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The agroforestry system could be considered a dynamic management of the natural resource based on the integration of trees with crops or livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the grass intake and the oxidative status of meat of geese reared in three different agroforestry systems: apple orchard (AO), olives trees (OT) and vineyard (V). Eighty one-day old Romagnola geese of both sexes were divided in four homogeneous groups: control (C), with indoor density of 5 geese/m2 and without pasture access, and the three agroforestry systems (AO, OT, V), with 1 hectare of pasture each. The geese were reared inside a poultry house until 20 days of age. At 21 days of age the animals belonging to AO, OT and V were allowed to outdoor access (pasture), whereas geese of the C group were kept indoor. At 150 days of age, the geese were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. After 24 h of storage at +4°C the breast and drumstick muscles were analysed to determine the fatty acid profile, the antioxidants content and the oxidative status. All the data were statistically analysed with ANOVA. The results showed that the grazing activity of geese improved the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content, the n-6/n-3 ratio and the antioxidant content, especially in geese kept in the agroforestry systems enriched with trees (AO and OT). Indeed, the presence of trees make animals feel protected and stimulated them to explore the pasture and consequently to consume more grass. However, the best oxidative status was exhibited by the C geese. In the other groups the higher antioxidants intake through grass was not able to counteract the higher oxidative thrust and consequently, the meat of outdoor reared geese was characterized by a worst oxidative status. 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BEFORE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION POLICY In clarity that the policy of science, technology and innovation is, on the one hand, one of the main guidelines developed by the national government for the 2014-2018 period, and on the other hand, part of the strategy of Strategic Competitiveness and Infrastructure for the period 2016-2025, to which is added the Colombian historical experience of being in the frame of action of post Agreements of Havana, the Criteria Libre Jurídico Magazine is compelled to join the efforts from the framework of academic and investigative action of the Faculty of Right of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali to contribute to the visibility of research results as a missionary principle that responds to the demands of the country's bets in order to respond to the specific challenges of the territories in cooperation with the agents of the national system of innovation. Although to achieve high rates of visibility, the editorial policy of the Free Criteria journal should be rigorous in following the guidelines required by Publíndex, it finds, beyond the reach of measurement indicators, an opportunity to be decidedly a contribution to the dissemination of results of inquiries carried out by national and international researchers. Several steps have already been taken from the route to follow, and this is what the authors identify who have seen in our editorial the propitious setting for their publications. What remains to be removed brings great challenges. Every time that the universities turn their eyes towards the policy of Colombian CTeI, they try to attend it with the rigor that their budgetary possibilities allow them, which means to tend for a pertinent bet of the investigation in the regions, at the same time as the actions advanced by the Teachers researchers also join the path of institutional accreditation, certification and recertification of programs. The policy of CTeI is transversal to the requirements for the academic offer and the recognition of quality in the accreditation; both the one and the other, has among its indicators the publications. Being the Criterio Libre Jurídico Magazine a scientific publication scenario in the areas of Law, Political and Social Sciences, it has its virtual publication in the Open Journal System -OJS software, under the guidelines of Publindex, adding to this the open visibility of inquiries of the researchers and what that implies in an opportunity for their indicators as a researcher and author of publications, as well as the strengthening of the institutions to which the researchers are formally linked. The challenge is to position the editorial rigor of the Criterio Libre Jurídico Magazine visible in the National Service of Indexing of Serial Specialized Publications of Science, Technology and Innovation - Publindex, thereby irradiating the academic communities that have decided to publish with us. We are all then called to know the one and multiple ways of reading the world from the perspective of law, political and social sciences, as research results, adding to this reflection exercises for future new publications. JOSÉ HOOVER SALAZAR RÍOS Faculty of