represents the English School is the international society. According to the definition by H. Bull and A. Watson, international society is a "group of states (or, more generally, a group of independent political communities) which not merely form a system, in the sense that the behaviour of each is a necessary factor in the calculations of the others, but also have established by dialogue and consent common rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations, and recognise their common interest in maintaining these arrangements". Pluralists and solidarists perceive the concept of international society differently. The pluralist concept of international society refers to the positivist tradition of international law. According to that tradition, international law is the law between states only and exclusively. The statement that only sovereign states can become members of the international society is of fundamental importance in the pluralist approach. The scope of pluralist international society is fairly minimal, centered on shared concerns about international order under anarchy, and thus largely confined to agreement about sovereignty, diplomacy, and non-intervention.[.].

The article presents the theoretical framework that could be used in analyzing the opposition of state sovereignty and human rights in international relations. As the methodological tool is chosen the English School of international relations, which is known as a via media, a third way between realism and liberalism. The English School is generally divided into two major camps – pluralism and solidarism, distinguishable by their positions on the role of values in international society. The pluralistic variant of English School is closer to realism, and the solidarist variant – to liberalism. The main concept which represents the English School is the international society. According to the definition by H. Bull and A. Watson, international society is a "group of states (or, more generally, a group of independent political communities) which not merely form a system, in the sense that the behaviour of each is a necessary factor in the calculations of the others, but also have established by dialogue and consent common rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations, and recognise their common interest in maintaining these arrangements". Pluralists and solidarists perceive the concept of international society differently. The pluralist concept of international society refers to the positivist tradition of international law. According to that tradition, international law is the law between states only and exclusively. The statement that only sovereign states can become members of the international society is of fundamental importance in the pluralist approach. The scope of pluralist international society is fairly minimal, centered on shared concerns about international order under anarchy, and thus largely confined to agreement about sovereignty, diplomacy, and non-intervention.[.].

The article presents the theoretical framework that could be used in analyzing the opposition of state sovereignty and human rights in international relations. As the methodological tool is chosen the English School of international relations, which is known as a via media, a third way between realism and liberalism. The English School is generally divided into two major camps – pluralism and solidarism, distinguishable by their positions on the role of values in international society. The pluralistic variant of English School is closer to realism, and the solidarist variant – to liberalism. The main concept which represents the English School is the international society. According to the definition by H. Bull and A. Watson, international society is a "group of states (or, more generally, a group of independent political communities) which not merely form a system, in the sense that the behaviour of each is a necessary factor in the calculations of the others, but also have established by dialogue and consent common rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations, and recognise their common interest in maintaining these arrangements". Pluralists and solidarists perceive the concept of international society differently. The pluralist concept of international society refers to the positivist tradition of international law. According to that tradition, international law is the law between states only and exclusively. The statement that only sovereign states can become members of the international society is of fundamental importance in the pluralist approach. The scope of pluralist international society is fairly minimal, centered on shared concerns about international order under anarchy, and thus largely confined to agreement about sovereignty, diplomacy, and non-intervention.[.].

The collective bargaining is necessary to protect the employee's, as a weeker part of labour relationships, interests and to make working conditions and social guarantees better. The parties of the collective bargaining are employers, their groups or organizations and employees' organizations or their representatives. The procedure of collective bargaining is regulated by national law, depending on each state conditions and expirience concerning collective bargaining. Very important are principles of collective bargaining, because collective bargaining are iniciated freely, voluntary and independent and about the content parties decide themselves without the intervention of the state. One of the most important principle is right to organise collective bargaining. This principle fixes employers and employees rights. Collective bargaining is very important to make labour relationships steady and to solve collective disputes. Collective bargaining is regulated bu international law, European community international law and national law. International labour organisation (ILO) adopted Conventions and recommendations are one of the most important source in International labour law concerning collective bargaining. In these conventions and recommendations are fixed most important provisions and and directions to the member states concerning above-mentioned bargaining. Lithuanian has ratified these Convenctions and must keep their provisions. The European law the most important is European social charter Intenational legislation and European community creatided law fixed mostly common provisions concerning collective bargaining. The provisions fixed the rigt of collective bargaining, the states are obliged to promote collective bargaining, the basic principles, parties of collective bargaining and content are fixed in above-mentioned legislation. The work examines the question about Lithuanian national law adjustice to the Interntional labour law and European labour law and why the collective bargaining mechanism is not regulated in the national law.

