Suchergebnisse

The internationalization of national constitutions includes an eventual unification of constitutional rules deemed necessary to intensify international relations. So, in a broader way it is invoked the impact of international law and international relations on constitutional law. The result of the internationalization of national rights is a progressive harmonization of concepts and legal rules. In the current state of international law, constitutions' internationalization corresponds a concrete impact of international law on constitutional norms. The current trend of constitutions is to regulate in a more accurate and comprehensive way the relations between the state and international law. International law does not require any particular form of the conclusion of international treaties. In intensification of international relations, international conventions and integration of states in international organizations, the Parliament carries important consequences for both on normative function and the control function. Such legislative activity is guided by international treaties concluded by the state. While the executive and the legislative are involved in the development of international law, the jurisdictional power intervenes to reconcile domestic and international legal norms. States do not devote supremacy of international law over their constitution. Because international treaties to be part of the national legal order is not enough that the procedure for concluding treaties to be respected. It is also necessary that treaties do not contravene fundamental state constitutional principles of human rights and the relationship between public authorities. The control of international treaties' constitutionality can be mandatory or optional. In the process of ratification of the treaty on EU European constitutional courts tend to create a similar design to establish the limits of European integration. In reality, the issue of constitutionality of international treaties control is a political issue and it is difficult to apply legal principles purely political matters. There are three categories of states in the aspect of national courts on constitutional regularity control concluding treaties.

Although generally considered a tolerant or even an ultra-pacifistic religion,
contemporary Buddhism is far from being free from internal political-religious tensions.
The present article sketches three conflicts: the first is located within the Kagyüpaline
where two sub-currents argue about the legitimacy of the spiritual leader of the
school; the second refers to the controversy over Dorje Shugden, a protective deity whose veneration was declared dangerous by the Dalai Lama and other leaders of the Guelugpa-school in opposition to the defenders of this religious practice; the third one is the dispute over Soka Gakkai whose status as a modern representative of Nichiren Buddhism is questioned by other Japanese Buddhist groups. After having laid out the basic characteristics of the three conflicts the article deals with their impact on contemporary Brazilian Buddhism.

By examining some of the letters Romanian volunteers in the International Brigades sent home during the Spanish Civil War, this article explores their authors' experience of the front-line hardships and of the challenges associated with the military life-style. The paper first provides a concise historical account of the Spanish Civil War, with a focus on the emergence of the international military groups, consisting of foreign combatants. It subsequently investigates the reasons that determined the Romanian volunteers to leave their country to fight in Spain, by examining their motivation in the intricate political and social context of interwar Romania. Finally, the article deals with the negative outcomes these letters had for their recipients, translated into the permanent harassment their families and close ones suffered because of this correspondence.

The European Union is a rather new player in international relations. The European Union is neither a state nor international organization. With the accession to the European Union, the states transfer some attributes of sovereignty and, thus, the governing is done by the European Union mostly, taking part in its relations with third countries. At the same time, it contains some elements of the union (confederation, federation). Therefore, the European Union is more than an international organization. We find elements of the federation, confederation without being identified as such, being established on a system of organization. The European Union aims for integration of societies within a single economic, social, political, legal area. The European Union acts as a proper system based on an idea of creating strong Union bonds between the people of Europe, by establishing an internal market, an economical Union. The European Union, in its relations with the member states, keeps the ultimate goal that it has, being an international legal person, special competences, realizing common goals established with the member states. The legal basis of the European Union is represented by two treaties: the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The well-known Lisbon Treaty represents legally an amending treaty of the previous legal instruments - a compromise between the need for reform, on the one hand, and the need to live in a united Europe, on the other hand. The member states of the EU relate to two legal systems. As a result of their participation in an international organization with supranational character, Member States of the European Union assume a number of commitments with repercussions to their state sovereignty. The Member States coexist with the European Union. The European Union has become, along with its Member States, a matter of international law; even if it shows itself as a conglomerate of states - international organization; it is a union of states established by state attributes, an entity more complex and powerful, with a higher importance with its relations with the Member States, but also with an increased influence on international arena.

