International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
In the thesis transformation of the international organizations will be analyzed. Nation-state foreign policy approach will be applied to the analysis, because international organizations are a peculiar kind of political systems. This leads to the general key research question: how and why do international organizations change? The methodological purpose of the thesis is too show the limits of existing scholarship on international organizations, because they neglect the external factors behind actual change within international organizations. The organizations NATO and the UN were chosen as cases. The UN from an international law point of view is undeniably the most important IO and the only truly system-wide IO; whereas NATO is seen by many as simply the strongest IO due to its combined military strength. In the thesis it will be argued that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 served as an external shock and had an empirical effect on NATO and the UN. The main empirical aim of the analysis is to explore 9/11 effect upon two cases of IOs, namely the UN and NATO, in an attempt to gain better understanding of their transformation processes. The intention is also to explore the further effect of this change upon the security policy situation of small states. The research question of the thesis: how and why were the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization affected by the events of 9/11? Therefore the following tasks are set in the analysis: 1. to construct an approach to the study of change within international organizations applying nation-state foreign policy approach; 2. to analyse the effect of the end of the Cold War upon NATO and the UN; 3. to elaborate on the UN and NATO policy change following to 9/11 terrorist attacks upon the United States and evaluate the strength of NATO and the UN in terms of their commonality, specificity and autonomy; 4. to explore the further effect of the change in the UN and NATO upon the security policy situation of small states. Analysis confirmed that paradigmatic and radical changes in IOs are due to the external dynamics: external shocks, that is. The analysis showed that the influence of the external shocks significantly depends on how it challenges the original purpose and activities of the organizations. Applying Charles Hermann's (1990) external shock framework showed that the end of the Cold War and the events of 9/11 had bigger impact on NATO than the UN. However, the UN experienced minor adjustment as it had to deal with slight program (after the Cold War) and goal (after 9/11) changes. As predicted, the shift from regional issues to global area is not effects small countries negatively. The de-regionalization of both IOs cases makes small member states feel left behind and less solidarity. Although Denmark and Lithuania declare full support to the NATO and UN activities and understand that changes are necessary for the organizations, they are deeply concerned about the global shift of the organizations as the change effects their security policy. In the analysis the comparative and descriptive analytical method is being used.
In the thesis transformation of the international organizations will be analyzed. Nation-state foreign policy approach will be applied to the analysis, because international organizations are a peculiar kind of political systems. This leads to the general key research question: how and why do international organizations change? The methodological purpose of the thesis is too show the limits of existing scholarship on international organizations, because they neglect the external factors behind actual change within international organizations. The organizations NATO and the UN were chosen as cases. The UN from an international law point of view is undeniably the most important IO and the only truly system-wide IO; whereas NATO is seen by many as simply the strongest IO due to its combined military strength. In the thesis it will be argued that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 served as an external shock and had an empirical effect on NATO and the UN. The main empirical aim of the analysis is to explore 9/11 effect upon two cases of IOs, namely the UN and NATO, in an attempt to gain better understanding of their transformation processes. The intention is also to explore the further effect of this change upon the security policy situation of small states. The research question of the thesis: how and why were the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization affected by the events of 9/11? Therefore the following tasks are set in the analysis: 1. to construct an approach to the study of change within international organizations applying nation-state foreign policy approach; 2. to analyse the effect of the end of the Cold War upon NATO and the UN; 3. to elaborate on the UN and NATO policy change following to 9/11 terrorist attacks upon the United States and evaluate the strength of NATO and the UN in terms of their commonality, specificity and autonomy; 4. to explore the further effect of the change in the UN and NATO upon the security policy situation of small states. Analysis confirmed that paradigmatic and radical changes in IOs are due to the external dynamics: external shocks, that is. The analysis showed that the influence of the external shocks significantly depends on how it challenges the original purpose and activities of the organizations. Applying Charles Hermann's (1990) external shock framework showed that the end of the Cold War and the events of 9/11 had bigger impact on NATO than the UN. However, the UN experienced minor adjustment as it had to deal with slight program (after the Cold War) and goal (after 9/11) changes. As predicted, the shift from regional issues to global area is not effects small countries negatively. The de-regionalization of both IOs cases makes small member states feel left behind and less solidarity. Although Denmark and Lithuania declare full support to the NATO and UN activities and understand that changes are necessary for the organizations, they are deeply concerned about the global shift of the organizations as the change effects their security policy. In the analysis the comparative and descriptive analytical method is being used.
