Suchergebnisse

Die aus der deutschen Wiedervereinigung resultierenden ökonomischen und demografischen Veränderungsprozesse stellen große Herausforderungen für die Regionalentwicklung dar: Nachdem die ostdeutschen Arbeitsmärkte lange Zeit von einem Überangebot an Arbeitskräften geprägt waren und zahlreiche (vor allem junge, gut ausgebildete) Menschen in die alten Bundesländer abwanderten, zeichnet sich mittlerweile eine Trendwende ab. Infolge des demografischen Wandels (Bevölkerungsalterung und -schrumpfung) geht die Zahl der Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter kontinuierlich zurück. Dies wirkt sich vor allem auf das Rückgrat der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft, die kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen, aus. Schon heute machen sich Schwierigkeiten bei der Besetzung offener Arbeitsstellen bemerkbar und vielerorts wird bereits von einem "Fachkräftemangel" gesprochen. Um die Zukunftsfähigkeit der ansässigen Unternehmen zu sichern, entwickeln regionale Organisationen Strategien, die eine ausreichende Versorgung der Unternehmen mit Fachkräften gewährleisten und damit zur regionalen Resilienz beitragen sollen. Während diese vor allem auf eine erhöhte Arbeitsbeteiligung bestimmter Gruppen (z.B. ältere Arbeitnehmer, Frauen, Arbeitslose) abzielen, lässt sich vermehrt auch eine gezielte Anwerbung von Fachkräften aus anderen Regionen beobachten. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass mittlerweile ein beachtlicher Teil der abgewanderten Ostdeutschen in seine "alte Heimat" zurückkehren möchte, kommt dieser Personengruppe dabei ein besonderes Interesse zu. Auf diesen Erkenntnissen aufbauend setzt sich die Forschungsarbeit mit folgenden Fragestellungen auseinander: (1) Wie beschäftigen sich die relevanten Organisationen in Ostdeutschland mit der regionalen Fachkräftesicherung? (2) Welche Rolle spielt dabei die gezielte Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern? und (3) Wie können Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen zur Resilienz ostdeutscher Regionen gegenüber dem rückläufigen Erwerbspersonenpotenzials beitragen? Auf Basis einer Literatur- und Internetrecherche werden die wichtigsten Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen in ostdeutschen Regionen erfasst und charakterisiert. Darauf aufbauend werden anhand der Informationen der Trägerorganisationen weitere, mit dem Thema "Fachkräftesicherung" betraute Organisationen identifiziert. Diese Grundgesamtheit stellt den Ausgangspunkt für eine schriftliche Befragung dar. Auf Grundlage der Befragungsergebnisse werden Trends sowie Besonderheiten bei der regionalen Fachkräftesicherung ermittelt. Im Rahmen einer anschließenden Fallstudienuntersuchung wird ein detaillierter Einblick in die Arbeitsweisen und Kooperationsbeziehungen ausgewählter Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen gewonnen. Anhand von Experteninterviews werden weitere Erkenntnisse über den Beitrag dieser Initiativen zur Resilienz regionaler Arbeitsmärkte gewonnen. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich aktuell eine Vielzahl verschiedener Organisationen mit dem Thema der regionalen Fachkräftesicherung beschäftigt: Neben den Agenturen für Arbeit, den Industrie- und Handelskammern sowie den Handwerkskammern sind dies verschiedene Wirtschafts- bzw. Branchenverbände und Gewerkschaften. Darüber hinaus spielen auch Ministerien, Förderbanken, kommunale Einrichtungen, Career Services von Hochschulen und ehrenamtliche Vereine eine Rolle. Obwohl Rück- und Zuwanderer nicht die Hauptzielgruppe ihrer Maßnahmen darstellen, finden sie dennoch Berücksichtigung. Außerdem stehen die meisten Organisationen mit dreizehn Initiativen, welche sich auf eine gezielte Anwerbung von (Re-) Migranten spezialisiert haben, in Kontakt. Bei Letzteren gehören die Vermittlung von Arbeitsplätzen, die Information und Beratung bei der Arbeitssuche sowie Dual Career Services (Informationen und Beratung bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche der Partnerin/ des Partners) zu den wichtigsten Leistungsangeboten. Zwar ist eine direkte Messung ihres Erfolges nicht möglich und eine dauerhafte Finanzierung, aufgrund ihres Projektcharakters, nur selten garantiert, dennoch tragen sie aber zur regionalen Fachkräftesicherung bei: Durch den Aufbau von Netzwerken, der Sensibilisierung ansässiger Unternehmen sowie der aktiven Vermarktung des Standorts werden vorhandene Ressourcen mobilisiert und bestehende Vulnerabilitäten abgebaut. Durch das Einwirken weiterer, externer Prozesse stellt sich schließlich eine erhöhte Resilienz ostdeutscher Regionen gegenüber dem rückläufigen Erwerbspersonenpotenzial ein. Daraus leiten sich Handlungsempfehlungen ab, die eine weitere Intensivierung der regionalen Kooperation vorschlagen.:Abbildungsverzeichnis XI Tabellenverzeichnis XIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis XIV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 3 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 5 2 Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen und forschungsleitende Fragen 7 2.1 Rückgang des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials und Fachkräftemangel 8 2.1.1 Komponenten des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland 8 2.1.2 Begriffsbestimmung: Erwerbspersonenpotenzial, Arbeitskräftemangel, Fachkräftemangel, Fachkräftesicherung 10 2.2 Entstehung regionaler Arbeitsmärkte 12 2.2.1 Neoklassisches Grundmodell des Arbeitsmarktes 12 2.2.2 Segmentationstheorie 13 2.2.3 Regulationstheoretisch orientierte Regionalforschung 15 2.2.4 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Punkte 15 2.3 Erklärung von (interregionalen) Migrationsbewegungen 16 2.3.1 Ökonomische Ansätze zur Erklärung von Migration 17 2.3.2 Nichtökonomische Migrationstheorien 18 2.3.3 Mehrebenenkonzept zur (Rück-) Wanderungsforschung 19 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Punkte 20 2.4 Steigerung der Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in der Regionalentwicklung 21 2.4.1 Cluster 21 2.4.2 Regionale Innovationssysteme 23 2.4.3 Zusammenfassung 23 2.5 Integration der Theoriestränge durch den Ansatz der regionalen Resilienz 24 2.5.1 Der Resilienz-Begriff im Kontext verschiedener Wissenschaftsdisziplinen 25 2.5.2 Unterschiedliche Interpretationen des Resilienz-Begriffs 27 2.5.3 Resilienz regionaler Arbeitsmärkte 30 2.5.4 Operationalisierung des Resilienz-Ansatzes 32 2.6 Forschungsleitende Fragen 34 3 Forschungsstrategie und methodische Vorgehensweise 37 3.1 Forschungsstrategie 37 3.2 Querschnittdesign 39 3.2.1 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgebiets 39 3.2.2 Sekundärstatistische Analyse 40 3.2.3 Dokumentenanalyse und Sampling 41 3.2.4 Schriftliche Befragung 42 3.2.4.1 Konstruktion des Erhebungsinstruments 43 3.2.4.2 Durchführung und Rücklauf der Befragung 45 3.2.4.3 Analyse und Darstellung der erhobenen Daten 47 3.3 Multiples Fallstudiendesign 48 3.3.1 Fallauswahl 48 3.3.2 Experteninterviews 49 3.3.2.1 Auswahl der Gesprächspartner 50 3.3.2.2 Durchführung der Untersuchung 51 3.3.2.3 Analyse der erhobenen Daten 52 3.3.3 Dokumentenanalyse 53 3.4 Kritische Reflexion der verwendeten Forschungsmethoden 53 4 Fachkräftesicherung und Migration als Herausforderungen für die Regionalentwicklung in Ostdeutschland 57 4.1 Fachkräftesicherung unter den Bedingungen einer alternden und schrumpfenden Gesellschaft 57 4.1.1 Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die regionalen Arbeitsmärkte in Ostdeutschland 58 4.1.2 Analyse des aktuellen und zukünftigen Fachkräftebedarfs in Ostdeutschland 61 4.1.3 Zielgruppen der regionalen Fachkräftesicherungsstrategien 68 4.2 Rück- und Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 70 4.2.1 Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 71 4.2.2 Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 73 4.2.2.1 Datenverfügbarkeit und Definition der wichtigsten Begriffe 74 4.2.2.2 Zahlen zur Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 76 4.2.2.3 Motive für die Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 77 4.2.2.4 Räumliche und zeitliche Muster der Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 78 4.2.2.5 Demografische und sozio-ökonomische Situation der Rückwanderer 79 4.2.2.6 Potenzial von Rückwanderern für die Regionalentwicklung in Ostdeutschland 80 4.3 Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern in Ostdeutschland 83 4.3.1 Gesetzlicher Rahmen zur Anwerbung hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte 83 4.3.1.1 Green Card 84 4.3.1.2 Vom Ausländerrecht zur gesteuerten Arbeitsmigration 84 4.3.1.3 Freizügigkeitsgesetz 86 4.3.1.4 Anerkennung ausländischer Abschlüsse 86 4.3.1.5 Blaue Karte EU 87 4.3.2 Bundesweite Maßnahmen zur Fachkräftesicherung durch Rück- und Zuwanderung 88 4.3.2.1 Virtuelle Informationsportale 88 4.3.2.2 Fachkräfte-Offensive 89 4.3.2.3 Jobmonitor 89 4.3.2.4 Innovationsbüro "Fachkräfte für die Region" 90 4.3.2.5 Kompetenzzentrum für Fachkräftesicherung 90 4.3.2.6 Die "Zukunftsinitiative Fachkräftesicherung" 90 4.3.2.7 Sonderprogramm zur Förderung der beruflichen Mobilität von ausbildungsinteressierten Jugendlichen und arbeitslosen Fachkräfte aus Europa (MobiPro-EU) 91 4.3.3 Regionale Ansätze zur Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern in Ostdeutschland 92 4.3.3.1 Leistungen zur Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern 92 4.3.3.2 Kriterien für eine Gesamtschau der im Untersuchungsraum existierenden Initiativen 99 5 Aktuelle Strategien der Fachkräftesicherung in Ostdeutschland 103 5.1 Politikumfeld und institutioneller Kontext 103 5.2 Beschäftigung mit dem Thema regionale Fachkräftesicherung 106 5.3 Berücksichtigung von Rück- und Zuwanderern117 5.4 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Punkte 127 6 Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen als Beitrag zur Resilienz regionaler Arbeitsmärkte in Ostdeutschland 131 6.1 Agentur mv4you 131 6.1.1 Aktivitäten der Initiative 131 6.1.2 Kooperation mit anderen regionalen Initiativen 134 6.1.3 Aktuelle Entwicklungen 137 6.2 Initiative "Fachkräfte für Sachsen. Sachse komm' zurück!" 137 6.2.1 Aktivitäten der Initiative 137 6.2.2 Kooperation mit anderen regionalen Initiativen 139 6.2.3 Aktuelle Entwicklungen 143 6.3 Willkommens-Agentur Uckermark 143 6.3.1 Aktivitäten der Initiative 143 6.3.2 Kooperation mit anderen regionalen Initiativen 147 6.3.3 Aktuelle Entwicklungen 150 6.4 Der Beitrag von Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen zum Aufbau einer regionalen Anpassungskapazität 151 6.4.1 Entwicklung der gezielten Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern in Ostdeutschland 151 6.4.2 Finanzierung der Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen 152 6.4.3 Beitrag zur regionalen Fachkräftesicherung 152 6.4.4 Verstärkte Berücksichtigung von (internationalen) Zuwanderern 153 6.4.5 Regionsübergreifende Kooperation 154 6.4.6 Schwierigkeiten bei der direkten Messung des Erfolgs 155 6.4.7 Beitrag zur regionalen Resilienz 156 7 Schlussfolgerungen 161 7.1 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 161 7.2 Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis 168 7.3 Schlussfolgerungen für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion und weiterer Forschungsbedarf 170 8 Literaturverzeichnis 173 9 Anhang 191 ; Germany's reunification caused economic and demographic changes that represent major challenges for regional development: After the East German labour markets experienced a long period of labour oversupply and the emigration of many (particularly young and well educated) people to former West Germany, they are now facing a reversal. Due to demographic changes (the aging and shrinking of the population) the number of people in working age has been steadily declining. This especially affects small and medium sized businesses, the backbone of the East German economy. Already, it has become noticeably difficult to fill vacant positions, and a "shortage of skilled labour" is widely discussed. In order to future-proof local businesses, regional organisations have developed strategies that ensure a sufficient supply of skilled labour and an increased regional resilience. Although these strategies mainly aim towards increasing labour market participation among certain groups (e.g. older workers, women, the unemployed), the recruitment of skilled labour from other regions has also noticeably increased. Since a significant proportion among emigrated East Germans would like to return 'home' now, this group is of particular interest. Based on these findings, this research paper deals with the following questions: (1) What do relevant organisations in East Germany do about securing regional skilled labour? (2) What role does the targeted recruitment of immigrants and return migrants play in this context? (3) How can immigration and return migration initiatives contribute to making East German regions resilient against the diminishing work force potential? Based on a combined literature and Internet research, this paper identifies and characterises the most important immigration and return migration initiatives in East Germany. Further, it uses information provided by these initiatives' support organisations to identify other organisations whose remit is to safeguard skilled labour. The resulting statistical population then forms the basis for a written survey. Based on the survey results, the paper investigates trends and anomalies in securing regional skilled labour. A subsequent multiple case study analysis provides detailed insights into the working methods and cooperation among selected immigration and return migration initiatives. Expert interviews provide additional information on how these initiatives contribute towards regional labour market resilience. As the empirical results show, there currently exist a number of organisations dealing with the shortage of skilled labour. These include regional employment agencies, chambers of industry and commerce, and chambers of crafts, as well as various trade associations and unions. In addition, government departments, business development banks, local authorities, university career services, and voluntary associations also play an important role. Even though immigrants and return migrants are not considered to be their main targets, these organisations do include them in their measures. Furthermore, most of the surveyed organisations are in contact with the thirteen initiatives that focus on targeted recruitment of immigrants and return migrants. The most important services provided by immigration and return migration initiatives include job placements, information and advice during the job search, as well as dual career services. Even though it isn't possible to directly measure their impact, and although they are rarely guaranteed permanent financing due to their project-based nature, these initiatives do contribute towards securing regional skilled labour: By developing networks, sensitizing local companies, and actively advertising the region, they mobilise existing resources and reduce regional vulnerabilities. The influence of additional external processes eventually creates an increase in regional resilience towards the declining labour force potential. Derived from these findings, this paper recommends several action points that propose a further intensification of regional cooperation.:Abbildungsverzeichnis XI Tabellenverzeichnis XIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis XIV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 3 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 5 2 Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen und forschungsleitende Fragen 7 2.1 Rückgang des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials und Fachkräftemangel 8 2.1.1 Komponenten des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland 8 2.1.2 Begriffsbestimmung: Erwerbspersonenpotenzial, Arbeitskräftemangel, Fachkräftemangel, Fachkräftesicherung 10 2.2 Entstehung regionaler Arbeitsmärkte 12 2.2.1 Neoklassisches Grundmodell des Arbeitsmarktes 12 2.2.2 Segmentationstheorie 13 2.2.3 Regulationstheoretisch orientierte Regionalforschung 15 2.2.4 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Punkte 15 2.3 Erklärung von (interregionalen) Migrationsbewegungen 16 2.3.1 Ökonomische Ansätze zur Erklärung von Migration 17 2.3.2 Nichtökonomische Migrationstheorien 18 2.3.3 Mehrebenenkonzept zur (Rück-) Wanderungsforschung 19 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Punkte 20 2.4 Steigerung der Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in der Regionalentwicklung 21 2.4.1 Cluster 21 2.4.2 Regionale Innovationssysteme 23 2.4.3 Zusammenfassung 23 2.5 Integration der Theoriestränge durch den Ansatz der regionalen Resilienz 24 2.5.1 Der Resilienz-Begriff im Kontext verschiedener Wissenschaftsdisziplinen 25 2.5.2 Unterschiedliche Interpretationen des Resilienz-Begriffs 27 2.5.3 Resilienz regionaler Arbeitsmärkte 30 2.5.4 Operationalisierung des Resilienz-Ansatzes 32 2.6 Forschungsleitende Fragen 34 3 Forschungsstrategie und methodische Vorgehensweise 37 3.1 Forschungsstrategie 37 3.2 Querschnittdesign 39 3.2.1 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgebiets 39 3.2.2 Sekundärstatistische Analyse 40 3.2.3 Dokumentenanalyse und Sampling 41 3.2.4 Schriftliche Befragung 42 3.2.4.1 Konstruktion des Erhebungsinstruments 43 3.2.4.2 Durchführung und Rücklauf der Befragung 45 3.2.4.3 Analyse und Darstellung der erhobenen Daten 47 3.3 Multiples Fallstudiendesign 48 3.3.1 Fallauswahl 48 3.3.2 Experteninterviews 49 3.3.2.1 Auswahl der Gesprächspartner 50 3.3.2.2 Durchführung der Untersuchung 51 3.3.2.3 Analyse der erhobenen Daten 52 3.3.3 Dokumentenanalyse 53 3.4 Kritische Reflexion der verwendeten Forschungsmethoden 53 4 Fachkräftesicherung und Migration als Herausforderungen für die Regionalentwicklung in Ostdeutschland 57 4.1 Fachkräftesicherung unter den Bedingungen einer alternden und schrumpfenden Gesellschaft 57 4.1.1 Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die regionalen Arbeitsmärkte in Ostdeutschland 58 4.1.2 Analyse des aktuellen und zukünftigen Fachkräftebedarfs in Ostdeutschland 61 4.1.3 Zielgruppen der regionalen Fachkräftesicherungsstrategien 68 4.2 Rück- und Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 70 4.2.1 Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 71 4.2.2 Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 73 4.2.2.1 Datenverfügbarkeit und Definition der wichtigsten Begriffe 74 4.2.2.2 Zahlen zur Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 76 4.2.2.3 Motive für die Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 77 4.2.2.4 Räumliche und zeitliche Muster der Rückwanderung nach Ostdeutschland 78 4.2.2.5 Demografische und sozio-ökonomische Situation der Rückwanderer 79 4.2.2.6 Potenzial von Rückwanderern für die Regionalentwicklung in Ostdeutschland 80 4.3 Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern in Ostdeutschland 83 4.3.1 Gesetzlicher Rahmen zur Anwerbung hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte 83 4.3.1.1 Green Card 84 4.3.1.2 Vom Ausländerrecht zur gesteuerten Arbeitsmigration 84 4.3.1.3 Freizügigkeitsgesetz 86 4.3.1.4 Anerkennung ausländischer Abschlüsse 86 4.3.1.5 Blaue Karte EU 87 4.3.2 Bundesweite Maßnahmen zur Fachkräftesicherung durch Rück- und Zuwanderung 88 4.3.2.1 Virtuelle Informationsportale 88 4.3.2.2 Fachkräfte-Offensive 89 4.3.2.3 Jobmonitor 89 4.3.2.4 Innovationsbüro "Fachkräfte für die Region" 90 4.3.2.5 Kompetenzzentrum für Fachkräftesicherung 90 4.3.2.6 Die "Zukunftsinitiative Fachkräftesicherung" 90 4.3.2.7 Sonderprogramm zur Förderung der beruflichen Mobilität von ausbildungsinteressierten Jugendlichen und arbeitslosen Fachkräfte aus Europa (MobiPro-EU) 91 4.3.3 Regionale Ansätze zur Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern in Ostdeutschland 92 4.3.3.1 Leistungen zur Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern 92 4.3.3.2 Kriterien für eine Gesamtschau der im Untersuchungsraum existierenden Initiativen 99 5 Aktuelle Strategien der Fachkräftesicherung in Ostdeutschland 103 5.1 Politikumfeld und institutioneller Kontext 103 5.2 Beschäftigung mit dem Thema regionale Fachkräftesicherung 106 5.3 Berücksichtigung von Rück- und Zuwanderern117 5.4 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Punkte 127 6 Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen als Beitrag zur Resilienz regionaler Arbeitsmärkte in Ostdeutschland 131 6.1 Agentur mv4you 131 6.1.1 Aktivitäten der Initiative 131 6.1.2 Kooperation mit anderen regionalen Initiativen 134 6.1.3 Aktuelle Entwicklungen 137 6.2 Initiative "Fachkräfte für Sachsen. Sachse komm' zurück!" 137 6.2.1 Aktivitäten der Initiative 137 6.2.2 Kooperation mit anderen regionalen Initiativen 139 6.2.3 Aktuelle Entwicklungen 143 6.3 Willkommens-Agentur Uckermark 143 6.3.1 Aktivitäten der Initiative 143 6.3.2 Kooperation mit anderen regionalen Initiativen 147 6.3.3 Aktuelle Entwicklungen 150 6.4 Der Beitrag von Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen zum Aufbau einer regionalen Anpassungskapazität 151 6.4.1 Entwicklung der gezielten Anwerbung von Rück- und Zuwanderern in Ostdeutschland 151 6.4.2 Finanzierung der Rück- und Zuwanderungsinitiativen 152 6.4.3 Beitrag zur regionalen Fachkräftesicherung 152 6.4.4 Verstärkte Berücksichtigung von (internationalen) Zuwanderern 153 6.4.5 Regionsübergreifende Kooperation 154 6.4.6 Schwierigkeiten bei der direkten Messung des Erfolgs 155 6.4.7 Beitrag zur regionalen Resilienz 156 7 Schlussfolgerungen 161 7.1 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 161 7.2 Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis 168 7.3 Schlussfolgerungen für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion und weiterer Forschungsbedarf 170 8 Literaturverzeichnis 173 9 Anhang 191

