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Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1. Origins and Background to Christian/Islamic Interactions 1. The Pact of Umar 2. The Conquest of Alexandria 3. The Coming of Islam and the Destruction of the (Roman) World 4. Al-Jahiz's Warnings about the Christians 5. A Muslim Ambassador in Constantinople 6. The Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 7. The Battle of Tours 8. Christians and Muslims in the Age of Charlemagne 9. Converting Churches into Mosques in Spain 10. Support for the Dhimmis 11. The Martyrs of Cordoba Chapter 2. Warfare in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Holy Land 12. The Coming of the Seljuk Turks 13. Calling the Crusades 14. The First Crusade 15. The Muslim Reaction 16. Richard the Lionheart and Saladin 17. The Seventh Crusade 18. The Conquest of Acre and the End of Crusader States 19. The Ottoman Turks and the Battle of Nicopolis 20. The Conquest of Constantinople Chapter 3. Warfare in the Spain and the Western Mediterranean 21. The Conquest of Toledo 22. The Arrival of the Almoravids 23. Two Views of El Cid 24. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 25. Christian Conquests and the Rise of the Nasrids 26. Warfare at Sea 27. Frontier Raids 28. The Conquest of Granada and Its Aftermath Chapter 4. Diplomacy and Alliances 29. A Complex Alliance 30. Frederick II and al-Kamil 31. Crusader/Mamluk Treaties 32. Ottoman Treaty with the Venetians 33. The Sultan Bayezid Sends a Relic to the Pope 34. A Christian King and his Muslim Vassal 35. Arranging the Surrender of a Castle 36. Negotiating a Truce 37. A Truce Agreement Chapter 5. Economic Relations 38. The Markets of Seville 39. Muslim Merchants in Christian Regions 40. A Venetian Trading License 41. Muslims and Christians in Business Partnerships 42. Muslims and Economic Exchanges in Las Siete Partidas 43. Maritime Commercial Law 44. An Appeal for Christian Merchants 45. Regulating Muslims in Lleida 46. Latin Christian Travelers Describe Foreign Markets and Goods 47. Truce Between the Turks and Genoese Safeguarding the Rights of Merchants Chapter 6. Religious Interactions 48. Muslim Polemics on the Gospels 49. The King of England Contemplates Conversion to Islam 50. Saint Francis Preaches to the Sultan of Egypt 51. Muslims and Christians Defend Monotheism 52. Plans to Recover the Holy Land 53. A Response to Christianity 54. Ramon Llull and Boccaccio 55. The Conversion of Anselm de Turmeda 56. Johann Schiltberger's Views on Islam Chapter 7. The Views of the Other 57. A Tale of Two Cities 58. The Eccentricities of the Franks 59. A Victory Sermon 60. A Christian View of Islam 61. Burchard of Mount Sion on the People of the East 62. The Pope, the Patriarch and the Kohen 63. The Emperor and the Grand Turk Chapter 8. Lives of Minority Communities 64. The Regulation of Dhimmis 65. Ibn Jubayr in Sicily 66. Muslims under Castilian Law 67. An Incident in Cairo 68. Minority Communities and International Relations 69. A Fatwa against Christian Merchants 70. Ordinances of Valladolid 71. Muslim Minorities and the Complexities of the Law 72. Pietro Casola in Jerusalem Chapter 9. Intellectual Contacts 73. A Storehouse of Knowledge 74. Adelard of Bath and Arabic Sciences 75. A Muslim Geographer in King Roger's Court 76. Strange Medicines 77. Translations of Gerard of Cremona 78. Islamic Learning and Roger Bacon 79. Learning Arabic in the Christian World 80. Muslim Influence on Latin Medicine Chapter 10. Of Love and Bondage 81. The Wedding of Lady Theresa 82. Forbidden Love 83. Alfonso VI and Sa'ida 84. Bohemond and the Turkish Princess 85. The Egyptian and His Frankish Wife 86. How to Purchase a Slave 87. Captive Tales 88. On the Janissaries 89. The Taking and Freeing of Captives in Iberia Sources Index of Topics

Visions of the kingdom : Edinburgh 1910 and thehistory of Christianity -- Expectations of a new age -- An evangelical crusade founded on 'the science of missions' -- Edinburgh 1910 in retrospect -- Edinburgh 1910 and the history of ecumenism -- A representative conference -- Christianity on the cusp of transfiguration -- Origins and preparations -- The 'third Ecumenical Missionary Conference' -- J.H. Oldham and George Robson make their presence felt -- Deciding on the model for Edinburgh 1910 -- Broadening the base of planning -- Shaping the eight commissions -- The central advisory committee and its secretary -- Changing the title of the conference -- The inclusion of national christians and the exclusion