In the thesis transformation of the international organizations will be analyzed. Nation-state foreign policy approach will be applied to the analysis, because international organizations are a peculiar kind of political systems. This leads to the general key research question: how and why do international organizations change? The methodological purpose of the thesis is too show the limits of existing scholarship on international organizations, because they neglect the external factors behind actual change within international organizations. The organizations NATO and the UN were chosen as cases. The UN from an international law point of view is undeniably the most important IO and the only truly system-wide IO; whereas NATO is seen by many as simply the strongest IO due to its combined military strength. In the thesis it will be argued that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 served as an external shock and had an empirical effect on NATO and the UN. The main empirical aim of the analysis is to explore 9/11 effect upon two cases of IOs, namely the UN and NATO, in an attempt to gain better understanding of their transformation processes. The intention is also to explore the further effect of this change upon the security policy situation of small states. The research question of the thesis: how and why were the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization affected by the events of 9/11? Therefore the following tasks are set in the analysis: 1. to construct an approach to the study of change within international organizations applying nation-state foreign policy approach; 2. to analyse the effect of the end of the Cold War upon NATO and the UN; 3. to elaborate on the UN and NATO policy change following to 9/11 terrorist attacks upon the United States and evaluate the strength of NATO and the UN in terms of their commonality, specificity and autonomy; 4. to explore the further effect of the change in the UN and NATO upon the security policy situation of small states. Analysis confirmed that paradigmatic and radical changes in IOs are due to the external dynamics: external shocks, that is. The analysis showed that the influence of the external shocks significantly depends on how it challenges the original purpose and activities of the organizations. Applying Charles Hermann's (1990) external shock framework showed that the end of the Cold War and the events of 9/11 had bigger impact on NATO than the UN. However, the UN experienced minor adjustment as it had to deal with slight program (after the Cold War) and goal (after 9/11) changes. As predicted, the shift from regional issues to global area is not effects small countries negatively. The de-regionalization of both IOs cases makes small member states feel left behind and less solidarity. Although Denmark and Lithuania declare full support to the NATO and UN activities and understand that changes are necessary for the organizations, they are deeply concerned about the global shift of the organizations as the change effects their security policy. In the analysis the comparative and descriptive analytical method is being used.
Subject of Master thesis is Lithuanian international political communication in XXIst century: use of cyberspace. The aim is to illustrate the alternation and application of international political communication in Lithuania and analyze the implementation of international political communication means in Lithuanian Embassies'/Consulates' internet sites. Main objectives are: to analyze conception and relationship of political and international political communication; define and analyze how conception and means of international political communication application changed in Lithuania; shortly try to discuss main communication tools, especially internet that influenced the change in Lithuanian's international political communication; to make a survey about the implementation of international political communication means in Lithuanian Embassies'/Consulates' internet sites. First part of this work presents theoretical overwiev of political and international political communication conceptions. Second part analyzes how conception and means of international political communication application changed in Lithuania and discusses main communication tools, especially internet that influenced the change in Lithuanian's international political communication in XXIst century; Third, last part, accomplished research about the implementation of international political communication means in Lithuanian Embassies'/Consulates' internet sites. Practical value of the work – prooving that means of international political communication in Lithuania are applied in embassies/consulates internet sites and the huge change in this was seen in XXIst century while developing new strategies. This Master thesis could be usefull for information anc communication specialists, students, professors, as well as for people working in the Ministry of foreign affairs and others representing Lithuania abroad.
Subject of Master thesis is Lithuanian international political communication in XXIst century: use of cyberspace. The aim is to illustrate the alternation and application of international political communication in Lithuania and analyze the implementation of international political communication means in Lithuanian Embassies'/Consulates' internet sites. Main objectives are: to analyze conception and relationship of political and international political communication; define and analyze how conception and means of international political communication application changed in Lithuania; shortly try to discuss main communication tools, especially internet that influenced the change in Lithuanian's international political communication; to make a survey about the implementation of international political communication means in Lithuanian Embassies'/Consulates' internet sites. First part of this work presents theoretical overwiev of political and international political communication conceptions. Second part analyzes how conception and means of international political communication application changed in Lithuania and discusses main communication tools, especially internet that influenced the change in Lithuanian's international political communication in XXIst century; Third, last part, accomplished research about the implementation of international political communication means in Lithuanian Embassies'/Consulates' internet sites. Practical value of the work – prooving that means of international political communication in Lithuania are applied in embassies/consulates internet sites and the huge change in this was seen in XXIst century while developing new strategies. This Master thesis could be usefull for information anc communication specialists, students, professors, as well as for people working in the Ministry of foreign affairs and others representing Lithuania abroad.