The results of the determination of uranium in Mongolian brown coal, coal ash, phosphate rock, and technological samples by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry are presented. Technological samples were produced from phosphates by chemical treatment. Powder geological samples and Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were pressed as tablets. For chosen conditions of the sample preparation procedure analytical figures of merit were carefully studied, as exemplified by the rock and uranium ore Reference Materials. The variance of the total uncertainty is 2 % for uranium in the analyzed samples, and one is 7 % in the rock CRMs. The estimated values of the uranium detection limit for the CRMs are within the interval from 1 to 3 ppm. For the correction of the matrix effects the background standard method was used. Values of the uranium contents in the studied samples vary within the interval from 3.0 to 35.0 ppm.The comparison of the wavelength dispersive (WD) XRF results with the energy dispersive (ED) XRF results and the neutron activation analysis (NAA) was performed. It is demonstrated that the WDXRF have satisfactorily agreed with the EDXRF results and the NAA within the limits of the uncertainty. It is shown that the values of the relative discrepancies between the WDXRF and EDXRF results are in the range of 2.0-18.0 %, and between the WDXRF and the NAA results are in the range of 2.0-20.0 %. These values are less than 30 %, yielding the third category of the precision of the mineral raw material analysis.Keywords: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRF, uranium content, background standard method, coal ash, coal, phosphate ore, technological sample DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.005 T.Yu. Cherkashina1, D. Bolortuya2, A.G. Revenko1, P. Zuzaan2 1Institute of the Earth's Crust, SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russian Federation2Nuclear Research Center, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia REFERENCES1. Uranium 2011: Resources, Production and Demand. A Joint Report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency, ISBN 978-92-64-17803-8, 2012, pp. 17-22, 312-320.2. 45th ruling from Parliament of Mongolia which are the state policy on exploitation of radioactive minerals and nuclear energy, 2009, term-3.2.4.3. Afonin V.P., Komiak N.I., Nikolaev V.P., Plotnikov R.I. Rentgenofluorestsentnyi analiz [X-ray fluorescence spectrometry]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1991. 173 p. (in Russian).4. Kuz'mina T.G., Bostrem B. [X-ray fluorescence technique of phosphate sediments]. Okeanologiia [Okeanology], 1994, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 460-463 (in Russian).5. Revenko A.G. Rentgenospektral'nyi fluorestsentnyi analiz prirodnykh materialov [X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of natural materials]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1994. 264 p. (in Russian).6. Hayumbu P., Haselberger N., Markowicz A. and Valkovic V. Analysis of rock phosphates by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1995, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 1003-1005. doi:10.1016/0969-8043(95)00206-S.7. Ewa I.O.B., Adetunji J., Elegba S.B. Determination of trace elements in Nigerian coal ash by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environm. Science and Health and Toxicology, 1996, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1089-1100. doi:10.1080/10934529609376409.8. Revenko A.G., Khudonogova E.V. [X-ray fluorescence determination of major and minor element contents in different types of rocks, soils, and sediments using S4 PIONEER spectrometer]. Ukrainskii khimicheskii zhurnal [Ukrainian chemical journal], 2005, vol. 71, no. 9-10, pp. 39-45. (in Russian).9. Sabiha-Javied, Waheed S., Siddique N., Tufail M., Chaudhry M.M., Irfan N. Elemental analysis of phosphate rocks: For sustainable agriculture in Pakistan. J. of Radioanalyt. and Nuclear Chem., 2008, vol. 278, no. 1, pp. 17-24. doi:10.1007/s10967-007-7205-0.10. Cherkashina T.Yu., Hudonogova E.V., Revenko A.G., Letnikova E.F. Application of the background standard method for the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in phosphorites by x-ray fluorescence. X-Ray Spectrometry, 2009, vol. 38, no 2, pp. 144-151. doi:10.1002/xrs.1122.11. Bolortuya D., Zuzaan P. [X-ray fluorescence technique for Determination of Uranium]. Trudy Konferentsii "Primenenie iadernoi energii v Mongolii" [Proc. of Conference on Nuclear Energy Application in Mongolia]. Ulaanbaatar, 2010, pp. 98-104.12. Maslov O.D., Tserenpil Sh., Norov N., Gustova M.V., Filippov M.F., Belov A.G., Altangerel M., and Enhbat N. Uranium Recovery from Coal Ash Dumps of Mongolia. Solid Fuel Chemistry, 2010, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 433-438. doi:10.3103/S0361521910060133.13. Cherkashina T.Yu. Geokhimiia fosforitov iuga Sibiri i severa Mongolii. Diss. kand. geol.-min. nauk [Phosphorite geochemistry of southern Siberia and northern Mongolia]. Irkutsk, 2010. 174 p. (in Russian).14. Cherkashina T.Yu., Letnikova Е.F. [Application of analytical methods for geochemical investigations of phosphorites of northern Mongolia]. Vestnik IrGTU [Vestnik of National Research Irkutsk State University], 2012, no. 6, pp. 59-65 (in Russian).15. S8 TIGER XRF Spectrometer. Service Manual. Berlin, Bruker AXS GmbH Publ., 2007. 450 p.16. SPECTRAplus. Software Package for X-ray Spectrometers. Version 2.2.3.1. Karlsruhe, Bruker AXS GmbH Publ., 2010. 495 p.17. Arnautov N.V. Standartnye obraztsy khimicheskogo sostava prirodnykh mineral'nykh veshchestv [Certified Reference Materials of chemical composition of natural mineral substances]. Novosibirsk, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, SB AN USSR Publ., 1990. 220 p. (in Russian).18. Govindaraju K. Compilation of working values and sample description for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newslett. J. Geostand: Geoanalysis: Spec. Iss., 1994, vol. 18, pp. 1-158.19. Central Geological Laboratory: Catalog of CRMs. Available at: http://www.cengeolab.com/ct/ci/974/656/Catalog of CRMs (accessed 15 March 2014).20. Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS: Catalog of RMs. Available at: http://igc.irk.ru/Innovation/Standarts-obr/Catalog-2013.pdf (accessed 15 March 2014).21. United States Geological Survey: Catalog of RMs. Available at: http://crustal.usgs.gov/geochemical_reference_standards/powdered_RM.html (accessed 13 March 2014).22. ОSТ 41-08-205-04. Metodiki kolichestvennogo khimicheskogo analiza. Razrabotka, attestatsiia, utverzhdenie. [Industry Standard 41-08-205-04. Methods of quantitative chemical analysis. Development, certification, confirmation]. Moscow, Standard Publ., 2005. 96 p. (in Russian).23. Smagunova A.N., Karpukova O.M. Metody matematicheskoi statistiki v analiticheskoi khimii [Methods of mathematical statistics in analytical chemistry]. Irkutsk, State University Publ., 2008. 339 p. (in Russian).24. Cherkashina T.Yu., Panteeva S.V., Finkelshtein A.L. and Makagon V.M. Determination of Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb in K-feldspars in small sample amounts by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. X-Ray Spectrometry, 2013, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 207-212. doi:10.1002/xrs.2469.25. Guide to Quality in Analytical Chemistry. An Aid to Accreditation. Citac and Eurachem Publ., 2002, 57 p. ; The results of the determination of uranium in Mongolian brown coal, coal ash, phosphate rock, and technological samples by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry are presented. Technological samples were produced from phosphates by chemical treatment. Powder geological samples and Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were pressed as tablets. For chosen conditions of the sample preparation procedure analytical figures of merit were carefully studied, as exemplified by the rock and uranium ore Reference Materials. The variance of the total uncertainty is 2 % for uranium in the analyzed samples, and one is 7 % in the rock CRMs. The estimated values of the uranium detection limit for the CRMs are within the interval from 1 to 3 ppm. For the correction of the matrix effects the background standard method was used. Values of the uranium contents in the studied samples vary within the interval from 3.0 to 35.0 ppm.The comparison of the wavelength dispersive (WD) XRF results with the energy dispersive (ED) XRF results and the neutron activation analysis (NAA) was performed. It is demonstrated that the WDXRF have satisfactorily agreed with the EDXRF results and the NAA within the limits of the uncertainty. It is shown that the values of the relative discrepancies between the WDXRF and EDXRF results are in the range of 2.0-18.0 %, and between the WDXRF and the NAA results are in the range of 2.0-20.0 %. These values are less than 30 %, yielding the third category of the precision of the mineral raw material analysis.Keywords: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRF, uranium content, background standard method, coal ash, coal, phosphate ore, technological sample REFERENCES1. Uranium 2011: Resources, Production and Demand. A Joint Report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency, ISBN 978-92-64-17803-8, 2012, pp. 17-22, 312-320.2. 45th ruling from Parliament of Mongolia which are the state policy on exploitation of radioactive minerals and nuclear energy, 2009, term-3.2.4.3. Afonin V.P., Komiak N.I., Nikolaev V.P., Plotnikov R.I. Rentgenofluorestsentnyi analiz [X-ray fluorescence spectrometry]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1991. 173 p. (in Russian).4. Kuz'mina T.G., Bostrem B. [X-ray fluorescence technique of phosphate sediments]. Okeanologiia [Okeanology], 1994, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 460-463 (in Russian).5. Revenko A.G. Rentgenospektral'nyi fluorestsentnyi analiz prirodnykh materialov [X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of natural materials]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1994. 264 p. (in Russian).6. Hayumbu P., Haselberger N., Markowicz A. and Valkovic V. Analysis of rock phosphates by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1995, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 1003-1005. doi:10.1016/0969-8043(95)00206-S.7. Ewa I.O.B., Adetunji J., Elegba S.B. Determination of trace elements in Nigerian coal ash by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environm. Science and Health and Toxicology, 1996, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1089-1100. doi:10.1080/10934529609376409.8. Revenko A.G., Khudonogova E.V. [X-ray fluorescence determination of major and minor element contents in different types of rocks, soils, and sediments using S4 PIONEER spectrometer]. Ukrainskii khimicheskii zhurnal [Ukrainian chemical journal], 2005, vol. 71, no. 9-10, pp. 39-45. (in Russian).9. Sabiha-Javied, Waheed S., Siddique N., Tufail M., Chaudhry M.M., Irfan N. Elemental analysis of phosphate rocks: For sustainable agriculture in Pakistan. J. of Radioanalyt. and Nuclear Chem., 2008, vol. 278, no. 1, pp. 17-24. doi:10.1007/s10967-007-7205-0.10. Cherkashina T.Yu., Hudonogova E.V., Revenko A.G., Letnikova E.F. Application of the background standard method for the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in phosphorites by x-ray fluorescence. X-Ray Spectrometry, 2009, vol. 38, no 2, pp. 144-151. doi:10.1002/xrs.1122.11. Bolortuya D., Zuzaan P. [X-ray fluorescence technique for Determination of Uranium]. Trudy Konferentsii "Primenenie iadernoi energii v Mongolii" [Proc. of Conference on Nuclear Energy Application in Mongolia]. Ulaanbaatar, 2010, pp. 98-104.12. Maslov O.D., Tserenpil Sh., Norov N., Gustova M.V., Filippov M.F., Belov A.G., Altangerel M., and Enhbat N. Uranium Recovery from Coal Ash Dumps of Mongolia. Solid Fuel Chemistry, 2010, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 433-438. doi:10.3103/S0361521910060133.13. Cherkashina T.Yu. Geokhimiia fosforitov iuga Sibiri i severa Mongolii. Diss. kand. geol.-min. nauk [Phosphorite geochemistry of southern Siberia and northern Mongolia]. Irkutsk, 2010. 174 p. (in Russian).14. Cherkashina T.Yu., Letnikova Е.F. [Application of analytical methods for geochemical investigations of phosphorites of northern Mongolia]. Vestnik IrGTU [Vestnik of National Research Irkutsk State University], 2012, no. 6, pp. 59-65 (in Russian).15. S8 TIGER XRF Spectrometer. Service Manual. Berlin, Bruker AXS GmbH Publ., 2007. 450 p.16. SPECTRAplus. Software Package for X-ray Spectrometers. Version 2.2.3.1. Karlsruhe, Bruker AXS GmbH Publ., 2010. 495 p.17. Arnautov N.V. Standartnye obraztsy khimicheskogo sostava prirodnykh mineral'nykh veshchestv [Certified Reference Materials of chemical composition of natural mineral substances]. Novosibirsk, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, SB AN USSR Publ., 1990. 220 p. (in Russian).18. Govindaraju K. Compilation of working values and sample description for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newslett. J. Geostand: Geoanalysis: Spec. Iss., 1994, vol. 18, pp. 1-158.19. Central Geological Laboratory: Catalog of CRMs. Available at: http://www.cengeolab.com/ct/ci/974/656/Catalog of CRMs (accessed 15 March 2014).20. Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS: Catalog of RMs. Available at: http://igc.irk.ru/Innovation/Standarts-obr/Catalog-2013.pdf (accessed 15 March 2014).21. United States Geological Survey: Catalog of RMs. Available at: http://crustal.usgs.gov/geochemical_reference_standards/powdered_RM.html (accessed 13 March 2014).22. ОSТ 41-08-205-04. Metodiki kolichestvennogo khimicheskogo analiza. Razrabotka, attestatsiia, utverzhdenie. [Industry Standard 41-08-205-04. Methods of quantitative chemical analysis. Development, certification, confirmation]. Moscow, Standard Publ., 2005. 96 p. (in Russian).23. Smagunova A.N., Karpukova O.M. Metody matematicheskoi statistiki v analiticheskoi khimii [Methods of mathematical statistics in analytical chemistry]. Irkutsk, State University Publ., 2008. 339 p. (in Russian).24. Cherkashina T.Yu., Panteeva S.V., Finkelshtein A.L. and Makagon V.M. Determination of Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb in K-feldspars in small sample amounts by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. X-Ray Spectrometry, 2013, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 207-212. doi:10.1002/xrs.2469.25. Guide to Quality in Analytical Chemistry. An Aid to Accreditation. Citac and Eurachem Publ., 2002, 57 p.