Law, Political and Social Sciences Universidad Libre Seccional Cali ; ANTE LA POLÍTICA DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN En claridad que la política de ciencia, tecnología e innovación es, por un lado, uno de los principales lineamientos que desarrolla el Gobierno nacional para la vigencia 2014-2018, y por otro, parte de la estrategia de Competitividad e Infraestructura Estratégicas para el periodo 2016-2025, a lo que se suma la experiencia histórica colombiana de encontrarse en marco de actuación de pos Acuerdos de la Habana, la Revista Criterio Libre Jurídico se ve compelida a aunar los esfuerzos desde el marco de actuación académico e investigativo de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Libre Seccional Cali que coadyuven a la visibilización de resultados de investigación como principio misional que responde a las exigencias de las apuestas de país en pro de dar respuesta a los retos específicos de los territorios en cooperación con los agentes del sistema nacional de innovación. Si bien para lograr altos índices de visibilización, la política editorial de la revista Criterio Libre Jurídico debe ser rigurosa en seguir los lineamientos exigidos por Publíndex, encuentra, allende al alcance de indicadores de medición, una oportunidad para ser decididamente un aporte a la difusión de resultados de indagaciones que adelantan los investigadores nacionales e internacionales. De la ruta por seguir se han dado ya varios pasos, y así lo identifican los autores que han visto en nuestra editorial el escenario propicio para sus publicaciones. Lo que queda por trasegar trae consigo grandes retos. Cada que las universidades viran la mirada hacia la política de CTeI colombiana, intentan atenderla con el rigor que su posibilidad presupuestal les permite, lo que implica propender por una apuesta pertinente de la investigación en las regiones, a la vez que las acciones adelantadas por los docentes investigadores sumen igualmente a la ruta de acreditación institucional, la certificación y recertificación de programas. La política de CTeI es transversal a las exigencias para la oferta académica y el reconocimiento de calidad en la acreditación; tanto lo uno como lo otro, tiene entre sus indicadores las publicaciones. Siendo la Revista Criterio Libre Jurídico un escenario de publicación científica en las áreas del Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, dispone su publicación virtual en el software Open Journal System –OJS, bajo los lineamientos de Publindex, sumando con ello tanto a la visibilización abierta de indagaciones de los investigadores y lo que ello implica en oportunidad para sus indicadores como investigador y autor de publicaciones, como al fortalecimiento de las instituciones a los que los investigadores se encuentran formalmente vinculados. El reto, lograr posicionar el rigor editorial de la Revista Criterio Libre Jurídico visible en el Servicio Nacional de Indexación de Publicaciones Especializadas Seriadas de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación – Publindex, irradiando con ello a las comunidades académicas que han decidido publicar con nosotros. Somos todos convocados entonces a conocer las una y múltiples formas de leer el mundo desde la perspectiva del derecho, las ciencias políticas y sociales, en tanto resultados de investigación, sumando con ello a ejercicios de reflexión para futuras nuevas publicaciones. JOSÉ HOOVER SALAZAR RÍOS Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Universidad Libre Seccional Cali ; ANTE A POLÍTICA CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO Com a clareza de que a política de ciência, tecnologia e inovação é, por um lado, uma das principais diretrizes desenvolvidas pelo governo nacional para o período 2014-2018 e, por outro lado, parte da estratégia de competitividade estratégica e infra-estrutura para o período 2016-2025, ao qual se adiciona a experiência histórica colombiana de estar no quadro de ação dos pós- acordos da Havana. A Revista Criterio Livre Jurídico é obrigada a unir os esforços do quadro de ação acadêmica e de investigação da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Livre Seccional Cali para contribuir para a visibilidade dos resultados da pesquisa como um princípio missionário que responda às demandas das apostas do país para responder aos desafios específicos dos territórios em cooperação com os agentes do sistema nacional de inovação. Embora para alcançar altas taxas de visibilidade, a política editorial da revista Criterio livre Jurídico deve ser rigorosa ao seguir as diretrizes exigidas pelo Publíndex, descobre, além do alcance dos indicadores de medição, uma oportunidade para ser decididamente uma contribuição para a difução de resultados de inquéritos realizados por pesquisadores nacionais e internacionais. Várias etapas já foram tiradas da rota a seguir, é isso o que identifaca os autores que têm visto em nosso editorial o cenário propício para suas publicações. O que resta para se-transferir traz grandes desafios. Toda vez que as universidades voltam os olhos para a política da CTeI colombiana, elas