Lithuania is a party to major international treaties regulating war crimes, including Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and its Two Additional Protocols of 1977 as well as Rome Statute of International Criminal Court. Chapter XV of Lithuanian Criminal Code (LCC) lists twelve definitions of war crimes, including those that correspond to the grave breaches of Geneva Conventions as well as other customary law offences. However, there are certain problems regarding the definitions of crimes in LCC and its conformity with international law and especially Rome Statute. First of all, LCC does not include any war crime committed during non-international armed conflict. It is a major gap in Lithuanian criminal law system because of three reasons: first, the article 8 of the Rome Statute clearly points out for certain crimes committed during non-international armed conflict; second, a number of Lithuanian military personnel is serving in international missions where the situation sometimes might be very close to an armed conflicts of non-international character; third, it might pose problems regarding principle nullum crimen sine lege in the case of cooperation with International Criminal Court. This gap shall be removed as soon as possible. Secondly, LCC lacks the implementation of the command responsibility doctrine. It is unclear whether the military officer or commander could be held criminally responsible for the crimes defined in LCC according to command responsibility doctrine. Only in some articles of LCC an order to commit a crime as a form of actus reus is established and there are not enough arguments whether it is possible to treat such an order as a form of complicity in the definitions where the order as a form of actus reus is missing. Omission in prevention or repression of war crimes is missed as well.
Lithuania is a party to major international treaties regulating war crimes, including Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and its Two Additional Protocols of 1977 as well as Rome Statute of International Criminal Court. Chapter XV of Lithuanian Criminal Code (LCC) lists twelve definitions of war crimes, including those that correspond to the grave breaches of Geneva Conventions as well as other customary law offences. However, there are certain problems regarding the definitions of crimes in LCC and its conformity with international law and especially Rome Statute. First of all, LCC does not include any war crime committed during non-international armed conflict. It is a major gap in Lithuanian criminal law system because of three reasons: first, the article 8 of the Rome Statute clearly points out for certain crimes committed during non-international armed conflict; second, a number of Lithuanian military personnel is serving in international missions where the situation sometimes might be very close to an armed conflicts of non-international character; third, it might pose problems regarding principle nullum crimen sine lege in the case of cooperation with International Criminal Court. This gap shall be removed as soon as possible. Secondly, LCC lacks the implementation of the command responsibility doctrine. It is unclear whether the military officer or commander could be held criminally responsible for the crimes defined in LCC according to command responsibility doctrine. Only in some articles of LCC an order to commit a crime as a form of actus reus is established and there are not enough arguments whether it is possible to treat such an order as a form of complicity in the definitions where the order as a form of actus reus is missing. Omission in prevention or repression of war crimes is missed as well.
In the International Relations state image is perceived not only as the source of soft power but also as identity. Identity is more of how we see us, and image is about how they see us. Image is especially important for so called new states which have emerged or returned to the international arena after collapse of the Soviet Union. They had to position themselves on to the geographical and mental map of Europe and the entire world. So what is the image of the Baltic States when they became the real members of NATO and the EU, how they are portrayed in the international media, what are differences and similarities between them and are they seen as one region? The purpose of this study: to reveal what are the image of each Baltic state and the whole image of the Baltic region in the international press. The content analysis of the articles in 'Financial Times' and 'The Economist' (in the period from 1 of May 2004 until the end of 2007) was carried out. The main findings are summarized below: • During the analyzed period Estonia was most visible in 'The Economist', but Lithuania was most visible in 'Financial Times'. Aggregated results of both newspapers show that Lithuania was most visible, Estonia is slightly less visible and Latvia is least visible. • The image of Estonia was most positive, the image of Lithuania was less positive and Latvia's image was least positive. On the other hand Estonia's image is also most controversial. • The analysis of Baltic States images enables to outline the factors which have positive and negative influence to each state's image: The most negative effect on Lithuania's image was caused by domestic politics events. Paradoxically, but Lithuania's attempt to join eurozone has had positive effects to its image. Though it was unsuccessful trial, it has received much media attention and advocating in the side of Lithuania. Lithuanian active initiatives in recent years in the field energetic security have been reverberated in the international press too. However, Lithuania's Eastern foreign policy and democracy promotion