Brazil is a land of contrasts; at the same time that it is emerging as a global economic power, it is also one of the most unequal countries in Latin America. When "Lula" Da Silva and his Workers' Party ("PT") won the 2002 election, they intended to pay a historical debt to the poor. Lula envisioned a country with inclusive growth, where redistribution and poverty reduction were seen as prerequisites for economic growth, and not as competing policy objectives (Leubolt, 2013: 76). In doing so, his government not only changed the content of social policies, but also the very policy-making process. Lula's Fome Zero strategy takes a comprehensive approach to reducing hunger in Brazil. Fome Zero is an umbrella framework that includes programs aimed at increasing access to food, strengthening family agriculture, fostering income generating activities, and supporting partnership promotion and civil society mobilization.This brief presents an analysis of the Fome Zero policy targeting family agriculture, the Food Purchase Program (Programa de Aquisicao de Alimentos, "PAA"). In Brazil 30% of rural enterprises are family farms. They produce 38% of the agricultural value and employ over 70% of rural workers (Rocha, 2009: 58). On the other hand, in 2003 rural poverty was as high as 41%. Accordingly, PAA seeks to tackle rural poverty and food insecurity by guaranteeing demand in local markets for small producers through local government purchases of agricultural products. The first section of this brief presents the context in which PAA was conceived, followed by a summary of the implementation process. The following section presents an evaluation of the policy results. Finally, the analysis concludes with lessons learned and proposed changes.As previously mentioned, the PT election can be seen as the catalyst that propitiated the introduction of PAA. However, the formulation of social policies in Brazil started after the collapse of the military dictatorship in 1985. The 1988 Brazilian Constitution set in motion the decentralization process that empowered municipalities. Then, the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) focused on strengthening democratic institutions and economic growth. In addition, in the early 1990s municipalities across different states devised conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes that benefited the poor. Moreover, during the FHC administration (1995-2002) the federal government launched CCTs at the national level (Bolsa Escola and Bolsa Alimentacao).The PT created a positive environment that enabled the formulation of Fome Zero, with elements that legitimized such social policies as PAA. First, with the transition to democracy social protection policies began to be seen as investments to further development and not as drainage of public resources. Second, the provision of social services had experienced a switch from a universalist model to one that prioritizes targeting vulnerable populations, i.e. CCTs. The third factor was the current economic growth, since the government would not have been able to establish redistributive programs without it. The fourth element was the country's poor social indicators. Despite experiencing growth, Brazil had high social exclusion and inequality because the rapid economic development was elusive to the poor. Finally, the fifth source of legitimacy was the PT election. Lula based his presidential campaign on a discourse of inclusive growth. He promised to eradicate poverty and to redistribute wealth in the country, while reaffirming his commitment to continue with the orthodox liberal monetary policies introduced in previous administrations.Rural poverty and food insecurity were the problems that drove the creation of the PAA policy. The PT designed the framework to address these issues through Fome Zero and the National Food and Nutritional Security Policy ("PNSAN"). However, it deliberately democratized and decentralized the policy debate. In a nutshell, Fome Zero is the articulation of a web of social protection policies and ministries and agencies and its, and PAA's, success relied on creating partnerships with key stakeholders (local governments, businesses and civil society organizations). The federal government created the Social Development Ministry ("MDS") to manage Fome Zero and its subsidiary policies. During the policy formulation process, the MDS organized meetings, workshops and symposia with a multiplicity of stakeholders. These encounters granted non-governmental organizations the possibility to exert influence in the policy process. Social movements also played a key role in the formulation of the National Law for Food and Nutrition Security ("LOSAN"). Furthermore, this law granted civil society participation through the newly created National Council for Food and Nutrition Security ("CONSEA"), which is present at the national, regional and local levels.It was important that the new policy aimed at reducing rural poverty avoid compromising the pro-export production model that had transformed Brazil into one of the world's largest food exporters. Policy-makers considered several traditional options, three of which were discarded for various reasons. An extensive agrarian reform redistributing land to the landless and small farmers would have reduced food outputs. A second alternative, to take no action, would assume that market forces would provide opportunities for poor peasants. The third scenario was to formulate several policies, scattered across different ministries without coordination. The selected policy option implemented by the PT followed a multi-sectoral approach. It sought to increase poor families' income through CCTs, (Bolsa Familia), aimed at feeding the vulnerable population via school meals, community kitchens and popular restaurants, and at strengthening family agriculture through credit and food purchase via PRONAF and PAA. Ultimately, this integral overarching policy focuses on guaranteeing food availability, improving food access and increasing food supply.Successful implementation of such a policy demanded a new policy model that articulates the different dimensions of the policy, while also facilitating the participation of multiple stakeholders. In short, CONSEA, MDS and the Inter-Ministerial Chamber on Food and Nutritional Security ("CAISAN") established the policy system. In such policy system, the national, state and municipal executive powers have the ability to adapt the policy to their local context. The system is crafted after receiving feedback from within the political structure, as well as from the civil society. The following diagram illustrates how the food security policy process works.Created by Law 10.969 in 2003, PAA is administered by MDS and the Ministry of Agricultural Development ("MDA"). PAA guidelines are defined by the Grupo Gestor ("Managing Group"), which is comprised of six ministries: MDS; MDA; Economy; Planning and Budgeting; Agriculture; and Education. The execution has two stages; first, at the national level in partnership with the National Supply Agency (CONAB), and second, decentralized execution involving the participation of state and municipal governments. These latter partnerships are crucial for PAA because the MDS and MDA budget are directed exclusively towards agricultural products procurement, while it is the local governments who ensure the system is operable to allow for the purchases.PAA includes four programs: Purchase for Immediate Donation, Incentives for Milk Consumption and Production, Direct Purchase and Stock Formation. The first two programs aim at buying produce and milk to redistribute among the vulnerable population. Between 2003 and 2010 they represented 39% and 37% of PAA budget, respectively. The objectives of Direct Purchase and Stock formation are to facilitate resources for the promotion of public and individual's stock formation that can guarantee food availability and fair prices for family farmers.PAA intends to benefit two groups of people: food producers and food consumers. The food producers are family farmers including fish farmers, fishermen, extractors, indigenous farmers, quilombolaand family farmers settled during the land reform. The food consumers group comprises people and families under social vulnerability, with imminent risk of nutritional and food insecurity, people assisted by national food and nutrition security programs, and children in public schools.The follow paragraph summarizes the main policy outputs. By the end of 2011 the program had reached over 204,000 small farmers, which is only 3.28% of the rural farmer population. PAA's target for 2013 is to buy products from 445,000 farmers. PAA is present in 2,300 municipalities across the country and targets the country's poorest regions. For instance, the Northeastern region receives 50% of PAA budget. In terms of resources, the MDS and MDA budget has risen from $52 million in 2003 to $585 million in 2013. In terms of food production, food purchases more than tripled between 2003 and 2010, from 135,800 to 426,400 tons. On average, PAA serves 25,000 institutions that feed over 15 million people.PAA has produced both intended and unintended outcomes. First, the program has increased rural farmers' income through food purchases. Now, local farmers produce and sell to local schools and hospitals. Moreover, PAA pays an extra 30% above the regular price for organic products, boosting local economies as a result. Second, producers not covered by PAA are indirect beneficiaries because they also enjoy higher local prices. Third, food stocks have also helped control price fluctuations. Fourth, there is greater diversity of products since PPA purchases more than 330 different items. Fifth, PAA has played an important role in the strengthening of associations and cooperatives. It also provides the stimulus to establish small agro-industries so that associations can process and add value to their production output.Two unintended outcomes attributable to PAA are an increase in price for some staple foods and the expansion of neo-patrimonial institutions, such as political corruption, patronage and clientelism at the local level. Thus, we can assume that the policy "winners" are MDS, CONAB, CONSEA, civil society organizations, farmers, vulnerable population benefited by PAA, local level authorities and local institutions (i.e. schools). On the other hand, three policy "losers" are those corporations in charge of selling food products to the government, farmers who cannot meet the PAA criteria, and low- and middle-income urban populations who must pay higher prices. Although negatively impacted by PAA, these groups do not threaten the viability of the policy. Corporations and big businesses still sell food products to the government because PAA cannot meet the food demand. Despite the fact that they cannot sell to PAA, farmers have a suitable environment that provides easy access to credit and encourages production. Finally, even though prices increased, so did the salaries of the middle-income population.PAA is an innovative policy because of its participatory model during the formulation process, which allows it to enjoy support from its beneficiaries and civil society organizations. Also, PAA's administration is notable since, given its multi-sectoral approach, six different ministries form the managing unit. Finally, the regular control and oversight done by social movements and the impending need to improve coordination among ministries make policy evaluation a necessary priority for PAA's success.In a short amount of time, PAA has already undergone three evaluation rounds (2005, 2008 and 2010). Each evaluation improves the policy and guarantees more popular support. For instance, after the last evaluation the government enacted Law 12.512/2011 and Decree 7.775/2012, which aims at facilitating coordination among the implementing bodies. It also raised the maximum farmer benefits from $1,250 in 2003, to $2,400 in 2006, to $4,100 in 2012. In addition, it encourages organic production by paying 30% above regular price. More importantly, the last policy redesign includes a gender component by establishing that at least 5% of PAA purchases must come from women's associations. Finally, it guarantees a quota of 30% of institutional purchases (schools and hospitals, among others) for small farmers.However, despite the iterative evaluation and redesign process, there is still room for improvement in the policy. Most importantly, PAA does not reach the poorest of the poor. Although the registration process is very efficient because it is based on another social program (PRONAF), the poorest farmers lack land titles, thus cannot be part of PRONAF or PAA. The policy could be improved with provisions enabling the inclusion of this group.PAA is helping with the national goals of poverty alleviation, however redefining its goals and incorporating strategic planning in rural development could improve PAA. More specifically, PAA should reconsider its strategy towards associativism and cooperativism. The policy could enhance further rural development by supporting associations and cooperatives in becoming artisanal industries that add value to their products.In conclusion, PAA intends to solve a social problem by addressing both the supply and demand sides. On one hand, PPA's objective is to eliminate hunger by guaranteeing food availability, improving food access and increasing food supply. On the other hand, PAA reduces rural poverty by providing opportunities to small farmers with market access and better prices. The policy has demonstrated positive results and has been constantly improved through iterative evaluations. With further strategic planning on how to help associations becoming the leaders of rural development the policy could achieve optimal positive impact.Sobre el autorMA International DevelopmentSchool of International ServiceAmerican UniversityLicenciado en Estudios InternacionalesUniversidad ORT - Uruguay