of faith and order -- Oldham gets to work -- The financing of the conference -- Carrying the Gospel to all the world : defining the limits of christendom -- A mission to all humanity -- Commission I and the problem of statistics -- The conference hangs in the balance -- Oldham in New York -- Resolving the hard cases -- The anglican position clarified -- Evangelical reactions -- Negotiations with the Archbishop of Canterbury -- The unity of christendom preserved but at what price? -- The conference in session -- Conference logistics -- The opening of the conference -- The assembly hall of the United Free Church of Scotland -- The conference programme -- The conduct of debate -- The spirituality of the conference -- Give us friends! : the voice of the younger churches -- The non-western presence at Edinburgh -- The virtual absence of Africa -- The missionary societies and indigenous representation at Edinburgh -- Cheng Jingyi and the call for a united church in China -- Christianity and the national spirit : four voices from Japan, Harada Tasuku, Honda Yoitsu, Ibuka Kajinosuke and Chiba Yugoro -- Yun ch'iho and Christian nationalism in Korea -- S. Azariah and the challenge of inter-cultural friendship -- Pleas for an Asian theology -- The church of the three selves -- A church-centric conference -- The three-self principle : rhetoric and reality -- Church organization and the native mind -- The remuneration of national workers -- Failures in self-support -- Issues of Christian nurture and discipleship -- Theology and spiritual life -- The aims of mission education : cultural accommodation and the Catholicity of Christianity -- The brief composition and mode of operation of Commission III -- The American reception of the British drafts of the Commission III Report -- An anglophone perspective -- Defining the purposes of mission education -- Education as a form of evangelism -- Education as a strategy for a three-self church -- Education as the diffusion of Christian influence -- Education as the key to Catholicity -- The legacy of the Commission III Report -- Fulfilment and challenge : Christianity and the world faiths -- Previous scholarship on Commission IV -- The membership of Commission IV -- The theology and religious perspective of Commission IV -- The relation of Hinduism to Christianity -- T.E. Slater and the case for concentration on higher Hinduism -- The influence of Alfred George Hogg -- The relation of Isam to Christianity -- The religions of Japan and China -- Animistic religions and the neglect of Africa -- Assessing Edinburgh's theology of fulfilment -- Missions, empire and the hierarchy of civilization -- Missions and governments : the membership of Commission VII -- A hierarchy of civilization -- Missionaries and politics -- The colonial view of missions -- The impact of the Commission VII Report -- Missionary co-operation : its limits and implications -- The dilemma of Edinburgh : missionary co-operation or the promotion of Christian unity -- Existing instruments of missionary co-operation -- The German proposal for an International Missionary Commission -- The Commission Viii meeting of 21-23 December 1909 -- The American circular letter -- British hesitations overcome : Walter H. Frere, John H Ritson, and the birth of the idea of the continuation committee -- The Commission VIII debate and the creation of the continuation committee -- The legacy of Edinburgh 1910 -- Missionary perceptions of east, west, and south -- Race and culture -- The pursuit of church union in Asia -- The role of women in mission -- New patterns of missionary study and training -- Co-operation in mission : new initiatives in Britain -- Western ecclesiastical divisions and the changing contours of world Christianity

Machine generated contents note: CHAPTER 1 -- Invisible voices: The problem of language in South Africa 5 -- Introduction 5 -- Language-related developmental problems 7 -- Language problems 25 -- The need for language planning 33 -- CHAPTER 2 -- Exploring the maze: The macro-context for language policy and language planning in South Africa 37 -- Theory of language planning 37 -- The macro-contexts of language planning 44 -- The national ideals 45 -- The reconstruction and development programme 46 -- The Constitution 48 -- Conclusion 60 -- CHAPTER 3 -- The nature of things: A sociolinguistic profile of South Africa 63 -- The socio-political context 65 -- Languages of the country 66 -- Language knowledge 77 -- Geographic distribution of the languages of South Africa 80 -- Demographic distribution 82 -- Language functions 83 -- Language status 83 -- Literacy 90 -- National communication 9o -- Corpus development 91 -- Public functions and domains 92 -- Language planning institutions 95 -- CHAPTER 4 -- For the people, by the people: Language and state administration 99 -- The general tasks of government 99 -- Some features of a multilingual language policy and plan for state administration 103 -- The process of language policy development for the Department of Labour 108 -- The present state of language policy development in state administration 114 -- The language policy proposals of two state departments 118 -- Language policy at the provincial and local government level 122 -- The cost of linguistic pluralism in state administration 129 -- Conclusion: The need for a pro-active approach 132 -- CHAPTER 5 -- The power of one: Language and nation 137 -- The problem of language and nation 138 -- Factors in the equation 140 -- The role of a national language in nation-building in South Africa 147 -- Language and nation-building in South Africa 151 -- Language rights 156 -- The role of the school 164 -- Language planning tasks 165 -- Conclusion 167 -- CHAPTER 6 -- Growing potential: Language in education 169 -- A profile of education in South Africa 170 -- A new education philosophy 172 -- Language as a fundamental instrument in educational development 175 -- The language of learning and teaching (LoL/T) issue 177 -- The current language-in-education policy 177 -- Present LoL/T practice 183 -- The debate on LoL/T in South Africa 185 -- How proficient are black learners in English? 187 -- Is the use of a Bantu language as LoL/T not a better choice? 191 -- The LoL/T debate at international level 192 -- Research findings on the issue 194 -- The need for local research 198 -- Concluding remarks on the LoL/T issue 200 -- Language certification requirements 202 -- Language study 203 -- The impact of sociolinguistic phenomena on educational development in South Africa 208 -- CHAPTER 7 -- Spreading the wealth: Language and economic development 217 -- The interrelationship between language and economy 218 -- Language as a production factor 219 -- Language as a consumption factor 222 -- Language as a barrier to economic development in South Africa 225 -- The Bantu languages and economic development 227 -- Language planning for economic development in South Africa 232 -- The need for research 237 -- Conclusion 239 -- CHAPTER 8 -- Giving voice: Language promotion 243 -- Introduction 243 -- Planning for Afrikaans 244 -- Planning for English 247 -- Promoting the Bantu languages 249 -- The basic requirement for effective language promotion 250 -- A strategic analysis of the politics of the Bantu languages 251 -- The contents of a language promotion programme 259 -- Status planning 259 -- Corpus planning 266 -- The technicalisation of the Bantu languages 268 -- Acquisition planning 277 -- Conclusion 277 -- CHAPTER 9 -- Steering the course: Language management 281 -- Introduction: A framework for management 281 -- Description of the institutions and structures for language management in South Africa 283 -- A brief historical note 283 -- Language management institutions in South Africa 286 -- Legislative bodies 286 -- State departments 287 -- PANSALB 289 -- A preliminary evaluation of language management in South Africa from the perspective of strategic management 300 -- Planning 303 -- Organisation 307 -- Leading 309 -- Control 310 -- Conclusion 311

Machine generated contents note: I India or Brazil ? Priority for imperial survival in the -- wars of the Restaurafao 1 -- Journal of the American Portuguese Sociey 2, no. 2. New York, -- 1968,pp. 8-15 -- II Two Lusitanian variations on a Dutch theme: -- Portuguese companies in times of crisis, 1628-1662 -- Companies and Trade, ed. Leonard Blussi and Femme Gaastra -- The Hague: Leiden Universiy Press, 1981 -- III Francisco Rodrigues de Silveira, the forgotten Soldado -- Prdtico -- Iberia: Literay and Historical Issues. Studies in Honour of Harold -- V. Livermore, ed. RO.W. Goertn. Calgary : University of Calgary -- Press, 1985 -- IV The origin and rhythm of Dutch aggression against the -- Estado da India, 1601-1661 -- Indo-Portuguese History: Old Issues, Newv Qestions,.ed. Teotonio R -- de Souta. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1985 -- V Millenarianism and empire: Portuguese Asian decline -- and the 'crise de conscience' of the missionaries -- Itinerio 11. Leiden, 1987 -- VI Jewel trading in Portuguese India in the XVI and XVII -- centuries -- Indica 25, no. 1. Bombay, 1988 -- VII Portugal, Venice, Genoa and the traffic in precious stones -- at the beginning of the modern age -- Eng/ish version of 'Portogallo, Veneia, Genova ed il commercio dele -- pietrepreriose alprinaipio dell'eta moderna', Atti del III Congresso -- Internajionale di Studi Storici VII, ed. Raffaele Belvederi. Genoa, 1989 -- VIII A legend in black and white: the American Indian as -- propaganda in the Eighty Years War -- (In collaboration with Michiel Hoogeveen) -- La imagen del Indio en la Europa moderna. Sevilke: CS.L C., the -- European Science Foundation and the Escuela de Estudios -- Hispano-Ameicanos, 1990, pp. 43-59 -- IX Portugal's 'shadow empire' in the Bay of Bengal -- Revista de Cultura 13-14. Macao, January/June 1991 -- X South India and the China Seas: how the V.O.C. shifted -- its weight from China & Japan to India around A.D. 1636 -- (In collaboration with Mark Vink) -- As Relaf4es entre a india Portuguesa, a Aia do Sueste e o Extremo -- Oriente (Actas do VI Semindrio Internacional de Histdria -- Indo-Portuguesa, Macau, 22-26 de Outubro de 1991, ed Artur -- Teodoro de Matos e Luis Filipe Reis Thoma). Macau-Lisboa, 1993 -- XI A tale of two Coromandel towns: Madraspatam (Fort St. -- George) and Sio Thom6 de Meliapur -- Itinerario 18, no. 1. Leiden, 1994 -- XII The Estado da fndia on the subcontinent: Portuguese as -- players on a South Asian stage -- Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journysfrom the Medieval toward the -- Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, ed George D. Winius. Madison, WI: -- Hispanic Seminary ofMedieval Studies, Ltd., 1995 -- XIII Early Portuguese travel and influence at the corner of -- Asia -- Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeysfrom the Medieval toward the -- Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, ed. George D. Winius. Madison, WI: -- Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, Ltd., 1995 -- XIV In northern mists: Portuguese voyages to the boreal -- Atlantic -- Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the -- Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, ed. George D. Winius. Madison, WI: -- Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, Ltd., 1995 -- XV Bibliographical essay: a treasury of printed source materials -- pertaining to the 15th and 16th centuries -- Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the -- Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, ed. George D. Winius. Madison, WI: -- Hispanic Seminary of Medeival Studies, Ltd, 1995 -- XVI Embassies from Malacca and the 'shadow empire' -- The Portuguese and the Paific. Proceedings of the International -- Colloquium (Universiy of Calfornia, Santa Barbara, October -- 1993), ed. Francis A. Dutra andjodo Camilo dos Santos. Santa -- Barbara: Center For Portuguse Studies, University of California, -- Santa Barbara, 1995 -- XVII Vasco da Gama: a speculative reconstruction of a voyage -- and its antecedents -- English translation of A Viagem de Vasco da Gama, 1497-1499'in -- 0 Tempo de Vasco da Gama, ed. Diogo Ramada Curto. Lisbon, 1998 -- XVIII The Renaissance as reflected in Goa -- Mediterranean Studies 7 (1998). Aldershot, 1999 -- XIX Private trading in Portuguese Asia: a substantial -- will-o'-the-wisp -- Vasco da Gama et 17nde. Fundafao Calouste Gulbenkien -- InternationonalCoference (Paris, 11-13 May 1998). Paris, 1999 -- XX Few thanks to the king: the building of Portuguese -- India -- Vasco da Gama and the Linkikng of Europe andAsia, ed. Anthony -- Disney and Emily Booth. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000 -- Index

Introduction: Of Nigeria, religion, and violence -- Religion and Nigerian society -- Islam and violence in Nigeria -- Christianity and violence in Nigeria -- Traditional religions and violence in Nigeria -- Boko Haram and the "new" phase of violence -- National politics, intergroup relations, and religious violence in Nigeria -- The economics of religious violence in Nigeria -- Nigeria's religious violence in the context of global politics -- Conclusion: The impossibility of the best and the unlikelihood of the worst.

Empires and Exhibitions -- Imperial Altercations -- Modernist Apprehensions

A portrait of the formidable Shiite figure who has been predicted to be a future leader in Iraq, this book describes his rise from a resistance fighter, the assassinations of his family members, and his frequent confrontations with the American military