Neste artigo examinamos a dinâmica social de produção de novasrelaçõesde gênero nos espaços dos acampamentos. Nosso objetivo é iniciar umareflexão acerca do processo simultâneo de mudança entre as relaçõesespaciais e relações de gênero. ; This article examines thesocial dynamic of production of new gender relations withinthe spaces of thelandless people's encampments. The objective is to begin areflection on thesimultaneous processes of transformation of spatial relations andgender relations.
Este artigo apresenta o resultado preliminar de uma pesquisa em cursoque tem como uma das suas preocupações o conflito entre a produçãocapitalista da cidade e a demanda popular por habitação na cidade deSão Paulo e suas repercussões RegiãoMetropolitana. ; This article presentspreliminary results from an ongoing research project which hasas one of its objectivesthe analysis of conflicts between the demands of urbancapitalist production and the housing needs the homeless in the city of São Paulo andits repercussions in themetropolitan region.
El presente texto es una síntesis de ponencias e intervenciones que he realizado sobreel tema en los últimos tiempos, y como tal fue leída en el acto de apertura del VIEncuentro Latinoamericano de Revistas Marxistas celebrado en Montevideo enseptiembre del año 2000. Con ello, señalo la valorización del concepto de sociedad civilen la obra de Carlos Marx, donde la tesis del desaparecimiento del Estado coincide conla subsunción de las funciones políticas y administrativas por las organizacionespopulares de la sociedad. ; The present text is a synthesis of talks and comments that I have delivered onthis topic recently. It was presented at the opening ceremony of the SixthLatin American Meeting of Marxist Journals, held in Montevideo inSeptember 2000. I underscore the valorization of the concept of civil societyin Karl Marx's work. The disappearance of the State hypothesized by Marx isaccompanied by the assumption of political and administrative functions bythe popular organizations of society.
Tentativa de análise crítica do recurso às noções de "globalização" e"governabilidade" no discurso político contemporâneo. A hipótesecentral é que este recurso se presta à ocultação do processocontraditório de espraiamento do capitalismo em escala planetária, bemcomo das contradições inerentes a este modo de produção. Nestesentido, se choca com a miríade de novas lutas sociais que se travam naAmérica Latina. ; This article is a critical analyse of the use of the notions of globalization andgovernability in the current contemporary discourse. The central hypothesis is thatthis use contributes to mask the contradictory process of capitalist expansion at theworld scale, as well as the inherent contraditions to this mode of production. In thissense, it clashes with a myriad of new on-going social struggles in Latin America.
Abordagem histórica do surgimento das ONGs (Organizações NãoGovernamentais) no Brasil, na década de 1970, e de como, de modogeral,se (re) configuraram nos anos 90 do século XX. ; Analysis of the emergence of NGOs in Brazil in the 1970s and how, in general, theyrestructured in the 1990s.
Resumo:Processos predatórios de desapossamento, com diversos recursos à violência, oque passa pela intervenção estatal, longe de se restringirem a um momentoencerrado na pré-história do capitalismo, constituem, ao lado da reproduçãoampliada, um dos eixos fundamentais da expansão deste modo de produção e seuexame é imprescindível para a compreensão do "novo imperialismo". ; Abstract: Predatory processes of dispossession,relying on different means of violence whichnecessitate state intervention, far from beingrestricted to a circumscribed moment ofthe pre-history of capitalism, constitute, withexpanded reproduction, one of thefundamental axes of expansion of this mode ofproduction and its examination iscrucial to understand this 'new imperialism'.
Exame da formulação universalista dos direitos do homem, de extraçãohegeliano-marxista, contrapondo-a à concepção liberal, bem maislimitada. Argumenta que, da mesma forma que o movimento socialista foidecisivo para que se ampliasse a concepção e a prática liberais, oenfraquecimento dessa influência pode resultar em uma nova "contração"dos direitos do homem, que deixarão de se referir à grande massa dosnãoproprietários e mesmo a povos inteiros do chamado terceiro mundo ; The article examines the universal formulation of human rights, of Hegelian/Marxistorigin, and constrasts it to the much more limited Liberal understanding. It arguesthat, in the same way that the socialist movement was decisive for the expansion ofthe Liberal conception and practice, the weakening of this influence can result in anew contraction of human rights that will cease to refer to the property-less massesand entire population of the so-called Third World.