[ES] Se ha buscado un diálogo de tres ramas del Derecho: Internacional, Constitucional y Procesal con la Economía, en especial con el Neo-Institucionalismo. Además, en algunos aspectos también dialoga con la sociología y con la filosofía. Es, por tanto, un trabajo INTERDICIPLINÁRIO. Contiene 4 Capitulos: i aspectos conceptuales de los derechos humanos de tercera generación; ii el derecho al desarrollo como derecho humano de tercera generación; iii consideraciones generales con respecto al proceso en la modernidad para la comprensión de su misión protectora de los derechos humanos de tercera generación; referencia especial a la protección del derecho al desarrollo; iv la protección judicial de los derechos humanos de tercera generación, en especial referencia al derecho al desarrollo (El Poder Judicial y el Derecho al Desarrollo). Descreve la responsabilidad de Naciones Unidas con el fin de que la humanidad disponga de unas mínimas condiciones de vida que garanticen el respeto de los hombres y ciudadanos en cada país, acciones, a fin de cuentas, dirigidas a la implantación de políticas públicas que favorezcan la dignidad del hombre. No es suficiente el mero reconocimiento positivo de los derechos humanos, sino que es necesario contar con instrumentos normativos procesales que, de forma efectiva, protejan y garanticen los derechos humanos, para así posibilitar al hombre el acceso a los tribunales, la reivindicación de sus derechos y el pleno conocimiento y entendimiento de éstos, por lo que el Poder Judicial juega un papel preponderante en la protección de los derechos humanos. Además, el desarrollo debe estar fundamentalmente al servicio de la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas de la población. En este tiempo una actuación judicial más humana, relacionada, evidentemente, con la implantación de un proceso más humano. Se subraya esta nueva misión del juez en la pos-modernidad, cuando se reflexiona sobre la visión de la economía neo-institucionalista, que destaca la importancia para el desarrollo socio-económico de las instituciones, de entre las cuales, se destaca, la Justicia. Por consecuente, estas afirmaciones económicas pueden se constituir en un antecedente racional para que se pueda llegar hasta la concepción de una finalidad económica que se reviste el proceso civil, esto es, un escupo económico para el proceso civil. Hay que observar, en la concepción de la Economía Neo-Institucionalista, el nuevo vigor que asume la Economía del Desarrollo. Dada la importancia que para el mercado representan los consumidores e incluso los efectos para la economía y para el desarrollo de un país - y no sólo para el propio mercado, ya que su equilibrio se refleja significativamente en la economía - es fundamental propiciar las condiciones favorables para que el mercado esté estable y en crecimiento. Esto dependerá sin duda, entre otras cuestiones, de la protección legal y judicial que se dé a los consumidores, especialmente la protección a través de las tutelas procesales (tanto individuales como colectivas). El Poder Judicial, con esas tutelas de protección a los consumidores y usuarios ofrecería, indirectamente, su contribución para el desarrollo socio-económico de una sociedad beneficiada con esas tutelas de protección.El proceso civil, en cuanto instrumento que el Estado dispone para hacer Justicia a los ciudadanos, más allá de su función redistributiva y de reintegración social al aplicar normas jurídicas a situaciones factuales, ha asumido, modernamente, una función de cooperador de la economía, ante justamente, el papel adyuvante del desarrollo socio-económico, que la seguridad jurídica puede proporcionar en el contexto social. Al Derecho Procesal Civil deben ser incorporados los más nuevos estudios de la Economía Neoinstitucionalista, en un esfuerzo científico interdisciplinario, para mejor reflexión y búsqueda de soluciones que tornen el sistema de justicia, ágil y eficiente. La justiciabilidad puede ser una vía para favorecer la efectividad de los derechos humanos. Asumimos posición de entre aquellos que defienden que el Derecho al Desarrollo, comprendidos en los derechos sociales, por ejemplo, de educación fundamental, salud básica, asistencia a los desamparados y el derecho de acceso a la Justicia, son integrantes indispensables y con posibilidades de constituirse en un derecho subjetivo individual definitivo. Defendemos, por consiguiente, que así como es perfectamente posible la justiciabilidad de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales es igualmente posible la justiciabilidad del derecho al desarrollo en el estadio actual de los derechos humanos. Los tribunales y juzgados ya han protegido de forma bastante enfática y en numerosas ocasiones algunos de estos derechos de tercera generación, como son los de los consumidores y del usuario y los de cariz ambientalista, algo no muy diferente al derecho al desarrollo aunque es muy difícil verificar una jurisprudencia correspondiente. Hay que considerar que la defensa de la protección y justiciabilidad de los DESCs ha sido gradualmente admitida en muchos países democráticos, no sólo con sede doctrinaria pero también jurisprudencial. Y de la misma manera, se puede antever que el derecho al desarrollo, poco a poco, va siguiendo el mismo camino de aquellos otros derechos ya plenamente justiciables y protegidos por el Poder Judicial. Seguramente que en actualidad hay una nueva Justicia en Brasil, por los poderes constituidos, han firmado dos pactos republicanos de Estado por un Sistema de Justicia más accesible, ágil y efectivo, es decir, por una Justicia mejor, más democrática y más eficiente, que ha exigido la edición de 18 (dieciocho) nuevas leyes, de nuevas medidas tomadas por el Presidente de la República Brasileña y por el Presidente de la Corte de Justicia mayor, el Supremo Tribunal Federal STF. El Banco Mundial ha querido aprovechar el modelo de desarrollo del STJ para ayudar en la modernización de las cortes de América Latina, Caribe y África, dentro del eje de cooperación conocido como Sud-Sud. Estas cooperaciones con instituciones de países en desarrollo han sido valoradas por este importante organismo internacional de políticas de desarrollo. La creación del CNJ ha comportado en el seno nacional importantes cambios éticos y la modernización de carácter administrativo. Basta citar, como ejemplos éticos, los siguientes: 1º) el término del nepotismo en el Poder Judicial brasileño; 2º) establecimiento de límites en los salarios de jueces, desembargadores y ministros de tribunales superiores y la eliminación de salarios adicionales que aumentaban considerablemente los valores que el Estado pagava a los magistrados. Es perfectamente posible defender la concepción de que, siempre que el Estado interfiere de manera práctica para proteger y garantizar derechos humanos o derechos fundamentales, a través de la realización práctica de estos derechos, estará por consiguiente, contribuyendo al desarrollo humano e indirectamente al desarrollo socio-económico. Insertado en esta perspectiva, proponemos que al conceder una medida cautelar de protección a la integridad física de una mujer, y algunas veces de protección al mayor derecho de un ser humano, que es la propia vida, el Estado Jurisdiccional estará adoptando, in concreto, medidas que promueven el desarrollo humano; y considerando estas actuaciones estatales al ámbito colectivo, también el desarrollo socio-económico ; [EN] It has sought a dialogue of three branches of the law: International, Constitutional and Procedural with economics, especially the Neo-Institutionalism. In addition, in some respects also talks with sociology and philosophy. Is therefore interdisciplinary work. Contains 4 chapters: i. conceptual aspects of the human rights of third generation, ii. the right to development as a human right of third generation, iii. general considerations regarding the process in modernity for understanding its protective of human rights of third generation; special reference to the protection of the right to development; iv. judicial protection of human rights of third generation, with special reference to the right to development (The Judiciary and the Right to Development). Descreve UN responsibility in order that humanity available to minimal living conditions to ensure respect for the men and citizens in each country, actions, ultimately, led to the implementation of public policies that favor the dignity of man. It is not enough to merely positive recognition of human rights, it is necessary to have procedural policy instruments, effectively, protect and fulfill human rights, so as to allow man access to court, claiming their rights and full knowledge and understanding of them, so that the judiciary plays an important role in protecting human rights. In addition, development must be primarily serve the satisfaction of the basic needs of the population. At this time a more human judicial act, connected, obviously, with the introduction of a more humane process. It underscores the new role of the judge in the post-modernity, when reflecting on the vision of the neo-institutionalist economics, which stresses the importance for socio-economic development of the institutions, among which stands out, Justice. By consequent, these economic statements may constitute a precedent is rational so you can get to the conception of an economic purpose that is coated on civil process, that is, an economic spit civil process. It should be noted, in the conception of Neo-institutionalist economics, the new force that assumed Development Economics. Given the importance to the consumer market and even represent the effects for the economy and for the development of a country - and not just for the market itself, as your balance is reflected significantly in the economy - is essential to foster favorable conditions so that the market is stable and growing. This will certainly depend, among other things, the legal and judicial protection given to consumers, especially protection through the guardianship process (both individual and collective). the Judiciary, with those guardianships to protect consumers and users provide, indirectly, its contribution to socio-economic development of a society benefited from these civil process protection.The guardianships, as a tool that the State has to Justice citizens, regardless of their redistributive and social reintegration in applying legal rules to factual situations, has assumed, modern, built-in helper of the economy, with precisely the adjuvant role of socio-economic, that security entity may provide in the social context. The Civil Procedure Law should be incorporated the newest studies institutionalist economics in an interdisciplinary scientific effort to better reflect and search for solutions that make the justice system, agile and efficient. The justiciability can be an effective way to promote human rights. We assume position between those who argue that the right to development, including social rights, for example, basic education, basic health, homeless assistance and the right to access to justice are indispensable members and likely to become in final individual subjective right. We advocate, therefore, that it is perfectly possible and the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights is also possible the justiciability of the right to development at the present stage of human rights. The lower courts have protected quite emphatic and in many cases some of these third generation rights, such as consumer and user of appearance and environmental, not unlike the right to development although it is very difficult check a corresponding law. Consider that the protection and defense of the justiciability of downl has gradually been accepted in many democratic countries based not only doctrinal but also jurisprudence. And in the same way, we can foresee that the right to development, little by little, is following the same path from those already fully justiciable rights and protected by the judiciary. Surely that today there is a new Justice in Brazil, by the powers that be, have signed two agreements for state Republicans justice system more accessible, responsive and effective, ie a Justice better, more democratic, more efficient, which has demanded the release of 18 (eighteen) new laws, new measures taken by the Brazilian President and the President of the Court of Justice major, the Supreme Federal Tribunal STF. The World Bank has sought to exploit the STJ development model to assist in the modernization of the courts of Latin America, Caribbean and Africa, in the area of cooperation known as Sud-Sud. These partnerships with institutions in developing countries have been evaluated for this important international body development policies. The creation of the CNJ has performed in important national changes within ethical and administrative modernization. Suffice it to mention, as examples ethical, the following: 1) the term nepotism in the Brazilian Judiciary, 2 º) setting limits on salaries of judges, desembargadores and ministers of courts and the elimination of additional wages that significantly increased values that the State Pagava the judges. It is perfectly possible to defend the idea that, if the State interferes practice to protect and guarantee human rights or fundamental rights, through the implementation of these rights, is therefore contributing to human development and indirectly to the socio -economic. Inserted in this perspective, we propose that in granting an injunction to protect the physical integrity of a woman, and sometimes greater protection of human rights, which is life itself, the State Jurisdictional be adopting, in particular, measures that promote human development and considering these state actions to collective boundaries also socio-economic development