initiatives have been mentioned only episodically. Important disadvantage of Lithuania's image compared to other Baltic States has been the lack of attention to its culture and tourism attractiveness. The most negative effect on Latvia's image was the danger of overheating economy and hard landing which intertwined with political crisis too. Main advantages – high level NATO meeting in Riga and the visit of G. Bush. The positive image of ex-president V. Vike- Freiberga has also had positive effects. Moreover, Latvian culture, especially music, has been quite widely introduced. However, Latvia's situation is worst as Latvia is least visible and its image is least positive. The most negative effect on Estonia's image was the conflict with Russia over removal of Soviet memorial in Estonia. Even if Estonia's position was understood, this event ruined the image of Estonia as quite, internally rather well integrated and business friendly country. The strengths of Estonia's image have been: economical competitiveness, development of IT sector, high quality of private business schools, interesting culture, attractive tourism destination, positive images of political leaders. • Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia most often have been named as Baltic countries, Baltics, Balts, less frequent regional identifications have been Central and Eastern Europe (or Eastern Europe). • Main narratives and meanings which define the Baltics are: Baltic states are the success stories of political and economical transformation; Baltics experience most booming economic growth in the EU (Baltic tigers); The image of Baltics as victims of history; Contemporary relations between Baltics and Russia are tense and complicated (Russia is the 'other' for the Baltics); Baltics are close to Nordic countries trough their active economic relations.
In the International Relations state image is perceived not only as the source of soft power but also as identity. Identity is more of how we see us, and image is about how they see us. Image is especially important for so called new states which have emerged or returned to the international arena after collapse of the Soviet Union. They had to position themselves on to the geographical and mental map of Europe and the entire world. So what is the image of the Baltic States when they became the real members of NATO and the EU, how they are portrayed in the international media, what are differences and similarities between them and are they seen as one region? The purpose of this study: to reveal what are the image of each Baltic state and the whole image of the Baltic region in the international press. The content analysis of the articles in 'Financial Times' and 'The Economist' (in the period from 1 of May 2004 until the end of 2007) was carried out. The main findings are summarized below: • During the analyzed period Estonia was most visible in 'The Economist', but Lithuania was most visible in 'Financial Times'. Aggregated results of both newspapers show that Lithuania was most visible, Estonia is slightly less visible and Latvia is least visible. • The image of Estonia was most positive, the image of Lithuania was less positive and Latvia's image was least positive. On the other hand Estonia's image is also most controversial. • The analysis of Baltic States images enables to outline the factors which have positive and negative influence to each state's image: The most negative effect on Lithuania's image was caused by domestic politics events. Paradoxically, but Lithuania's attempt to join eurozone has had positive effects to its image. Though it was unsuccessful trial, it has received much media attention and advocating in the side of Lithuania. Lithuanian active initiatives in recent years in the field energetic security have been reverberated in the international press too. However, Lithuania's Eastern foreign policy and democracy promotion initiatives have been mentioned only episodically. Important disadvantage of Lithuania's image compared to other Baltic States has been the lack of attention to its culture and tourism attractiveness. The most negative effect on Latvia's image was the danger of overheating economy and hard landing which intertwined with political crisis too. Main advantages – high level NATO meeting in Riga and the visit of G. Bush. The positive image of ex-president V. Vike- Freiberga has also had positive effects. Moreover, Latvian culture, especially music, has been quite widely introduced. However, Latvia's situation is worst as Latvia is least visible and its image is least positive. The most negative effect on Estonia's image was the conflict with Russia over removal of Soviet memorial in Estonia. Even if Estonia's position was understood, this event ruined the image of Estonia as quite, internally rather well integrated and business friendly country. The strengths of Estonia's image have been: economical competitiveness, development of IT sector, high quality of private business schools, interesting culture, attractive tourism destination, positive images of political leaders. • Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia most often have been named as Baltic countries, Baltics, Balts, less frequent regional identifications have been Central and Eastern Europe (or Eastern Europe). • Main narratives and meanings which define the Baltics are: Baltic states are the success stories of political and economical transformation; Baltics experience most booming economic growth in the EU (Baltic tigers); The image of Baltics as victims of history; Contemporary relations between Baltics and Russia are tense and complicated (Russia is the 'other' for the Baltics); Baltics are close to Nordic countries trough their active economic relations.