O artigo discute dois paradoxos e um enigma que se desenvolveram no país durante as últimas décadas: o processo de democratização iniciado em 1978, que foi acompanhado por aumento espetacular da criminalidade; uma nação que foi construída pelos ideais da cordialidade e da conciliação mudados recentemente para os mecanismos da vingança pessoal e impulsos agressivos incontroláveis, visto que nem o perdão nem a pacificação foram discutidos publicamente no término do regime militar. Por fim, o enigma de uma violência brutal entre homens jovens que afetou muito pouco as mulheres e outras categorias de idade. Ao contrário dos conflitos étnicos que atingem a todos, no Brasil são os homicídios cometidos entre homens jovens que cresceram várias vezes nos anos 1980 e 1990. A fim de compreender isso, são utilizadas quatro dimensões: o contexto internacional do tráfico de drogas e de armas de fogo; a importância e os limites das explicações macrossociais sobre a criminalidade violenta que interage com os mecanismos transnacionais do crime organizado; a inércia institucional que explica a ineficácia do sistema de justiça; os processos microssociais ou as formações subjetivas sobre a concepção de masculinidade em suas relações com a exibição de força, dinheiro e armas de fogo. ; The article discusses two paradoxes and one enigma that have developed in this country during the last decades: a process of democratisation that started in 1978 coming forward with increasing criminality rates, especially homicide; a nation constituted on the idea of cordiality and conciliation that changed recently its dominant ideas and developed vengeance mechanisms and uncontrollable aggressive behaviour for there was never a public discussion of pacification and forgiveness; the enigma of a fierce violence among men, mainly young men has affected women comparatively much less. This suggests a model of violence dissimilar to the model present in ethnic conflicts where everybody is victim. To understand them, I have used four dimensions: the international context related to drug and gun trafficking, the institutional inertia that explains the malfunctioning of the justice system; the importance and limits of macro social explanations for violent criminality, such as poverty and social exclusion; the necessary look at micro social processes concerning subjective formations on masculinity linked to exhibition of force, money and guns.
Realiza-se, aqui, reflexão bioética sobre a concepção de pobreza enquanto condição, ou circunstância, de restrição e vulnerabilidade. Tal concepção prevê duas perspectivas: a econômica que relaciona pobreza com incapacidade (visão do Banco Mundial, a partir das recomendações políticas para o ajuste econômico dos países latino-americanos) e a ético-filosófica, relacionando pobreza com desigualdade (fundamentada nos conceitos de eqüidade e igualdade, enquanto desdobramentos da idéia de justiça). Uma das graves conseqüências é o tratamento injusto, no que diz respeito aos procedimentos de pesquisa dos países ricos que recrutam populações de países pobres como campo experimental para investigações na área da saúde, principalmente pesquisas biomédicas ou farmacêuticas, colocando sob questionamento ético o caráter de vulnerabilidade e autonomia desses indivíduos. ; Nos proponemos desarrollar una reflexión bioética acerca de la concepción de la pobreza como condición o circunstancia de restricción y vulnerabilidad. Esta concepción presentará dos perspectivas: la económica, relacionada con la incapacidad (visión del Banco Mundial desde las recomendaciones políticas para el ajuste económico de los países latinoamericanos) y la ético-filosófica, relacionada con la desigualdad (basada en los conceptos de equidad e igualdad como desdoblamientos de la idea de justicia). Una de las graves consecuencias de lo anterior es el tratamiento injusto, respecto a los procedimientos de investigación, de los países ricos que reclutan las poblaciones de los países pobres como campo experimental para investigaciones en el área de la salud. Este hecho se produce principalmente en las investigaciones biomédicas o farmacológicas, cuestionando así desde el punto de vista ético el carácter de vulnerabilidad y autonomía de los individuos. ; The article presents a reflection on conception of poverty as a condition or circumstance that restricts personal autonomy and increases vulnerability. Focusing on bioethical arguments, the authors discuss two perspectives: (i) economic, that relates poverty to incapacity to work and (ii) ethical-philosophical, which relates poverty to inequality and injustice. The first perspective corresponds to the World Bank's view according to its recommendations to the political and economic adjustment in Latin America. The second one is based on concepts of fairness and equality as components of social justice. The subjects' autonomy and vulnerability have been under question in an international movement that requests revision of ethical guidelines for the biomedical research. The bioethical arguments presented in this article enhance a discussion on unfair treatment to subjects enlisted in protocols sponsored by rich countries and hosted by poor nations.