Il commercio equo e solidale (Cees) è andato sviluppandosi nel mondo occidentale nel corso degli ultimi quaranta anni, quale risposta alla crescente consapevolezza del fatto che i vantaggi derivanti dagli scambi e dall'espansione del commercio internazionale non risultano equamente ripartiti tra tutti i Paesi e tra i vari strati della popolazione di ciascuno dei Paesi stessi. La progressiva estensione del fenomeno in termini di ampliamento delle aree geografiche coperte e di aumento del quantitativo e delle tipologie dei beni commerciati, nonché il proliferare dei soggetti coinvolti e la loro stessa eterogeneità ha via via evidenziato le potenzialità connesse a tale realtà divenuta, nel corso di pochi decenni, da settore di nicchia, modello di riferimento per un commercio giusto nel panorama internazionale di mercato. Orbene, allo scopo di inquadrare precisamente il fenomeno e di sviscerarne i contenuti si è ritenuto opportuno suddividere la trattazione del tema in quattro macro-blocchi inerenti rispettivamente: la descrizione socio-economica del Cees, i progetti di normazione presenti in materia a livello sovranazionale-nazionale e regionale, le altre esperienze parallelamente sviluppate in altri paesi europei, nonché l'analisi degli strumenti contrattuali in uso nel settore con particolare riguardo ai contratti di Ctm. Il punto di partenza è rappresentato da una serie di considerazioni di ordine introduttivo, con particolare riguardo alla dimensione socio-economica del fenomeno, alla luce della sua crescente evoluzione e del suo attuale valore in termini di incidenza all'interno del nuovo ordine globale delle relazioni economiche. A seguire, dato il taglio essenzialmente giuridico della ricerca, si è ritenuto opportuno penetrare immediatamente la realtà del commercio equo con specifico riferimento alle problematiche ed alle prospettive connesse all'opportunità di una regolamentazione giuridica del fenomeno stesso, le quali costituiscono, precisamente, l'oggetto centrale del presente studio. In particolare si è scelto di elaborare una serie di riflessioni introduttive a proposito dei differenti approcci posti in essere in materia, considerando la complessità del quadro di riferimento nonché la varietà degli intenti. Orbene, nel tentativo di ricostruire le ragioni che hanno determinato l'esigenza di regolamentare la materia, si è pensato in primo luogo di esaminare i numerosi tentativi di autoregolamentazione attuati in tal senso, con riferimento da un lato alle cc. dd. Carte dei Criteri ed in particolare alla Carta Italiana, elaborate allo scopo di identificare i requisiti ed i soggetti destinati ad operare in tale contesto, e dall'altro lato ai sistemi di certificazione privati e specializzati posti in essere allo scopo di etichettare i prodotti del Cees e garantire così la conformità a determinati standard, nonché il rispetto dei principi propri del settore in esame. Una volta esaminati i percorsi inerenti la via dell'autoregolamentazione e le peculiarità connesse agli stessi si è ritenuto interessante procedere nell'analisi dei percorsi di eteroregolamentazione posti in essere in materia, e ciò in particolare sulla scorta dei limiti e delle incongruenze intrinsecamente legate alla strada dell'autodisciplina. La creazione di un preciso schema legislativo in materia, corrispondente ad una vera e propria legge, consentirebbe, infatti - ed è precisamente ciò che la ricerca è tesa a dimostrare - di realizzare, al di là del riconoscimento ufficiale del fenomeno, anche una specifica individuazione dei prodotti del Cees e dei soggetti coinvolti, ciò che determinerebbe, attraverso l'istituzione di un rigoroso sistema sanzionatorio, la conseguente eliminazione del rischio che gli stessi si trovino in un certo senso a miscelarsi inconsapevolmente con soggetti estranei ai principi del movimento, traducendosi implicitamente in una enorme garanzia per il consumatore. Una volta accertata la necessità di regolamentare la materia e una volta enucleate le motivazioni attraverso le quali si è giunti ad affermare la preferenza di soluzioni di tipo eteroregolamentative, si è scelto di proseguire nell'analisi dettagliata dei percorsi e degli interventi legislativi elaborati su scala sovranazionale, nazionale e regionale; ciò al fine di riflettere più compiutamente sul taglio che un intervento regolativo in materia dovrebbe avere. I paragrafi elaborati nell'ambito della Parte II e precisamente inerenti una ricognizione e valutazione critica dei progetti di normazione presenti in materia, si muovono in effetti proprio in tale ottica, nel tentativo di chiarire se, posta la complessità degli interventi legislativi predisposti a vari livelli, sia ravvisabile all'interno di uno di questi un possibile modello da seguire. Sempre allo scopo di riflettere sui profili regolamentativi del fenomeno del Cees e posta la necessità di rintracciare un modello indicativo sulla base del quale pervenire all'elaborazione di un preciso schema di inquadramento legislativo, si è scelto di dedicare le successive fasi della ricerca all'esame delle esperienze maggiormente rilevanti nel settore condotte all'interno di altri paesi. La terza parte-sezione del lavoro di ricerca si incentra, infatti, sull'analisi degli schemi e delle soluzioni legislative elaborate a livello europeo (e non solo) in tale ambito, ciò allo scopo di valutare le affinità e le compatibilità, ma anche eventualmente le divergenze esistenti rispetto al nostro sistema. Ebbene, a parte lo studio delle strategie tracciate all'interno del contesto europeo, ed in modo particolare in paesi come la Spagna e la Francia - attraverso l'analisi delle varie proposte e normative concretamente poste in essere - si è ritenuto interessante proporre anche l'esame di una realtà profondamente differente, sia per struttura che per impostazione, quale, appunto, quella canadese, e ciò considerato in particolare anche il carattere innovativo di una indagine comparata tra le due dimensioni (quella italiana e quella, appunto, canadese). Alla luce di tali considerazioni, nonché allo scopo di rendere effettivamente concreti i profili teorici anzi sviluppati, si è scelto di completare la ricerca mediante l'analisi di alcuni contratti commerciali, utilizzati nella pratica degli affari e recanti appunto norme rispettose dei principi del Cees. In particolare, l'ultima sezione del lavoro, inerente temi di giustizia sociale e diritto dei contratti - con specifico riferimento alla disciplina giuridica del contratto inteso appunto quale mezzo attraverso cui orientare il corretto funzionamento del mercato concorrenziale e fornire adeguate tutele ai consumatori - si sofferma sull'analisi della modulistica contrattuale (Il "Fair Trade Partnership Agreement"; l'"Annual Plan"; il "Fair Trade Purchasing Contract"; il "Delivery Order") utilizzata da Ctm Altromercato nelle operazioni di acquisto, nonché di trasporto e vendita dei prodotti equo-solidali. Tale modulistica, reperita grazie ad una profonda collaborazione con la sede legale del Consorzio, è stata ritenuta particolarmente interessante sotto un duplice profilo: da una parte, infatti, tali strumenti contrattuali potrebbero rappresentare una effettiva garanzia per quel consumatore socialmente responsabile che voglia visionarli al fine di constatare direttamente il rispetto di determinati standard e principi e che voglia, cioè, accertare che i prodotti che acquista siano effettivamente rispettosi di quegli standard; dall'altra parte, tali contratti rappresenterebbero una sorta di garanzia sociale, vale a dire un mezzo attraverso il quale far rispettare i suddetti valori e recuperare, in una prospettiva più ampia, anche determinati diritti. ; The fair trade phenomenon expanded in the western world during the last forty years because the benefits of trade and the expansion of international trade are not equitably distributed among all countries and between different levels of population. The gradual extension of phenomenon, the expansion of the geographic areas covered, the increase of quantity and types of traded goods and the proliferation of actors, gradually showed the strength related to this reality, which has become, in a few years, a true reference model for a fair trade on the international market. However, in order to classify precisely the phenomenon and to reveal its contents, it was considered appropriate to divide the discussion of the topic into four macro-blocks, respectively associated to: -the socio-economic description of the fair trade; -the different standardization projects elaborated in this field at the supranational, national and regional levels; -the other experiences developed in a comparative perspective with other European countries (and not only); -the analysis of contractual instruments used in the sector with particular regard to the contracts used by CTM Altromercato. The starting point is represented by some different preliminary considerations, with special emphasis on socio-economic phenomenon, considering its increasing trend and its current value in terms of incidence on the new global order of economic relations. Secondly, as legal research, it was considered appropriate to immediately penetrate the reality of fair trade, with specific reference to the problems and prospects related to the best legal regulation of this phenomenon, which represents the central object of this study. In particular, we chose to develop some general discussion about the different approaches elaborated in this area, considering the complexity of the framework and the variety of proposals. However, reconstructing the underlying reasons for a legal adjustment of this phenomenon, it was thought primarily to examine the many attempts to self-regulation, referring firstly to the "Carte dei Criteri" and especially the "Carta Italiana", drawn up to identify the requirements and the people suitable to operate in that context, and secondly concerning the private certification schemes, specialized in this field, and created to label the products of fair trade and thus to ensure compliance with standards and respect for the principles of the sector. After examining the pathways of self-regulation and the peculiarities connected to the same, it was considered interesting to carry out the analysis of a different form of regulation, called "heteroregulation", considering, in particular, the limitations and inconsistencies intrinsically linked to the self-discipline. In fact, the creation of a clear legislative framework, corresponding to a real law, would- and this is precisely what the research is oriented to prove - to establish, in addition to official recognition of the phenomenon, the specific identification of the fair trade products and of the parties involved and moreover, establishing a strict system of sanctions, to realize the subsequent elimination of the risk that they are, unconsciously, mixed with persons outside the principles of the movement, meaning a huge guarantee for the consumers. Once we have established the need to regulate this field and once outlined the reasons for a preference of heteroregolamentative type solutions, it was interesting to analyze the detailed paths and the legislative actions drawn up at the supranational , national and regional level, to reflect more broadly on the style that a regulatory intervention in this area would have. The paragraphs elaborated in the II part, concerning a critical evaluation of the projects of regulation existing in this context, want to clarify if, considering the complexity of the sector, a potential model to follow exists. Thirdly, in order to reflect on the regulation profiles of fair trade phenomenon and considering the need to find a legislative framework, it was chosen to dedicate the next stages of research to examine of the most important experiences carried on in this field from other countries. The third part-section of the research is focused on the analysis of legislative solutions developed at European level (and not only) in this context; the aim is to value the similarities and the compatibility, but also the differences, compared to our system. In addiction to the study of strategies, outlined in the European context, and particularly in the countries like Spain and France - through the analysis of various proposals and regulations put in practice - it was considered interesting to propose also the examination of Canadian perspective, considering in particular the innovative nature of a comparative study between these two dimensions (Italian and Canadian). For these considerations and to realize the theoretical profile, it was decided to complete the research with the analysis of some commercial contracts, which are used in the practice of business and containing the fair trade rules and the principles. In particular, the last section of work, concerning the social justice issues and the law of contracts - with particular reference to the legal framework of the contract conceived like an instrument to ensuring the proper functioning of the competitive market and protect consumers - is focused on the analysis of contractual forms ( "Fair Trade Partnership Agreement", "Annual Plan, "Fair Trade Purchasing Contract" and "Delivery Order") used by CTM Altromercato in transactions of purchase, transportation and sale of fair trade products. These contracts, obtained thanks to a strong collaboration with the legal office of the Consortium CTM Altromercato, were considered particularly interesting: first of all, these instruments could be a contractual guarantee for a consumer socially responsible, who wants to view them and to observe directly the relevance of these standards and principles, and to ensure that the products meet those standards; on the other hand, these contracts represent a kind of social security, namely an instrument to enforce these values and also to recover, in a broader perspective, specific rights.

In the National Financial Banking we find the celebration of specific contracts on The Guarantee Mobiliaria that come operating without difficulty, such it is the case of the contract of vehicular credit, constitution of guarantee mobiliaria and deposit solidary celebrated International Bank of the Peru S.A.A. - INTERBANK and the client. Another of the cases, is the one taken place by the Bank of Credit of the Peru with the Company of Transports Leopards SAC, with RUC. Nº 20480882106. Of the universe of the antecedents of this investigation, with more fame we find it in Julio's opinion Panez it Rocks, who affirms that the social economy of market that characterizes our social economy "it is the economy in which the intervention of the State is admitted as superior entity that regulates and it orders the exercise of the initiative deprived in benefit of the social interest, planning, rationalizing and fomenting the production, as well as it rules the distribution and consumption of the wealth in order to impel the economic development of the country." The investigation is justified because it will allow us to know the way of thinking of the Peruvian Society and especially of the Society Trujillana, on the financial world that demands a culture change and adaptation to the being of the capitalist society and that this last in its modern version it privileges like financial instrument to the Guarantee Mobiliaria, whichever it is its modality. As much in the problem as in the hypothesis it has been conjugated in different addresses the constituent variables of the financial market in the Peru, the models and political economic in such a way that our objectives drive us to be in favor of the Guarantee Mobiliaria like an effective instrument to energize the development of the country. In the results and discussion we have played the central topics of the Guarantee Mobiliaria and thinking especially of the Peruvian resident of the merchants, managers and industrial condensing them in the following topics: Macro Economy of the Peru, Globalization and Guarantee Mobiliaria in the Peru a Year 2009. In this title we solve the macroeconomic contradiction of the peacefulness of the country in front of the rest of the world and the one denominated economic drip doesn't benefit the Peruvian resident, standing out this contradiction characteristic of the social economic system in which our inmerso country is; it is joined to this contradiction the form and methods of thinking of the diverse social classes of the country that you/they don't still understand the dynamics and the financial rules of the capitalist pattern to adopt behavior, behaviors and attitudes in front of the novísima Law Nº 28677 that it regulates The Guarantee Mobiliaria like a technique of financial leverage. Thinking Micro-economic - Political and Social of the Peru a Year 2009. In this result inversely in front of the desbalance of the globalization in our country have found enough reasons to settle down that at microeconomía level and in the products of family consumption, that is to say, in the one denominated family breed the prices they fluctuate, they break outlines and they are to the unison of what happens in the international economic relationships and many of these activities of market of supplies begin to take enormous dimensions as for example the case of Martingale in Lima and in others that succinctly discuss him. Philosophical and Artificial Concepción of the Peruvian Economy. We arrive wing conclusion that the guarantee mobiliaria besides energizing the internal market and being of financial nature demands quick and deep changes in the mental outline from each one of the Peruvian residents as they sustain the theoretical ones that tie these philosophical phenomena to the economy and world facts as they are the fall of the Wall of Berlin, the emergence of the Czars of the Petroleums and of those who manage the terrorism of the drugs and the politics is civil or state. Thinking of the Social Economy of Market of the Peru; because the development of the German economy in whose society this economic model was invented you/he/she is completely different with the development of the Peruvian society; however as countries of the third world we are forced to think as the countries of the first world and in our political constitution of the Peruvian State of 1979 this model is constitutionalized that for the time being have serious difficulties to adopt it like appropriate model; however, our form of thinking is in a market economy to the Peruvian, reason for the one which our merchants, managers and industrial they don't understand the financial and technical dimensions of the use of the guarantee mobiliaria. The Initiative of the Private Economy as Alternative of Development. This is the spine of the capitalist pattern with face or without human face and he/she responds necessary, correlative and prioritarily to the existence of the Law Nº 28677 that it regulates the Guarantee Mobiliaria; in other terms, the ideological support - philosophical and economic of the private initiative it is the Guarantee Mobiliaria, because it rewards to the talents that energize to the internal or external economy of the country and with their you criticize or without them it is a reality of which no Peruvian should escape. The proposal for the effectiveness of the Guarantee Mobiliaria in the Peru that comes to be the corollary of the discussion of the previous results, for he/she will intend it like national project an educational program of so much financial order in the public institutions as private that they allow to change the Peruvian resident's commercial, industrial and financial paradigms to understand and to apprehend what is the guarantee mobiliaria and their great necessity to build in any social stratum a competitive national bourgeoisie against the strange capitals that he/she brings the globalization and nowadays they have us colonized as he/she is necessary in the data provided in the discussion of the results of this investigation. As regards conclusions and recommendations we arrive to intellectual and academic constructos that you/they respond to the objectives proposed to the beginning of the investigation and therefore these conclusions should be analyzed by the reader in function of the results and other articles of the investigation in order to be formed an appropriate trial and valorativo of what we propose in the whole investigation. Finally, we culminate the presentation of the investigation with the bibliography and the pertinent annexes. ; En la Banca Financiera Nacional encontramos la celebración de contratos específicos sobre La Garantía Mobiliaria que vienen operando sin dificultad, tal es el caso del contrato de crédito vehicular, constitución de garantía mobiliaria y fianza solidaria celebrado Banco Internacional del Perú S.A.A. – INTERBANK y el cliente. Otro de los casos, es el celebrado por el Banco de Crédito del Perú con la Empresa de Transportes Leopardos SAC, con RUC. Nº 20480882106. Del universo de los antecedentes de esta investigación, con mayor notoriedad lo encontramos en la opinión de Julio Panez Meza, quién afirma que la economía social de mercado que caracteriza nuestra economía social "Es la economía en la que se admite la intervención del Estado como ente superior que regula y ordena el ejercicio de la iniciativa privada en beneficio del interés social, planificando, racionalizando y fomentando la producción, así como regla la distribución y consumo de la riqueza a fin de impulsar el desarrollo económico del país". La investigación se justifica porque nos permitirá conocer el modo de pensar de la Sociedad Peruana y en especial de la Sociedad Trujillana, sobre el mundo financiero que exige un cambio de cultura y adecuación al ser de la sociedad capitalista y que ésta última en su versión moderna privilegia como instrumento financiero a la Garantía Mobiliaria, cualquiera que sea su modalidad. Tanto en el problema como en la hipótesis se ha conjugado en diferentes direcciones las variables constitutivas del mercado financiero en el Perú, los modelos y políticas económicas de tal forma que nuestros objetivos nos conduzcan a ser partidarios de la Garantía Mobiliaria como un instrumento eficaz para dinamizar el desarrollo del país. En los resultados y discusión hemos tocado los temas centrales de la Garantía Mobiliaria y el pensar del poblador peruano especialmente de los comerciantes, empresarios e industriales condensándolos en los siguientes tópicos: Macro Economía del Perú, Globalización y Garantía Mobiliaria en el Perú al Año 2009. En este título resolvemos la contradicción macroeconómica de la bonanza del país frente al resto del mundo y el denominado chorreo económico no beneficia al poblador peruano, resaltando esta contradicción propia del sistema económico social en el cual está inmerso nuestro país; se aúna a esta contradicción la forma y métodos del pensar de las diversas clases sociales del país que aún no entienden la dinámica y las reglas financieras del modelo capitalista para adoptar conducta, comportamientos y actitudes frente a la novísima Ley Nº 28677, que regula La Garantía Mobiliaria como una técnica de apalancamiento financiero. El Pensar Microeconómico - Político y Social del Perú al Año 2009. En este resultado inversamente frente al desbalance de la globalización en nuestro país hemos encontrado razones suficientes para establecer que a nivel de microeconomía y en los productos de consumo familiar, es decir, en la denominada casta familiar los precios fluctúan, rompen esquemas y están al unisono de lo que sucede en las relaciones económicas internacionales y muchas de estas actividades de mercado de abastos comienzan a tomar dimensiones descomunales como por ejemplo el caso de Gamarra en Lima y en otros que sucintamente lo discutimos. Concepción Filosófica y Jurídica de la Economía Peruana. Llegamos ala conclusión que la garantía mobiliaria además de dinamizar el mercado interno y ser de naturaleza financiera exige cambios rápidos y profundos en el esquema mental de cada uno de los pobladores peruanos como sostienen los teóricos que ligan estos fenómenos filosóficos a la economía y hechos mundiales como son la caída del Muro de Berlín, el surgimiento de los Zares del Petróleos y de quienes manejan el terrorismo de las drogas y la política sea civil o estatal. El Pensar de la Economía Social de Mercado en el Perú; pues el desarrollo de la economía alemana en cuya sociedad se inventó este modelo económico es totalmente diferente con el desarrollo de la sociedad peruana; sin embargo como países del tercer mundo estamos obligados a pensar como los países del primer mundo y en nuestra constitución política del Estado Peruano de 1979 se constitucionaliza este modelo que por ahora tenemos serias dificultades para adoptarlo como modelo adecuado; sin embargo, nuestra forma de pensar es en una economía de mercado a la peruana, razón por la cual nuestro comerciantes, empresarios e industriales no entienden las dimensiones financieras y técnicas del uso de la garantía mobiliaria. La Iniciativa de la Economía Privada como Alternativa de Desarrollo. Esto es la columna vertebral del modelo capitalista con rostro o sin rostro humano y responde necesaria, correlativa y prioritariamente a la existencia de la Ley Nº 28677 que regula la Garantía Mobiliaria; en otros términos, el soporte ideológico – filosófico y económico de la iniciativa privada es la Garantía Mobiliaria, porque premia a los talentos que dinamizan a la economía interna o externa del país y con sus criticas o sin ellas es una realidad de la cual ningún peruano debe escapar. La propuesta para la eficacia de la Garantía Mobiliaria en el Perú, que viene a ser el corolario de la discusión de los resultados anteriores, por lo se deberá proponer como proyecto nacional un programa educativo de orden financiero tanto en las instituciones públicas como privadas que permitan cambiar los paradigmas comerciales, industriales y financieros del poblador peruano para comprender y aprehender lo que es la garantía mobiliaria y su gran necesidad para construir en cualquier estrato social una burguesía nacional competitiva contra los capitales foráneos que trae la globalización y hoy día nos tienen colonizados como se precisa en los datos proporcionados en la discusión de los resultados de esta investigación. En materia de conclusiones y recomendaciones arribamos a constructos intelectuales y académicos que responden a los objetivos propuestos al inicio de la investigación y por lo tanto estas conclusiones deben ser analizadas por el lector en función de los resultados y demás ítems de la investigación a fin de formarse un juicio adecuado y valorativo de lo que proponemos en toda la investigación. Finalmente, culminamos la presentación de la investigación con la bibliografía y los anexos pertinentes.