Habermas discusses the chances for the establishment of world citizenship in contemporary society, marked by multiculturalism and the process of globalization. Habermas identifies the historical configuration of the post-national constellation, and from there themed the transition from international law to the law of citizens of the world, which aligns the concept of citizenship to the idea of ​​human rights. Habermas analyzes the Kantian idea of ​​a cosmopolitan state in which citizens are legal subjects of their respective States and members of a cosmopolitan entity. Kant elaborates on the concept of world republic, which Habermas disagrees with, but offers the example of the European Union for a discussion on the realization of a just and peaceful international order. Based on the Kantian orientation of constituting an order of world citizenship, Habermas discusses the conformation and viability of this idea in contemporary times. For Habermas, it is possible to spell out the idea of ​​cosmopolitan citizenship. From the European Union, cooperation between States and citizens shows that a cosmopolitan community is needed to complement an international community of States.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an essential reference to human rights and freedoms. Both the Declaration and the Constitution obliges authorities, especially justice and therefore constitutional justice to respect fundamental rights and freedoms, including those through which is ensured protection of personality's spiritual side. The right to a fair trial has a special place among the fundamental rights in a democratic society, whose level should be inherent in any system of law. The right to a fair trial in an independent and impartial court is recognised in customary international law so that those states that have not yet ratified the international instruments are also bound by law and the judicial system to adapt their legislation appropriately. The right to a fair trial has several components such as access to justice, a fair and public case in a reasonable time, examination of the case by an independent and impartial court, established by law, advertising delivery decisions. The right to be tried by an independent and impartial court is so elemental, exciting Human Rights Committee status as an "absolute right not bear any exception". The right to a fair trial also means a reasonable opportunity to expose any part of his case to the court in a manner that does not disadvantage the opposing party, which is achieved by ensuring its rights of defense. Parties have the right to be assisted by an attorney, elected or appointed by office. Realisation of the right to defense is ensured by the organisation and functioning of the judiciary, which is based on the principles of legality, equality of parties, gratuity, collegiality, publicity, immutability and the active role of the court. To enact a law the court as part of a fair trial takes into account the competence to hear the case, both materially and territorially. In this context, statutory legislation provisions are clear and precise, clearly delineating the powers of courts, the costs involved in the administration of justice. To understand and respect the provisions is of paramount importance in realisng the right - a prerequisite to the existence of balanced and harmonious society.

O governo de Jair Bolsonaro iniciou-se em 2019. Desde sua campanha eleitoral, eram notáveis algumas opiniões e prioridades distintas daquelas trazidas pelos 14 anos de governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). A constância da política externa brasileira já havia sido quebrada com a entrada do presidente interino Michel Temer em 2016 no país, mas o governo Bolsonaro trouxe novas rupturas. A política externa é a via fundamental para a cooperação com outros Estados, originando acordos, projetos e vantagens comerciais. Essas relações são estabelecidas a partir de imagens que são projetadas do Estado, onde são evidenciadas suas preferências e focos, assim como se discursa como se deseja que os outros o enxerguem. Dessa forma, este artigo realizou análise documental de duas alocuções proferidas pelo chanceler Ernesto Araújo: uma em uma reunião do G20 e outra em uma reunião do BRICS, ambas ocorridas em 2020. O intuito do trabalho foi determinar qual a imagem do Brasil que está sendo projetada internacionalmente, por meio deste ator específico, considerando que o Ministro das Relações Exteriores carrega uma grande responsabilidade em relação a isso em suas aparições públicas e discursos. A partir das análises, conclui-se que as alocuções de Araújo contribuíram para uma imagem de unilateralismo, nacionalismo, preferência ao bilateralismo em detrimento do multilateralismo, e uma não credibilidade em relação às organizações multilaterais e suas recomendações, com fortes sugestões de reforma dessas instituições.

O presente trabalho apresenta criticamente como foi se formando a atual estrutura histórica de governança da internet (GI) ocidental e analisa tal ordem vigente, através do arcabouço da Teoria Crítica (TC) das Relações Internacionais (RI) e da perspectiva de um acadêmico posicionado no Sul Global, para perguntar como essa ordem surgiu e se desenvolveu. Tem-se como objetivo avaliar o seguinte argumento central: a dinâmica neoliberal capturou a natureza inicial comunitária da internet tanto através de iniciativas estatais (Estados Unidos) quanto privadas (grandes empresas de dados)? Se sim, o modelo de governança privatizada ocidental em vigência supre as demandas dos países do Sul Global com relação ao futuro da internet? Para cumprir com o propósito crítico do trabalho, observam-se os pontos nevrálgicos dessa trajetória de constituição da GI no Ocidente, sempre da perspectiva de uma necessidade do Sul Global de reformar tal modelo observando nossas necessidades enquanto Estados e cidadãos. Alguns desses pontos são: a expertise detida pelo setor privado; a localização geográfica das empresas de dados; o papel dos Estados nas mesas de negociação multistakeholder; a pouca infraestrutura técnica do Sul Global; o design da internet. As metodologias a serem utilizadas são a revisão bibliográfica para apontar o desenvolvimento histórico citado e, a seguir, o método das estruturas históricas de Robert Cox. Este último será utilizado para avaliar a estrutura histórica hegemônica e apresentar uma proposta contra-hegemônica, ambas decorrentes da análise desse desenvolvimento histórico da GI ocidental.