Há uma contradição entre a percepção de diferentes setores da elite quanto às questões da fome e nutrição no Brasil. Por um lado, o carro-chefe da política social do atual governo brasileiro é o Programa Fome Zero. Esse programa se baseia na concepção de que a condição de fome é socialmente relevante no País. Por outro lado, a comunidade científica na área de nutrição, por meio de estudos epidemiológicos, destaca a obesidade como um dos problemas de saúde pública mais graves no Brasil. O motivo pelo qual a percepção pública está dissociada da produção de conhecimento sobre o assunto tem raízes antigas, relacionadas às dificuldades de institucionalizar a ciência no Brasil. Isso se refletiu numa relativa falta de legitimidade do discurso científico. A novidade nessa situação é a conquista de maior visibilidade internacional, pela comunidade científica em epidemiologia nutricional. O futuro da aplicação prática dos resultados da pesquisa em epidemiologia nutricional no Brasil depende da dinâmica das agendas políticas sobre fome e nutrição, e dos setores a elas associados. O objetivo do estudo foi explorar essa situação por meio da análise de dados cientométricos sobre a produção científica, dados históricos e documentais quanto ao discurso sobre a fome. ; There is a contradiction between the perceptions held by different sectors of the Establishment with regard to the questions of hunger and nutrition in Brazil. On the one hand, the flagship of the present Brazilian government's social policy is the "Fome Zero" program. This program is based on the notion that the condition of hunger is socially relevant in this country. On the other hand, the scientific community in the field of nutrition has, through epidemiological studies, highlighted obesity as one of the most serious public health problems in Brazil. The reason why the public perception is dissociated from the production of knowledge on this subject has old roots that are related to the difficulties in institutionalizing science in Brazil. This has been reflected in a relative lack of legitimacy for scientific discourse. The new factor in this situation is the attainment of greater international visibility by the scientific community in nutritional de epidemiology. The future of the practical application of the results from nutritional epidemiology research in Brazil depends on the dynamics of the political agenda regarding hunger and nutrition, and of the sectors associated with this. The objective of this study was to explore this situation by means of analyzing scientometric data on the scientific production, historical data and documents relating to discourse about hunger.
OBJETIVO: Descrever a distribuição da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho digestivo, geniturinário e do sistema nervoso, de acordo com a ocupação entre militares da Marinha do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório da mortalidade proporcional conduzido com militares do sexo masculino lotados na Marinha do Brasil, que faleceram no período de 1991 a 1995. A população do estudo corresponde a todo o contingente da corporação nesse mesmo período. Os dados provêm de certidões de óbitos requeridas para concessão de pensões de dependentes e história ocupacional correspondente. As causas básicas de morte foram codificadas de acordo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (9ª revisão). RESULTADOS: Militares apresentaram mortalidade proporcional aumentada para as doenças do fígado relacionadas com o consumo do álcool (razão de mortalidade proporcional ajustada (RMPaj=2,03; IC 95%: 1,26 3,00), pancreatite (RMPaj=2,03; IC 95%: 1,06 3,38), hemorragia digestiva (RMPaj=1,61; IC 95%: 1,10 2,23), doenças renais crônicas (RMPaj=2,82; IC 95%: 1,98 3,84), doença de Parkinson (RMPaj=3,00; IC 95%: 1,27 5,72) e degenerações cerebrais (RMPaj=2,88; IC 95%: 1,14 5,70) em relação a população de referência. Associação não estatisticamente significante foi observada entre operadores de radar (RMP=6,50; IC 95%: 1,43 29,56) e doenças do sistema nervoso. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam a existência de possíveis fatores de riscos ocupacionais no ambiente de trabalho da Marinha do Brasil, e a necessidade de estudos com medidas quantitativas de exposição. ; OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of mortality due to digestive tract, genitourinary and nervous system diseases according to occupation among Brazilian Navy servicemen. METHODS: This was an exploratory study of proportional mortality among male servicemen in the Brazilian Navy who died between 1991 and 1995. The study population comprises the entire contingent of servicemen during this same time period. Data were obtained from death certificates submitted in order to obtain dependents' pensions, and from the corresponding occupational histories of these individuals. Basic causes of death were coded in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases (9th Revision). RESULTS: Servicemen presented increased proportional mortality for liver diseases related to alcohol consumption (age-adjusted proportional mortality ratio, PMRadj =2.03; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.26-3.00), pancreatitis (PMRadj=2.03; 95% CI: 1.06-3.38), digestive hemorrhage (PMRadj=1.61; 95% CI: 1.10-2.23), chronic kidney diseases (PMRadj=2.82; 95% CI: 1.98-3.84), Parkinson's disease (PMRadj=3.00; 95% CI: 1.27-5.72) and degenerative brain diseases (PMRadj=2.88; 95% CI: 1.14-5.70), in relation to the reference population. A statistically non-significant association was observed between radar operators (PMR=6.50; 95% CI: 1.43-29.56) and nervous system diseases was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the existence of possible occupational risk factors in the working environment of the Brazilian Navy, and the need for studies using quantitative measurement of such exposure.