1. General observations Africa south of the Sahara is probably the most vulnerable region when it comes to the impact and consequences of climate changes. Yet the African continent runs a serious risk of being marginalized in the global dialogue on climate issues. Africa contributes little to the global emissions of CO2, and other greenhouse gases. The major focus of the Framework Convention on Climate Change is on abatement and mitigation of emissions rather than adaptation to the consequences of climate change, and African states have therefore been slow to ratify the treaty and not as active in the international negotiation process as states from other parts of the world. Curbing emissions if justifiably not a central African concern. Yet Africa's potential vulnerability should demand attention from both African policy makers and other decision makers. Africa's natural resource base is seriously threatened. The two central guiding principles of African climate policy both on the part of governments and of international institutions should be reducing vulnerability on the one hand and increasing resilience on the other. Decision makers should not use the remaining scientific uncertainty and the acknowledged dearth of detailed information on African resource management as an excuse for inaction. Not taking climate change into account could be a serious source of mismanagement and fallacious planning. Both increase in temperature and increasing variability of climate are serious dangers in the future. Land degradation policies as well as future energy development should be central concerns. Any strategy for Africa should seek to minimize the potential conflicts among the concerns and priorities for development, adaptation and abatement. Africa's vulnerability to climatic changes relates to a number of factors, including 1) the dependency on bio-fuel, 2) the importance of agriculture, 3) immobility, 4) poor health services, 5) population growth, and 6) low material standards. In the case of Africa, it is difficult to make clear distinctions between abatement and adaptation measures. Social and economic development are necessary in order to prepare the continent for adaptation. 2. African obligations and opportunities under the Climate Convention Forty-nine African states have signed the Climate Convention, but only 33 have ratified so far (23.06.95). Ratification is important because- 1) it signifies the acceptance of the principles of the convention and 2) ratification will be required for financial support under the FCCC. The substantive obligation of all African Parties is a commitment to formulate a climate policy and how it could be implemented. Developing countries shall report on their inventories of GHG emissions, along with their plans and measures to meet the convention's objective within three years after the entry into force of the convention. Least-developed countries may report at their own discretion. Multilateral financing institutions should invest in data gathering on all levels to enhance awareness and improve the possibility for responsible governance in respect to natural resource management and environmental protection. Joint Implementation (JI) can allow for cost effective implementation of the Climate Convention, and provide funding for climate related projects for countries where financial resources are scarce or lacking. 3. Modeling of climate change in Africa There are still substantial limitations in the ability to provide accurate predictions of future climate in Africa. Confidence in regional model predictions is low and there are substantial differences between the models. One can distinguish between three regions when it comes to climatic changes in Africa: 1) Sahel region, 2) corresponding dry regions south of the Equator in Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, etc., and 3) the tropical region centered around the Equator. Major findings from IPCC -90 and -92 of relevance for Africa Temperature. Expected increases in annual average surface temperature at the time of C02 doubling: Northern subtropical region (including Sahel): 2 degrees Celsisus (0.5-3.0 degrees Celsisus), Tropical region: 1.5 degrees Celsisus (0.5-2.5 degrees Celsisus), and Southern subtropical region: 2 degrees Celsisus (0.5-3.0 degrees Celsisus). Precipitation: Increase in surface temperature and increased radiative cooling of the atmosphere due to doubling of CO2, concentrations lead to increased evaporation at the surface and increased intensity of convective precipitation (e.g. thunderstorms from large cumulus towers). Sea level rise: Thermal expansion is regarded as the most important process. Predictions are a 20±10cm increase in sea level at the time of CO2, doubling. IPCC-90 estimates up to a 65cm increase in sea level in year 2100, but this number is likely to be decreased to 40~45cm in the new IPCC-95 report. Observed trends. Since 1895, annual average temperatures has increased by 0.53'C over continental Africa. The recent 25 year dry period in Sahel is the most substantial change in observed precipitation in the global record. Explanations have been sought in 1) land use changes, and 2) circulation changes caused by changing patterns of sea surface temperatures (SST). If the drought represents the first sign of a global warming remains however uncertain. Current anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGS) in Africa. 1) Carbon dioxide (CO2): The major source is land use change (~70); the rest originates mainly from industry and transportation. The African contribution of CO2, was in 1990 estimated to be about 7 0f the world's total. 2) Methane (CH4,): Emissions in Africa are about 7 0f the world's total, with livestock being the main source. Industrial sources are oil and gas production and coal mining. 3) Nitrous oxide (N2O) sources are mainly of natural origin. 3) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC): Africa's share of global CFC emissions is estimated at 3. 4. Natural resource management The uncertainties in predicting climate change impacts in Africa must be underlined, and other human or natural influences may mitigate or exacerbate the effects. Natural variability in Africa is also substantial, and people are to a large extent adapted to changes. Still, predicted human-induced climatic changes are expected to occur very rapidly, and little is known about the capability of the ecosystems - which forms the basis for human existence - to adapt to such changes. It is also clear that impacts of climate change will be unevenly distributed: groups with the highest present vulnerability, such as poor people and people living in marginal areas, will most likely suffer most. Generally, changes in the frequency of extreme weather events would probably have greater impact than changes in average conditions. Agricultural Resources. The fertilizing effect of enhanced CO2 level on plant growth is well documented in laboratory studies, but disputed when it comes to complex "real-world" systems. Other factors concerning climate change impacts on agriculture include 1) Warmer climate and changes in rainfall may reduce the appropriability of present crops. Already being a major problem today, loss of crop and livestock genetic resources may threaten sustainable agricultural development and adaptations to future changes. 2) Increased intensity of rainfall may increase soil erosion, nutrient leaching and crop damage, 3) Changes in timing and length of growing seasons may lead to planning problems, 4) Loss of rainfall in marginal and vulnerable areas would exacerbate drought and desiccation problems, increase risks for bushfire and put forests at their dry margins at risk, and increase problems in animal husbandry, 5) Some models predict a noticeable loss of food production in Africa, but regional variations would probably be large, and local differences (such as in cropping systems) will to a large extent determine how significant the climate change impacts will be. 6) Sea level rise will put low lying agricultural areas at risk, and may render major rivers unsuitable for irrigation. Fish resources. Fish make up a significant part of the food supply in Africa, with a total harvest potential estimated at 10.5 million tons. It is expected that global warming will, varying with species, relocate fish populations. Freshwater populations in small rivers and lakes are vulnerable due to restricted ability to move in response to changes. In areas becoming drier, loss of habitat would also represent a threat. Fish populations are generally very sensitive to even small changes in frequency of extreme events. For the more mobile marine fish populations, relocation does not necessarily mean that production and potential yields are lowered, but subsistence and small scale-fishermen may suffer if institutional arrangements do not enable them to move within regions and across boundaries. Biodiversity. Impacts on biological diversity should be of particular concern, as the welfare of human beings strongly depends on the existence of biological systems and processes. Biological diversity provides a wide range of goods and services, including a genetic basis for agricultural development, and represents a heritage of unique species and ecosystems. Species will probably respond differentially to climatic changes, leading to new aggregations and ecosystems. In ecological terms, the predicted changes will occur over a short period of time. Migration is expected to be the main adaptation strategy, and adaptation success will be determined by the species' ability to respond quickly enough, as well as the suitability of the migration routes: Migration may be blocked by natural or human imposed barriers, or the natural environment (e.g. soils) may be inappropriate. A large part of the natural bio-diversity in Africa is confined to isolated reserves surrounded by agricultural land. Small populations are particularly vulnerable, and endemic species will be at risk of extinction. The changes would on the other hand favor species with high dispersal rates, ability to colonize a wide range of habitats and a high tolerance towards stress. Water resources. Past droughts have shown that for marginal and vulnerable areas, even a small reduction in water supply is critical. Water scarcity has substantial health and ecological consequences. Even today, there is growing scarcity of water in many African regions, and several countries rely on water originating outside their borders. Sea level rises can be expected to lead to increased saltwater intrusion in the groundwater. Desalinization is too costly for most countries. Hydro power generation is also vulnerable to temperature increases and rainfall changes. Social, political and economic impacts. Many authors mention the risk of getting more "eco-refugees". In addition to the social and health problems they may create, major migrations would also increase political tensions. Economic impacts include costs of climate-caused damages and costs of adapting to climate changes. In low-lying areas, sea level rise may cause substantial losses of land for human habitation, which in river deltas and urban centers will be aggravated by subsidence caused by extraction of water and hydrocarbons. 5. African priorities African policy statements emphasize that contributions to Climate Change mitigation efforts should not adversely affect their development targets. Few African countries have national policies explicitly aimed at combating climate change impacts, as they are not required to develop such plans until 1997. African policies are expected to concentrate on combating vulnerability. More specifically, this involves capacity building in a number of areas, including formulation of national and regional inventories and programs, development of effective negotiation skills, developing research capabilities, conducting cost-benefit analyses, and capacity building in the area of technology assessment and transfer. Improvement in planning capacity and governance would improve Africa's resilience to eventual climate changes. Future energy scenarios. African countries should get support in taking advantage of new technology for alternative energy resources, where no-regret options should be given priority. It should be underlined that effective mitigation measures against global warming must reinforce national economic policies and enhance the welfare of households. Three different energy scenarios for Africa are discussed: 1) Stagnation, 2) Growth based on fossil fuels, and 3) Sustainable growth. Scenario 1 is characterized by slow economic development and rapid population growth. Scenarios 2 and 3 involve high social and economic development and falling fertility rates. Scenario 2 is a fossilfuels based development, while scenario 3 provides large scale use of alternative energy sources and sustainable economic development. Economic development and improved living standards, especially among women, are necessary to reduce population growth. Abatement measures. Abatement measures may be carried out as part of a development strategy. Such no-regret options may however need additional funding to be carried out, since market failures and national constraints to the economy may make such options too costly for African governments. One should focus on measures with limited impacts on activities "outside" the market economy. The concern for climate change could make the support of new technology in Africa more attractive, but one should be aware that this may bias the countries' preferences for projects.