tentam atendê-la com o rigor que suas possibilidades orçamentais lhes permitem, o que significa tender para uma aposta pertinente da investigação nas regiões, ao mesmo tempo que as ações avançadas pelos professores pesquisadores também se juntam ao caminho da acreditação institucional, certificação e recertificação de programas. A política da CTeI é transversal aos requisitos para a oferta acadêmica e ao reconhecimento da qualidade na acreditação; tanto o um como o outro, tem entre os seus indicadores as publicações. Sendo a Revista Criterio Livre Jurídico um cenário de publicação científica nas áreas de Direito, Ciências Políticas e Sociais, tem sua publicação virtual no software Open Journal System -OJS, de acordo com as diretrizes do Publindex, acrescentando a isso a visibilidade aberta ás indagações de pesquisadores e o que isso implica em uma oportunidade para seus indicadores como pesquisador e autor de publicações, bem como o fortalecimento das instituições às quais os pesquisadores estão formalmente ligados. O desafio é posicionar o rigor editorial da Revista Criterio Livre Jurídico visível no Serviço Nacional de Indexação de Publicações Especializadas em Séries de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação - Publindex, irradiando assim as comunidades acadêmicas que decidiram publicar conosco. Todos somos chamados a conhecer uma e múltiplas formas de ler o mundo da perspectiva das ciências jurídicas, políticas e sociais, como resultados de pesquisa, somando a esses exercicios de reflexão para novas publicações futuras. JOSÉ HOOVER SALAZAR RÍOS Faculdade de Direito, Ciências Políticas e Sociais Universidade Livre Seccional Cali

This thesis discusses policies, discourses and institutionalizations of the green economy in the Global South, and analyzes how the green economy is being implemented in the Global South particularly through the case of the new green revolution in Africa and the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). The objective of the thesis is to examine how the green economy agenda is transferred from the global discursive level to implementation in the Global South and transformed in the process. The aim is to provide insights into the processes and mechanisms that guide green economy implementation in the Global South. The contribution of this study lies within the exploration and examination of how, as a global environmental discourse, the green economy translates to policy implementation and how it transforms in the process towards institutionalization in the Global South. Since the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, in 2012, "greening" economies and growth has been of key importance in international politics. Leading policy actors and businesses increasingly frame the emerging green economy as an opportunity to realize a triple-bottom line comprising people, planet and profit. A two-fold trend seems to have emerged in the global green shift. In the Global North, the green economy usually means market-based solutions and technological innovation to make energy sectors more environmentally sustainable. By contrast, in the Global South, green economy implementations often imply transformed and modernized management or utilization of – or control over – natural resources, often under schemes that are driven from abroad. While there is a growing body of research on various implementations and outcomes of the green economy, particularly technological innovations and market-based solutions, less attention has been paid to policy implications and governance aspects. This is especially the case for the Global South. For this reason, the aim of this study is to examine and discuss the processes and discursive powers that influence these trends. I apply an overall political ecology framework to understand how a global environmental discourse is translated into policies concerning the environment and natural resources. I explore how these policies are implemented in a developing country, on the basis of discursive powers and power structures. I use an overall discourse approach, especially the concepts of discourse institutionalization and governmentality, to explain how policies are formed and implemented in practice. Finally, I employ the concept of institutional bricolage to explain how the green economy has been adopted and reshaped in green economy institutionalization in the Global South. These theoretical approaches are framed in an overall critical realist epistemology. The research for this thesis has been undertaken by using a qualitative research design, and the data collection methods consisted particularly of qualitative interviews, document analysis, event ethnography, and discourse analysis. Part II of the thesis comprises three individual papers that all contribute to answering the research questions and fulfilling the study objectives. The papers discuss the implementation of the green economy in the Global South in different ways. However, common to all the three papers is the examination of how actors find new ways of opportunistically engaging with the green