OBJETIVO: Analisar os avanços na Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes no período de 1988 a 2002, comparando seus diferentes textos entre si e com o Código Internacional de Comercialização de Substitutos do Leite Materno. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos em documentos, relatórios, portarias e resoluções do Ministério da Saúde. As versões utilizadas na comparação foram a de 1992 e a de 2002. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa permitiu identificar importantes avanços na legislação. Em 1992, foram incluídos os leites fluídos, em pó, as chupetas e frases de advertência na propaganda e na rotulagem dos produtos. Em 2002, a regulamentação dos produtos foi publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, fortalecendo a ação de fiscalização e incluindo a regulamentação dos alimentos para crianças de primeira infância, fórmulas de nutrientes indicadas para recém-nascido de alto risco e protetores de mamilo. As frases utilizadas na promoção comercial e na rotulagem dos produtos, inclusive de chupetas e mamadeiras, passaram a ser de advertência do Ministério da Saúde. A rotulagem foi definida para cada tipo de produto, baseada em regras mais restritas. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identificadas importantes modificações no controle do marketing dos produtos dirigidos à mãe no período de lactação. No entanto, ainda há questões legislativas que possibilitariam o aprimoramento da norma brasileira, visando à proteção do aleitamento materno. É necessário também que o governo implante rotinas de monitoramento sistemático de fiscalização dessa legislação. ; OBJECTIVE: To assess the advances in the Brazilian norm for commercialization of infant foods from 1988 to 2002, comparing the different texts with each other and with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. METHODS: This was a descriptive study based on data collected from documents, reports, ordinances and resolutions from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The versions utilized in the comparison were from 1992 and 2002. RESULTS: Comparative analysis made it possible to identify important advances in the legislation. In 1992, liquid and powdered milk were included in the scope, along with teats and dummies (pacifiers), and also warning phrases in advertising and on product labeling. In 2002, regulations for products were published by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance, thereby strengthening supervisory actions and including regulations for baby foods, nutrient formulae for high-risk newborns, and nipple protectors. The phrases used in commercial advertising and on product labeling, including dummies, teats and bottles, became Ministry of Health warnings. The labeling was defined according to product types, on the basis of more restrictive rules. CONCLUSIONS: Significant modifications in the control over the marketing of products aimed at mothers during the lactation period. However, there are still some legislative questions that would make it possible to improve the Brazilian norm, in order to protect breastfeeding. There is also a need for the government to implement systematic monitoring routines to supervise this legislation.
OBJETIVO: Analisar os avanços na Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes no período de 1988 a 2002, comparando seus diferentes textos entre si e com o Código Internacional de Comercialização de Substitutos do Leite Materno. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos em documentos, relatórios, portarias e resoluções do Ministério da Saúde. As versões utilizadas na comparação foram a de 1992 e a de 2002. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa permitiu identificar importantes avanços na legislação. Em 1992, foram incluídos os leites fluídos, em pó, as chupetas e frases de advertência na propaganda e na rotulagem dos produtos. Em 2002, a regulamentação dos produtos foi publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, fortalecendo a ação de fiscalização e incluindo a regulamentação dos alimentos para crianças de primeira infância, fórmulas de nutrientes indicadas para recém-nascido de alto risco e protetores de mamilo. As frases utilizadas na promoção comercial e na rotulagem dos produtos, inclusive de chupetas e mamadeiras, passaram a ser de advertência do Ministério da Saúde. A rotulagem foi definida para cada tipo de produto, baseada em regras mais restritas. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identificadas importantes modificações no controle do marketing dos produtos dirigidos à mãe no período de lactação. No entanto, ainda há questões legislativas que possibilitariam o aprimoramento da norma brasileira, visando à proteção do aleitamento materno. É necessário também que o governo implante rotinas de monitoramento sistemático de fiscalização dessa legislação. ; OBJECTIVE: To assess the advances in the Brazilian norm for commercialization of infant foods from 1988 to 2002, comparing the different texts with each other and with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. METHODS: This was a descriptive study based on data collected from documents, reports, ordinances and resolutions from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The versions utilized in the comparison were from 1992 and 2002. RESULTS: Comparative analysis made it possible to identify important advances in the legislation. In 1992, liquid and powdered milk were included in the scope, along with teats and dummies (pacifiers), and also warning phrases in advertising and on product labeling. In 2002, regulations for products were published by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance, thereby strengthening supervisory actions and including regulations for baby foods, nutrient formulae for high-risk newborns, and nipple protectors. The phrases used in commercial advertising and on product labeling, including dummies, teats and bottles, became Ministry of Health warnings. The labeling was defined according to product types, on the basis of more restrictive rules. CONCLUSIONS: Significant modifications in the control over the marketing of products aimed at mothers during the lactation period. However, there are still some legislative questions that would make it possible to improve the Brazilian norm, in order to protect breastfeeding. There is also a need for the government to implement systematic monitoring routines to supervise this legislation.
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