DER NATURARZT 1896 Der Naturarzt (-) Der Naturarzt 1896 (1896) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Exlibris]: Aus dem Legat des † Schuldirektors Matthäus Schmiedbauer in Schwanenstadt ( - ) Titelblatt ([I]) Inhalt. (Inhalt.) (II) I. Sachverzeichnis. (II) II. Personen- und Ortsverzeichnis. (VI) II. Personen- und Ortsverzeichnis. (VI) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 1. Januar / 1896) (1. Januar 1896.) ([1]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Zur Jahreswende [Gruss des Bundesvorstandes] Voranzeige. Die nächste Bundesversammlung wird am 5. und 6. April 1896 in Cassel stattfinden. ([1]) Approbierte und nicht approbierte Naturärzte. (2) Ein Wort zur Tropenhygiene. (6) Erste Hilfeleistung bei Zahnschmerzen. (6) Aus der Anatomie und Physiologie. Die Haut. Aufgabe und Thätigkeit der Haut. Erkältung. Abhärtung. Hautpflege. (8) Zur Sozialhygiene. 1. Aus Baden. (12) [Tabelle]: Aus Baden. Grosse Sterblichkeit der Cigarrenarbeiter, Zahlen aus dem Sterberegister 1887 bis einschliesslich 1893. Zahl der gestorbenen Cigarrenarbeiter gegenübergestellt der Zahl der an Lungentuberkulose Gestorbenen. (12) Rettung eines Fusses. (14) Zwei Erfolge von "Heilmitteln". (17) Patent-Medizin in Amerika. (18) Niedriger hängen! (19) Sprechsaal. (21) Bundesnachrichten. Bundesvorstand. Verzeichnis. Steuern. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Aus den Vereinen. (23) Aus der Zeit. Aus dem Reichstag. Aus dem sächsischen Landtage. Vom Reichsversicherungs-Amt. Vom Apotheken-Handel. Dr. Dressel's Nervenfluid. "Malzaxtrakt-Gesundheitsbiere". Auch ein "Naturheilkundiger". "Schwarzer" Medizin-Aberglauben. Aus dem Kampfe gegen den Alkohol. Zur Schulhygiene. Eau de Cologne - als Branntwein. Vom Laufen. (26) Bücherschau. (30) Feuilleton. Wert der Gesundheit. Citate aus dem Werk von Dr. Paul Gizycki: Vom Baume der Erkenntnis, Fragmente zur Ethik und Psychologie aus der Weltliteratur (31) [Gedicht]: O Gesundheit, herrlichst selige, . Ariphron, übersetzt von Thudichum (31) Es ist ein köstlich Ding um die Gesundheit . Michael Montaigne, Gedanken und Meinungen, übersetzt von Bode (31) Zehn Gebote der Frau. (31) Briefkasten. (32) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 2. Februar / 1896) (Nr. 2. Februar 1896.) ([33]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Wie ich Naturarzt wurde. ([33]) Vom Wert der Mineralwässer. (35) Aus der Anatomie und Physiologie. Wirkung kalter Abwaschungen und Bäder. Seife, Schminken. Temperatur des Wassers. Baderegeln. Brausebäder. (36) Zur Sozialhygiene. 2. Aus Sachsen. 3 Aus Preussen. (42) Noch zwei Erfolge von "Heilmitteln". (45) Zur Tuberkulose-Frage. (46) Kniegelenkentzüdung nebst 279 Geschwüren. (47) Heilung von Rhachitis. (48) Ein interessanter Prozess. [Dresden. Interessanter Wettkampf zwischen Medizin- und Natur-Heilkunde. Der Naturheilkundige Karl Schüller musste sich wegen fahrlässiger Tötung verantworten.] (50) Sprechsaal. (52) Bundesnachrichten. Bundesvorstand. Verzeichnis. Steuern. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (53) Aus der Zeit. Im Sächsischen Landtag [Verhältnis der Lehrer zu den Naturheilvereinen]. Ist die Furcht so gross? unwissend oder unwahr? Zur Impffrage. Vivisektion. Geheimmittel. Zur Schulhygiene. [Pflichtstunden der Lehrer sollen nicht erhöht werden, 42,7 % sämtlicher Lehrer sind krank.] In Innsbruck [internationale Ausstellung für körperliche Erziehung, Gesundheitspflege und Sport. Protektorat Erzherzog Ferdinand Karl von Oesterreich]. Ein Elternabend [Schädlichkeit des Rauchens und des Genusses von Bier und Branntwein bei Kindern]. Hängeböden als Schlafräume. Auch ein Prozess. (59) Bücherschau. (61) Feuilleton. [Erzählung]: Zerbrochenes Glück. von Emmy von Borgstede. (61) Briefkasten. (66) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 3. März / 1896) (Nr. 3. März 1896.) ([67]) Mitteilungen über die Bundesversammlung siehe Seite 85. ([67]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Heilung von Brandwunden. ([67]) Aus der Anatomie und Physiologie. Von den Haaren, Nägeln etc. Nicht unwichtig ist die Pflege des Haares. Die Nägel. Hühneraugen. Warzen. Bei spröder Haut, aufgesprungenen Händen. Wunde Hautstellen. (70) Akute Fälle. Drei Heilberichte aus der Berliner Naturheilanstalt. (73) Lehrer und Naturheilvereine in Sachsen. (74) Sprechsaal. (77) Bundesnachrichten. Bundesvorstand. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Die Bundesversammlung wird zu Ostern 1896 in Cassel im "Vereinshaus", Cölnische Strassse 17, abgehalten. [Tagesordnung]. (82) [4 Tabellen]: (1) Kassen-Bericht 1895. (2) Gewinn- und Verlust-Conto 1895. (3) Bilanz am 31. Dezember 1895. (4) Priessnitzfonds 1895. (100) [Naturheilverein Cassel] Programm für die zu Ostern 1896 in Cassel stattfindende Bundesversammlung des Deutschen Bundes der Vereine für Gesundheitspflege und für arzneilose Heilweise. (102) Aus der Zeit. Der Geschäftsausschuss des deutschen Aerztevereinsbundes. Der Geschäftsausschuss der Berliner ärztlichen Standesvereine. Zum kapitel "Unlauterer Wettbewerb". Professor Röntgens Entdeckung. [Professor von Bergmann: Fremdkörper, die keine Beschwerden hervorrufen, im Körper belassen. Dubois-Reymond nannte Karl von Reichenbachs Behauptungen Verirrungen - Und nun?] Also doch? Ein Aufruf an die Naturheilvereine des Königreichs Sachsen. Die Gesundheitslehre in der Fortbildungsschule. Aerzte-Streik [weil Krankenkassen den Naturheilkundigen Wenzel zulassen]. Der Regierungspräsident zu Potsdam [Nebenbeschäftigung von schulpflichtigen Kindern zu Erwerbszwecken] (103) Bücherschau. (106) Feuilleton. Sommertage im heiligen Lande. Allerlei Hygienisches aus meinem Reise-Tagebuch. Von Adolf Damschke. I. (106) Briefkasten. (108) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 4. April / 1896) (Nr. 4. April 1896.) ([109]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Naturheilkunde und Medizin. Zugleich eine Antwort an Dr. R. (Leipziger Zeitung vom 24. Dez. 1895) von Dr. med. Hermann Hufschmidt, dirigierender Arzt der Natureilanstalt Ottenstein-Schwarzenberg i. sächs. Erzgebirge. ([109]) Aus der Anatomie und Physiologie. Die Harnorgane. Nieren. Blase. Erkrankungen der Harnorgane. Verhütung derselben. (113) [2 Abb.]: (1) Fig. 1. Die Nieren (schematisch.) (2) Fig. 2. Lauf des Blutes durch die Gefässknäuel. (114) [Abb.]: Fig. 3. Verlauf der Harnkanälchen. (115) [Abb.]: Fig. 4. Schnitt durch eine Niere. (schematisch.) (116) Ein Jahr unter der Herrschaft der physikalisch-diätetischen (Naturheil-)Methode. Fortsetzung der Statistik in No. 11 (1895) von Dr. Kantorowicz (Hannover) (119) Heilung von Schuppenflechte. (120) Einige Vergiftungen durch Gebrauchsgegenstände und Speisen. (121) Zum Krankenkassengesetz. (123) Sprechsaal. (124) Bundesnachrichten. Bundesvorstand. Verzeichnis. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Steuern. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (126) Aufruf an alle Naturärztinnen und Naturärzte Deutschlands. (133) Aus der Zeit. Im Reichstage [Antrag zur Aufhebung des Impfzwangs]. Von der sächsischen Landtagskammer [Gesetz betr. ärztliche Bezirksvereine und nicht approbierte "Heilkünstler"]. [Erlaubnis zur Errichtung einer] Privat-Krankenanstalt. Ein Gutachten über die Lage der Kellner. Zur Schulhygiene. Nichtapprobierter Dr. med. Helft! [Verkäuferinnen können ihre Arbeit nicht anders als stehend verrichten. Oft zwölf- bis fünzehnstündiges Stehen ist gesundheitsschädigend. Aufruf des Berliner Frauenvereins: Frauen werden aufgefordert. sich durch Unterschrift zu verpflichten, jene Geschäfte zu bevorzugen, wo den Angestellten die Möglichkeit gegeben ist, sich zu setzen.] Arzneiliche Vergiftungen. Hydropath. Magnetopath. Hochgradige Schwindsucht! Wer hat Lust? (134) Bücherschau. (137) Feuilleton. Sommertage im heiligen Lande. Allerlei Hygienisches aus meinem Reise-Tagebuch. Von Adolf Damschke. II. (137) Briefkasten. (140) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 5. Mai / 1896) (Nr. 5. Mai 1896.) ([141]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Der Fall Langerhans. Zur Frage des Behringschen Heilserums. [Diphtherie-Heilserum, Nutzen und Risiken] ([141]) Die Gefahren und Folgen der modernen Frauenheilkunde. (144) In Wörishofen. Die glänzenden Erfolge Pfarrer Kneipp's, die zahlreichen Auflagen seiner Bücher, haben dem einfachen schwäbischen Pfarrer einen Ruf verliehen der alle fünf Erdteile durch hallt. Aus dem kleinen Landstädtchen Wörishofen ist einer der besuchtesten Kurorte geworden. (147) Heilung eines von Pfarrer Kneipp und der Medizin aufgegebenen Falles von Gicht und Neurasthenie (151) Zur Sozialhygiene. (154) Aus der sächsischen zweiten Kammer. (156) Bundesnachrichten. Protokollarischer Bericht über die Bundesversammlung am 5. und 6. April 1896 in Cassel. Bundesvorstand. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Verzeichnis. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (157) Aus der Zeit. Generalmajor von Lippe. In der balneologischen Gesellschaft. Auf dem XIV. Kongress für innere Medizin. Zur Viehimpfung. Her M. von Egidy. In Württemberg. Zur Schulhygiene. In der Schule zu Szameitkehmen im Kreise Pillkallen hat jeder Schüler in der Klasse ein Paar Filzkorken für den Winter stehen. [von der Gemeinde angeschafft, Kinder brauchen nicht in nassen Schuhen in der Schule zu sitzen.] Lungenschwindsucht als Invaliditätsursache. Dr. W. Häusler. "Praktischer Vertreter der arzneilosen Therapie". Von der Krankenbehandlung auf der Insel Tonoag (Neuhebrifen) erzählt der Missionar G. Kurze. Auch ein Jubiliäum! Am 14. Mai sind es 100 Jahre, dass Dr. Jenner die erste Impfung vornahm. (168) Bücherschau. (171) Feuilleton. [Gedicht]: Festgruss. Gesprochen auf dem Casseler Bundestag. (171) Briefkasten. (172) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 6. Juni / 1896) (Nr. 6. Juni 1896.) ([173]) [3 Gedichte]: (1) Das Mass [Pythagoras] (2) Unsere Mässigkeit [Engel] (3) Gäben wir die Hälfte dessen, was wir, krank uns machend, essen, . [Rückert] (-) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Welche Faktoren sind einer rascheren Ausbreitung des Naturheilverfahrens hinderlich? Festrede von Philo vom Walde, gehalten auf der Bundesversammlung in Cassel. ([173]) Der Gesetzentwurf über die ärztlichen Ehrengerichte. (179) Ueber Haar-, Nägel- und Hautpflege. [Entgegnung von Herrn Spohr, Oberst a. D., auf den Artikel von W. Siegert in "Der Naturarzt" Nr. 3. März 1896. Entgegnung auf den Artikel von A. Scholta in "Der Naturarzt" Nr. 4. April 1896. Schuppenflechte "Psoriasis" ist eine Folge von Metall- namentlich Quecksilbervergiftung.] (182) Gefahren der modernen Frauenbehandlung. (Nachtrag. Siehe Seite 144.) (188) Die Impffrage im Reichstage. (189) Die Naturheilkunde im österreichischen Herrenhause. [Auszug aus der Rede von Graf Curt Zedtwitz] (191) Bundesnachrichten. Verzeichnis. Steuern. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (195) Aus der Zeit. Vom Prinzregenten von Lippe-Detmold. Zum Fall Langerhans. [Urteil von Prof. Paul Ehrlich, Direktor der staatlichen Kotrolstation]. Tod durch Heilserum. Behandlung des Scharlachs mit "Antistreptococcen-Serum". Vorgehen einer Krankenkasse gegen gesundheitsschädigende Betriebseinrichtungen. Für Aerzte und Redaktionen. Von der Freiheit der Ueberzeugung. [Aerzte, welche der Homäopathie und der Naturheilkunde anhängen, sind auszuschliessen von der Aufnahme in den Verein der Aerzte in Merseburg und Anhalt.] Ja, die Laienkritik! (203) Bücherschau. (205) Briefkasten. (206) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 7. Juli / 1896) (Nr. 7. Juli 1896.) ([207]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Ein Sieg der Naturheilmethode. ([207]) Zur Behandlung der Migräne. (211) Welche Faktoren sind einer rascheren Ausbreitung des Naturheilverfahrens hinderlich? Festrede von Philo vom Walde, gehalten auf der Bundesversammlung in Cassel. (Schluss.) (212) [Gedicht]: Allen Gewalten zum Trutz [J. W. v. Goethe] (216) Die Behandlung der Gicht. (216) Aerztliche Gutachten über Handesartikel. (218) Noch einmal: "Heilung der Schuppenflechte". [Entgegnung von Herrn A. Scholta auf die Kritik von Oberst Spohr in "Der Naturarzt" Nr. 6. Juni 1896.] (219) Berichtigung: Im Spohrschen Artikel in voriger Nummer sind einige Druckfehler zu berichtigen: (219) Sprechsaal. (219) Bundesnachrichten. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Steuern. Verzeichnis. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (223) Aus der Zeit. Dr. med. Schulze [begeht seine goldene Hochzeit]. Naturheilanhänger, welche Mitglieder von Tierschutzvereinen sind [Hinweis auf den internationalen Kongress der Tierschutzvereine]. Herr Franz W. Kubiczek [österreichischer Schriftsteller, ist am 3. Juni 1896 in Wien gestorben.] Eine Naturheilanstalt auf gemeinnütziger Grundlage. "Von einem Naturarzt behandelt" Zur Haftbarkeit der Aerzte. Von der ärztlichen Verantwortung. Vom ärztlichen Berufsgeheimnis. Von der Würde des ärztlichen Standes. "Lungen- und Kehlkopfleiden". Zur Schulhygiene. Zur Sozialhygiene. Der II. Deutsche Kongress für Volks- und Jugendspiele findet vom 10. bis 13. Juli 1896 in Münschen statt. Noch eine Impfung! Zum Begriff "Naturheilanstalt". Einfluss der Gewohnheit auf den Schlaf. Alkoholgenuss in den Tropen. (231) Bücherschau. (236) Feuilleton. Molière und die Aerzte. Eine litterar-historische Studie von Alfred Moulet (professeur d'Ècole Normale), Versailles. I. (237) Briefkasten. (240) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 8. August / 1896) (Nr. 8. August 1896.) ([241]) Feuilleton. Molière und die Aerzte. Eine litterar-historische Studie von Alfred Moulet (professeur d'Ècole Normale), Versailles, II. (237) Briefkasten. (240) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Aus meiner Studienzeit. Von Dr. med. Anna Fischer-Dückelmann, ([241]) Das medizinische Frauenstudium in Amerika. (246) Ueber Bartflechte. (250) Eine heilgymnastische Methode bei Herzschwäche. (252) Pestalozzi und der Kampf gegen den Alkohol. [Adolf Damaschke zitiert aus der Zeitschrift "Das Schweizer Blatt" und zwar aus der Nummer vom Donnerstag, den 14. Hornung 1782. Er meint, es scheine aufzufallen, dass der Vorschritt der sittlichen und politischen Erleuchtung, den man sich anmasst, nicht so gross sei.] (254) Ein seltener Fall aus der Frauenheilpraxis. (257) Eine Richtigstellung. [Entgegnung von Herrn Spohr, Oberst a. D., auf die Kritik von W. Siegert in "Der Naturarzt" Nr. 7. Juli 1896.] (258) Bekanntmachung. Ausbildung und Prüfung von Naturheilkundigen (259) Bundesnachrichten. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Steuern. Verzeichnis. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (260) Aus der Zeit. Vom Ober-Verwaltungsgericht. Wieder ein Sieg der Wasserheilanwendung! Noech einmal der Fall Langerhans. Der 24. deutsche Aerztetag zu Nürnberg. Paul Krüger, der viel genannte Präsident der Republik Transvaal, trinkt weder Bier noch Wein noch stärkere Sachen, und zwar von Kindheit an. Alkohol auf Bergtouren. Ueber Alkoholmissbrauch bei Kindern. Weibliche Fabrikinspektion. Zur Sozialhygiene. Verlegung des Lohntages. Weibliche Aerzte in Australien. Zum Kapitel Frauenärzte. Apothekengeschäfte. Geheimschwindel und Apotheken. Bienen- und Insektenstiche. Zur Tropenhygiene. Kurpfuscherei. Armut und Sterblichkeit. Lesefrucht aus Pestalozzi. Früher oder später, aber immer gewiss wird sich die Natur an allem Thun der Menschen rächen, das wider sie selbst ist. Aus einer verwesenden Kultur. [Tagestoilette der Römerin]. Licht aus Afrika. Für Radfahrer [Fahrrad ist nicht mehr als Gegenstand des Sports, sondern als Verkehrsmittel anzusehen.] Morphium-Opfer. (265) [Tabelle]: Armut und Sterblichkeit (269) Bücherschau. (270) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 9. September / 1896) (Nr. 9. September 1896.) ([275]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Die Baubudenfrage, ihre Bedeutung für die Sozialhygiene und den Alkoholismus. Von einem Steinsetzer. [Über Arbeit und Leben der Steinsetzer]. ([275]) Ein Sieg der Naturheilkunde in Bautzen. (280) Etwas über Kopf- und Bartflechten, ihre Entstehung und naturgemässe Heilung. (282) Der Schnaps in Afrika. (289) Eine Existenzfrage der Naturheilmethode. [Sind Naturheilbäder als gewöhnliche Badeanstalten oder als konzessionspflichtige Privat-Krankenanstalten zu betrachten?] (290) Bundesnachrichten. Zum Preisausschreiben. Inbezug auf das Bundes-Preisausschreiben: "Die Gefahren in der Zeit der geschlechtlichen Entwicklung", ein Wort für Eltern und Lehrer (s. "Naturarzt" 1894, S. 313) ist die Entscheidung [.] getroffen worden [W. Siegert und Dr. med. Kühner]. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Steuern. Verzeichnis. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (297) Aus der Zeit. Frau Erwine Ronge [25 Jahre Thätigkeit auf dem Gebiete der Naturheilkunde]. Heinrich Spörl-Gamma [gestorben]. Verein abstinenter Lehrer. Zur Impffrage. Zur Nachahmung. [Aarau in der Schweiz, Mitglieder des schweizerischen Lehrerinnenverbandes verpflichteten sich, kein Korsett mehr zu tragen keine Handschuhe mehr anzulegen, Kleiderröcke nur "fussfrei" anfertigen zu lassen.] Heilserum! Von der ärztlichen Ueberzeugungsfeiheit. [Es wurde Dr. med. Baur als "Kneipparzt" aus dem ärztlichen Verein ausgeschlossen.] M. von Egidy. Aus dem Kampf gegen den Branntwein. Geheimmittel gegen Trunksucht [.]Vor dem Ankauf des Mittels wird gewarnt. Zur Schulhygiene. "Das ist gut". [Überschrift des satyrischen Artikels in der Zeitschrift "Jugend", über eine Naturheilanstalt]. Aus dem Reichs-Versicherungs-Amt. Ist eine Krankenkasse für die Kurkosten eines geretteten Selbstmörders haftbar? (302) Bücherschau. (305) Feuilleton. [Gedicht]: Und schreib' ich jemals ein Gedicht! (306) Briefkasten. (306) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 10. Oktober / 1896) (Nr. 10. Oktober 1896.) ([307]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Aus schwerem Kampf. [Der Standpunkt der Aerzte, die das Naturheilverfahren anwenden, ist kein leichter.] ([307]) Die Alkoholfrage und die Naturheilvereine. (308) Ein Kapitel für die Hausfrauen. [Besonders wichtige Entdeckung: Bereitung von alkoholfreien, ungegorenen Weinen oder Fruchtsäften; bekömmliches und vollwertiges Getränk; Kleine wertvolle Schrift über dieses Thema von Prof. Dr. Müller-Thurgau. Anleitung zum Sterilisierungsverfahren: Flaschen im Waschkessel. Naturheilvereine könnten mitwirken, thörichten Bierkonsum umwandeln in Verbrauch von ungegorenen Weinen.] (311) Nochmals die Baubudenfrage. Praktische Vorschläge zur Lösung derselben. Von einem Steinsetzer. [Gesetzliche Maßnahmen, um Leben und Gesundheit der Bauarbeiter zu schützen]. (313) Etwas über Kopf- und Bartflechten, ihre Entstehung und naturgemässe Heilung. (Fortsetzung.) (315) Naturheilverfahren und Philosophie. (322) Heilung von Gehirnhaut-Entzündung. (325) "Praktischer Naturheilkundiger", eine Gerichtsentscheidung. Im Namen des Königs! [Der Strafsenat des Königl. Sächs. Oberlandesgerichts hat in der Strafsache gegen den Naturheilkundigen Friedrich Hermann Klöden für Recht erkannt:] (326) Zur Krankenkassenfrage. (327) Sprechsaal. (328) Bundesnachrichten. Verzeichnis. Steuern. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (329) Aus der Zeit. Der frühere Vorsitzende des Vereins Dresden, Her Hydropath Gotthardt, der noch Schüler von Priessnitz war, ist hochbetagt am 6. August verstorben. Etwa 40 Naturärzte Sachsens [traten zu Beratung zusammen]. Gerling - angeklagt [Verfasser der Broschüre "Blattern und Schutzpockenimpfung]. Zur Impffrage in England. Schnapsreklame. Die in der deutschen Kolonialausstellung schwarzen Reichsangehörigen wollte der Physikus des Kreises Teltow einer ärztlichen Kontrole unterwerfen. [.] Auch bei den Mahareros stiess der Herr Kreisphysikus auf energischen Wiederstand! Fritjof Nansen, der berühmte Nordpolfahrer [nahm keinen Alkohol mit sich an Bord seines Schiffes "Fram"] William S. Bryan, der bekannte Präsidentschaftskandidat der Vereinigten Staaten [.] meidet Alkohol und Taback. Gipfel der "organischen Heilmittel". Eine neue Schutz-Impfung und zwar gegen Schlangengift. Lücke im Unfallversicherungsgesetz. Rückenmarksschwindsucht. Vom Beispiel der Erzieher. [Bericht des "Vereins gegen den Missbrauch geistiger Getränke, Meister sollen Vorbild für Lehrlinge sein.] Die Berliner trinken doppelt so viel Bier als Milch. Zur Sozialhygiene. (333) Bücherschau. (337) Feuilleton. [Gedicht]: Gebet Hygieia's im Namen ihrer Schützlinge. [.] Aus dem "Corpus inscriptionum hygieinicarum", Tom. III, pag. 567 f., nach einer am Lacus Vermensis gefundenen Inschrift übersetzt von Dr. Schmidkunz. (337) Briefkasten. (338) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 11. November / 1896) (Nr. 11. November 1896.) ([339]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. Gesundheitsschutz im Buchdruckgewerbe. ([339]) Kurpfuscherei. (345) Etwas über Kopf- und Bartflechten, ihre Entstehung und naturgemässe Heilung. (Fortsetzung.) (347) Bildet ein Vortrag über Gesundheitspflege eine öffentliche Angelegenheit? (352) "Praktischer Naturheilkundiger" und "Heilkünstler". Ein Briefwechsel [zwischen dem Polizei-Präsident von Berlin und Herrn Gerling]. (353) Durch die Naturheilkunde gerettet! (353) Eine verhütete Operation. (355) Bericht über die ordentliche Generalversammlung der deutschen Naturärzte und Praktiker in Berlin. (355) Sprechsaal. (359) Bundesnachrichten. Verzeichnis. Vereine, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Steuern. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (360) Aus der Zeit. Ein Sieg in Oesterreich. [Beschluss der österreichischen Regierung, an sämtlichen Universitäten des Landes Lehrstühle für Wasserheilverfahren. Oesterreich geht hier allen anderen Kulturstaaten voran und erwirbt sich dadurch ein hervorragendes Verdienst. Wirken von Vincenz Priessnitz, schlesischer Bauer, und Pfarrer Kneipp]. Heinrich Mertens † [Am 6. d. M. verstarb in Rendsburg der Zeichenlehrer und Photograph Ludwig Christian Heinrich Mertens im hohen Alter von 76 Jahren. Gründer von Naturheilvereinen]. Kurpfuscherei. Frau Prediger Ronge [Anlässlich ihres 25 jährigen Jubiläums als ausübende Naturheilkundige erhielt Frau Ronge vom Bundesvorstande und drei Ortsvereinen gestiftetes Ehrengeschenk: zwei fünfarmige prächtige Leuchter.] Der parakt. Arzt Dr. Franz van Vagedes [vom Landesgericht freigesprochen]. Wie Friedrich der Grosse über den Genuss von Kaffee und Bier dachte. Bitte! Den Freunden des Küssens empfiehlt der Gesundheitsrath von Chicago, die Lippen vor dem Küssen mit carbolisiertem Rosenwasser abzureiben. (363) Bücherschau. (366) Feuilleton. Das ist auch gut. Eine Bazillengeschichte in zehn Postkarten. Geschrieben aus Anlass des in der "Jugend" erschienenen Artikels "Das ist gut". [Helene, Frau von Kurt, einem Forscher, schreibt an Melanie, deren Vater Kurts Ansichten nicht teilt.] (367) Briefkasten. (370) 24. Jahrgang. (Nr. 12. Dezember / 1896) (Nr. 12. Dezember 1896.) ([371]) Aus Wissenschaft und Leben. [Brief]: An die Leser! [Adolf Damaschke beschliesst seine Thätigkeit als Schriftleiter des "Naturarzt", und ebenso sein Amt als Bundesschrfitführer. Er wird Chefredakteur der "Kieler Neuesten Nachrichten".] ([371]) Gesinnungsgenossen! [Bitte um finanzielle Unterstützung für Reinhold Gerling.] Reinhold Gerling ist unter Anklage gestellt worden. In seiner Widerlegung der Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes "Blattern und Schutzpockenimpfung" soll er die Behörden und Verfasser beleidigt haben. [.] Gerling vertritt in dieser Frage [Reichsimpfgesetz] die Ansicht von Hunderttausenden. (372) Meine Stellung zum Vegetarismus. (372) Etwas über Kopf- und Bartflechten, ihre Entstehung und naturgemässe Heilung. (Schluss.) (377) Nachschrift. [zu "Etwas über Kopf- und Bartflechten, ihre Entstehung und naturgemässe Heilung."] (381) Krankheitsursachen und Krankheitssymptome. (382) Scharlach. (386) Bundesnachrichten. Bekanntmachung, Ausbildungskursus für Naturheilkundige betreffend. Bekanntmachung, Prüfung der Naturärzte betreffend. Verzeichnis. Steuern. Vereine, bezw. Orte, für welche Aerzte gesucht werden. Aus den Vortragsgruppen. Aus den Vereinen. (389) Soll der entscheidende Schlag doch geführt werden? [Sitzung im Kultusministerium, einziger Gegenstand der Tagesordung: Aerzte aus der Gewerbeordung ausscheiden? Es handelt sich hier um Sein oder Nichtsein aller Laien-Aerzte!] Der Verein abstinenter Aerzte. Gegen die Naturheil-Institute. Wegen fahrlässiger Tötung. Morphium. Eine Unsitte [Kinder an einem Arm fassen und über ein Hindernis hinwegheben. Man fasse die Kinder beim Heben unter beiden Armen.] Wasseranwendung vor 350 Jahren. (394) Bücherschau. (397) Unhygienische Redensarten. (398) Briefkasten. (402)