The collective bargaining is necessary to protect the employee's, as a weeker part of labour relationships, interests and to make working conditions and social guarantees better. The parties of the collective bargaining are employers, their groups or organizations and employees' organizations or their representatives. The procedure of collective bargaining is regulated by national law, depending on each state conditions and expirience concerning collective bargaining. Very important are principles of collective bargaining, because collective bargaining are iniciated freely, voluntary and independent and about the content parties decide themselves without the intervention of the state. One of the most important principle is right to organise collective bargaining. This principle fixes employers and employees rights. Collective bargaining is very important to make labour relationships steady and to solve collective disputes. Collective bargaining is regulated bu international law, European community international law and national law. International labour organisation (ILO) adopted Conventions and recommendations are one of the most important source in International labour law concerning collective bargaining. In these conventions and recommendations are fixed most important provisions and and directions to the member states concerning above-mentioned bargaining. Lithuanian has ratified these Convenctions and must keep their provisions. The European law the most important is European social charter Intenational legislation and European community creatided law fixed mostly common provisions concerning collective bargaining. The provisions fixed the rigt of collective bargaining, the states are obliged to promote collective bargaining, the basic principles, parties of collective bargaining and content are fixed in above-mentioned legislation. The work examines the question about Lithuanian national law adjustice to the Interntional labour law and European labour law and why the collective bargaining mechanism is not regulated in the national law.

In presented MBA Graduation Paper the problem of innovation practice in organizations is being analyzed. It is acknowledged that successful innovation practice is the base for economics intensity, which warranties countries and organizations competitive ability in globalizations as well as internationalization conditions. Nevertheless, general level of innovation in Lithuania is rather low considering to international context. Object of this paper – organization's innovation practice in developing international business. Objective of the paper – to formulate the model of innovation practice, for the development of international enterprise. In order to implement the mentioned objective the analyzis of scientific literature and an empirical research was made. Objective of the empirical research – innovation practice in developing international business in companies of Lithuania, Denmark and Sweeden. The main activities of the examined companies – manufacture and trade of sports and leisure products. Practical research the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1 (H1). Prerequisites to instil innovation in company arises from the interaction between negative external and positive internal factors. The hypothesis was denied. Hypothesis 2 (H2). The advantage of product, procces or resources are the main motive for new market assimilating. The hypothesis was denied. Hypothesis 3 (H3). The most important motives that stimulates companies to implement new supply recourses procurers are linked with creation of new product features. The hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 4 (H4). The innovation process stimulates the start of other innovations inside company as well as outside of it. The hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 5 (H5). The innovation process of the company, determines increase of net profit in long term perspective. The hypothesis was confirmed. In presented paperwork as follows material has been used: scientific literature, jurisprudence acts, financial and other documents published in internet websites of government institutions. The paper contains 80 pages, 24 tables, 30 pictures and 3 appendixes.

In presented MBA Graduation Paper the problem of innovation practice in organizations is being analyzed. It is acknowledged that successful innovation practice is the base for economics intensity, which warranties countries and organizations competitive ability in globalizations as well as internationalization conditions. Nevertheless, general level of innovation in Lithuania is rather low considering to international context. Object of this paper – organization's innovation practice in developing international business. Objective of the paper – to formulate the model of innovation practice, for the development of international enterprise. In order to implement the mentioned objective the analyzis of scientific literature and an empirical research was made. Objective of the empirical research – innovation practice in developing international business in companies of Lithuania, Denmark and Sweeden. The main activities of the examined companies – manufacture and trade of sports and leisure products. Practical research the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1 (H1). Prerequisites to instil innovation in company arises from the interaction between negative external and positive internal factors. The hypothesis was denied. Hypothesis 2 (H2). The advantage of product, procces or resources are the main motive for new market assimilating. The hypothesis was denied. Hypothesis 3 (H3). The most important motives that stimulates companies to implement new supply recourses procurers are linked with creation of new product features. The hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 4 (H4). The innovation process stimulates the start of other innovations inside company as well as outside of it. The hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 5 (H5). The innovation process of the company, determines increase of net profit in long term perspective. The hypothesis was confirmed. In presented paperwork as follows material has been used: scientific literature, jurisprudence acts, financial and other documents published in internet websites of government institutions. The paper contains 80 pages, 24 tables, 30 pictures and 3 appendixes.