A CPD power point presentaion discussing the green transition of the textile and readymade garments sector in Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has made commitments for GHG reductions and other climate measures, It has formulated several regulatory and fiscal policies. These commitments along with challenges are discussed in this presentation.

Indonesia, an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands and the fourth most populous nation in the world, has been identified by the World Bank as one of the top 35 countries with the highest risk for natural disasters. Between January and March 1, 2021, the country recorded at least 650 natural disasters that cost 270 lives and socially displaced at least 3 million people. In fact, natural disasters in Indonesia have been on an upward trend in the past few decades, with each disaster having a more severe impact compared to a previous occurrence. This led many to question if the severity of these events is result of human activities being prioritised over the protection of the environment. A key challenge for many disaster-prone developing countries like Indonesia is striking the right balance between economic development needs and environmental protection when these goals are at odds. This paper explores the various factors exacerbating the impact of natural disasters and assesses how the government's response to this climate crisis could impede Indonesia's transition to a more sustainable future.

Assessing threats to the air littoral, the airspace between ground forces and high-end fighters and bombers, requires a paradigm change in American military thinking about verticality. This article explores the consequences of domain convergence, specifically for the Army and Air Force's different concepts of control. It will assist US military and policy practitioners in conceptualizing the air littoral and in thinking more vertically about the air and land domains and the challenges of domain convergence.

The New Economic Policy (NEP) has scripted Malaysia's development for 50 years, with the 30% Bumiputera equity target as the main protagonist. The NEP's imprint remains deep; its legacy endures long beyond the initial 1971-1990 timeline. While followed by a raft of other long-term plans, the NEP reigns supreme, its successors consigned to historical footnotes. The draft of the Shared Prosperity Vision (SPV) 2030, Malaysia's next grand plan, makes the most substantive reference to the NEP, while cursorily acknowledging the National Development Plan (1991-2000) and the National Vision Policy (2001-2010). Bumiputeras have steadily progressed toward policy targets in education and employment, but the persistence of Bumiputera equity holdings below the 30% threshold, according to the official estimations, is continuously reiterated as the NEP's defining – but elusive – quest (Lee 2019). Perpetuation of this target is problematic, from historical, empirical and strategic perspectives. In 1971, the NEP originally aspired to a complex mix(?) of Bumiputera development objectives, but 30% equity ownership was placed on a pedestal from the mid-1970s. This has allowed quick gains and political patronage to prevail over longer gestation pursuits focused on building capability and competitiveness. In recent years, policy emphasis has principally shifted toward productivity-driven, bottom-up Bumiputera enterprise development, deepening the disconnect between these broad priorities and the narrow 30% target. Empirical flaws also mar the target setting and progress monitoring processes. A sub-target within the overall 30% has been surpassed, without acknowledgement. The official accounts, which include foreign ownership and opaque nominee companies while excluding Malaysian government ownership, have continuously provided a partial picture that demands more clarity and completeness. From strategic standpoints, persisting with a single macro equity target detracts from the more crucial attention needed in dynamic and competitive Bumiputera enterprise. This calls for a thorough policy revisit of priorities and targets, and a reset that coherently and effectively aligns policy actions with those priorities and targets.

Irene Guidotti delivered a lightning talk at the IAML conference Music Rights for All: Libraries as enablers , entitled Digitising John Cargher 78 rpm records at Monash University Library . The John Cargher Collection was donated to Monash through the Australian Government's Cultural Gifts Program in 2009. Ten years later, the Library completed the digitisation of a set of 78 rpm records in the collection through a Faculty of Arts Work Integrated Learning (WIL) internship. This talk presented the phases from initiation to closure, highlighting the opportunities and benefits from professional placements and the involvement of students through supervised participation. All Library staff were invited to hear Irene deliver a 30-minute encore presentation. The John Cargher Collection online: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.1/1405929 Online 2021 – Music rights for all: Libraries as enablers http://www.iamlaustralia.org.au/event/online-2021-music-rights-for-all-libraries-as-enablers/

Can leaders shape identity and legitimize new political orders? I address this question by studying the role of Mustafa Kemal, the founder of modern Turkey, in spreading a new national identity. Using a generalized difference-in-differences design, which exploits time and geographic variation in Kemal's visits to cities, I test whether exposure to a charismatic leader affects citizens' take-up of the new Turkish identity. I find that people living in cities visited are more likely to embrace the common identity, as proxied by the adoption of first names in "Pure Turkish", the new language introduced by the state. I also show that Kemal was more efficient in making people use the new language, compared to Ismet Inonu, the Prime Minister and Kemal's second man, suggesting that he had an idiosyncratic effect. I find that the effect is mostly driven by cities where he met with local elites, rather than the mass, and are not driven by places that had a nationalist club during the Ottoman Empire. Overall, the findings are consistent with the Weberian view that charismatic authority can induce others to follow and legitimize new political orders.

Can leaders shape identity and legitimize new political orders? I address this question by studying the role of Mustafa Kemal, the founder of modern Turkey, in spreading a new national identity. Using a generalized difference-in-differences design, which exploits time and geographic variation in Kemal's visits to cities, I test whether exposure to a charismatic leader affects citizens' take-up of the new Turkish identity. I find that people living in cities visited are more likely to embrace the common identity, as proxied by the adoption of first names in "Pure Turkish", the new language introduced by the state. I also show that Kemal was more efficient in making people use the new language, compared to Ismet Inonu, the Prime Minister and Kemal's second man, suggesting that he had an idiosyncratic effect. I find that the effect is mostly driven by cities where he met with local elites, rather than the mass, and are not driven by places that had a nationalist club during the Ottoman Empire. Overall, the findings are consistent with the Weberian view that charismatic authority can induce others to follow and legitimize new political orders.