The final paper of master's studies is composed of 59 pages, 28 figures, 16 tables, list of literature resources, the paper is written in the Lithuanian language. Key words: labor market, labor force, emigration, immigration, migration of labor force, Lithuanian labor market, unemployment, extent of unemployment in Lithuania. The objective of the final paper is to reveal the impact of international labor migration on Lithuanian labor market. Seeking to achieve the determined goal, the following goals were set in the paper: 1. To reveal the theoretical aspects of labor force and labor market. 2. To reveal the causes, significance and outcomes of migration of the labor force. 3. To establish the extent of mobility of the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania within Lithuania based on the data from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and Lithuanian Free Market Institute. 4. To perform a questionnaire survey of the heads of the respondent Lithuanian companies, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the received data. The object of the research is Lithuanian labor market and international migration of labor force, which has influence upon Lithuanian labor market. Period of research is from 2001 to 2006. When preparing this final paper the following methods of investigation of economic phenomena were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison and summarizing of scientific literature, investigating migration of labor market, the causes and outcomes thereof; survey of Lithuanian companies, qualitative and quantitative analysis, graphical visualization and other methods of investigation of economic and social phenomena. When analyzing the collected material it was established, that the international migration of labor force has both positive and negative influence upon Lithuanian labor market. Due to the increase of emigration, the unemployment rate in the country decreased and in some spheres a lack of labor force was even felt. Such situation in labor market promoted immigration of labor force to the country, which in the nearest future can have negative influence upon the average level of wages.

The final paper of master's studies is composed of 59 pages, 28 figures, 16 tables, list of literature resources, the paper is written in the Lithuanian language. Key words: labor market, labor force, emigration, immigration, migration of labor force, Lithuanian labor market, unemployment, extent of unemployment in Lithuania. The objective of the final paper is to reveal the impact of international labor migration on Lithuanian labor market. Seeking to achieve the determined goal, the following goals were set in the paper: 1. To reveal the theoretical aspects of labor force and labor market. 2. To reveal the causes, significance and outcomes of migration of the labor force. 3. To establish the extent of mobility of the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania within Lithuania based on the data from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and Lithuanian Free Market Institute. 4. To perform a questionnaire survey of the heads of the respondent Lithuanian companies, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the received data. The object of the research is Lithuanian labor market and international migration of labor force, which has influence upon Lithuanian labor market. Period of research is from 2001 to 2006. When preparing this final paper the following methods of investigation of economic phenomena were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison and summarizing of scientific literature, investigating migration of labor market, the causes and outcomes thereof; survey of Lithuanian companies, qualitative and quantitative analysis, graphical visualization and other methods of investigation of economic and social phenomena. When analyzing the collected material it was established, that the international migration of labor force has both positive and negative influence upon Lithuanian labor market. Due to the increase of emigration, the unemployment rate in the country decreased and in some spheres a lack of labor force was even felt. Such situation in labor market promoted immigration of labor force to the country, which in the nearest future can have negative influence upon the average level of wages.

International relations can be considered as a set of interactions between the actors of international system. As a result of these interactions some actors gain a reputation of reliable and stable while the others perform as irrational and unpredictable. The main goal of these masters' theses was to identify when and how should the seemingly "irrational" behavior of the international actor be considered as a rational strategy aiming at some certain objectives. The subject of this research is the interactions between two states in which the structural and comparative power of the one state is lower than the one of the other. Under these circumstances the state which possesses lower power seeks to raise it in relation to the stronger state. The author of this research hypothesizes that the aim of the behavior which seems irrational to the other players of the international system may be the creation of the conditions of uncertainty. The later can be used as a means of rising structural power of the actor who necessitated it. The Author approaches the logic of the theory of rational choice as well as examines the prospects of using the particular models of game theory as a tool of analyzing the abovementioned interactions of two states the structural and comparative power of which is notably unequal. After analyzing the impact of imperfect information as well as the mistrust in the rationality of the partners of the game, the Author comes to conclusion that the abovementioned factors may be intentionally encouraged to bind the rationality of the adversary.

International relations can be considered as a set of interactions between the actors of international system. As a result of these interactions some actors gain a reputation of reliable and stable while the others perform as irrational and unpredictable. The main goal of these masters' theses was to identify when and how should the seemingly "irrational" behavior of the international actor be considered as a rational strategy aiming at some certain objectives. The subject of this research is the interactions between two states in which the structural and comparative power of the one state is lower than the one of the other. Under these circumstances the state which possesses lower power seeks to raise it in relation to the stronger state. The author of this research hypothesizes that the aim of the behavior which seems irrational to the other players of the international system may be the creation of the conditions of uncertainty. The later can be used as a means of rising structural power of the actor who necessitated it. The Author approaches the logic of the theory of rational choice as well as examines the prospects of using the particular models of game theory as a tool of analyzing the abovementioned interactions of two states the structural and comparative power of which is notably unequal. After analyzing the impact of imperfect information as well as the mistrust in the rationality of the partners of the game, the Author comes to conclusion that the abovementioned factors may be intentionally encouraged to bind the rationality of the adversary.

Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]

Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]