economy as an agenda and a discourse. All three papers explore a certain "spatial fix" element of green economy implementation in the Global South. Furthermore, they all explore some level of discourse institutionalization or influence, and draw on how discourses, informed by narratives, drive the green economy. Finally, the papers all show how a certain shift in management of natural resources is being formed by a modernization discourse under the implementation of the green economy in the Global South. This thesis extends existing research in three main ways. First, it demonstrates how discursive drivers informed by narratives influence green economy policies and agendas. Second, it examines how the green economy and the new green revolution for Africa have merged. Third, and finally, it empirically explores one example of a green economy implementation in the Global South, namely the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). Based on the findings from this research, I argue that there is reason to claim that so far the green economy has not succeeded in fulfilling its ambitious targets, but rather it has led to two distinct processes when implemented in the Global South. One process is "grabbing green" and greenwashing due to the need for "spatial fixes" caused by dynamics inherent to capitalism. The other process is modernization of natural resource management, which may lead to transformed control over the use of natural resources, such as land, or transformation of agricultural practices. ; Denne avhandlingen diskuterer grønn økonomi som et globalt politisk og diskursivt rammeverk som for alvor fikk fotfeste på den internasjonale dagsordenen etter FN-toppmøtet i Rio i 2012 (Rio+20). Målet med denne studien er å undersøke og diskutere prosessen hvor grønn økonomi går fra å være en miljøstyringsdiskurs og et politisk rammeverk på globalt plan, til å bli implementert i det globale Sør gjennom ulike initiativer og miljøpolitiske retningslinjer. Studien bidrar med kunnskap om de prosessene, mekanismene og aktørene som styrer og påvirker implementeringen av grønn økonomi i det globale Sør. Grønn økonomi og vekst har vært sentralt på den internasjonale dagsordenen og for nasjonale regjeringer verden over siden Rio+20-toppmøtet. Men hvordan en grønn økonomi skal implementeres i praksis, er ikke like tydelig. Grovt sett kan vi skille mellom to ulike tilnærminger til implementering av grønn økonomi; i det globale Nord skjer denne oftest via markedsbaserte løsninger på klima- og miljøproblemer, samt en urokkelig tro på at teknologisk innovasjon skal løse utfordringene verden står ovenfor. I det globale Sør, derimot, ser grønn økonomi ut til å ofte innebære endringer og modernisering i forvaltningen av naturressurser, samt i hvordan disse utnyttes og kontrolleres i de såkalt grønne sektorene. Slik styring over naturressurser forekommer typisk i ulike «grønne» initiativer som er drevet av eksterne aktører, ofte via multinasjonale selskaper og privat utenlandsk sektor. Vi ser videre at ledende aktører innen beslutningstaking og næringsliv i økende grad benytter den sterkt fremvoksende grønne økonomien for å støtte oppunder og rettferdiggjøre sine egne ambisjoner, som ofte kan være relativt perifere fra den grønne økonomiens uttalte mål om bærekraftig utvikling, grønn vekst og fattigdomsreduksjon. Teknologiske og økonomiske aspekter ved den grønne økonomien er bredt diskutert i eksisterende forskning, men politiske og institusjonelle aspekter ved innføringen av grønn økonomi, særlig i utviklingsland, har ikke blitt viet like mye oppmerksomhet. Denne studien har derfor som mål å diskutere implikasjonene av, samt aktørene og de diskursive kreftene, som påvirker og styrer implementering av grønn økonomi. Studien tar utgangspunkt i politisk økologi for å forstå hvordan en global, hegemonisk miljøstyringsdiskurs overføres til politiske rammeverk innen naturressursforvaltning på nasjonalt og lokalt plan. Særlig er det interessant og aktuelt å se på dette via ulike maktperspektiver, samt hvordan disse politiske rammeverkene implementeres i det globale Sør. Videre er denne studien underordnet en diskursiv innramming, primært ved å benytte konseptene diskursinstitusjonalisering og 'governmentality' ('styringsmentalitet') for å forklare hvordan politiske rammeverk formes og blir implementert. Disse teoretiske tilnærmingene er forankret i den epistemologiske vitenskapsfilosofien kritisk realisme. Sist, men ikke minst, har jeg anvendt det teoretiske konseptet institusjonell 'bricolage' for å forklare hvordan grønn økonomi har blitt tatt i bruk og omformulert i institusjonaliseringen av grønn politikk og «grønne» initiativer i det globale Sør. Forskningen som danner det empiriske grunnlaget for denne avhandlingen, har blitt gjennomført under en kvalitativ metodologisk tilnærming, hvor datainnsamling hovedsakelig har bestått av dybdeintervjuer, dokumentanalyse, konferanseetnografi og diskursanalyse. Avhandlingen består av tre individuelle vitenskapelige artikler som alle bidrar til å svare på de forskningsspørsmålene studien stiller. De tre artiklene diskuterer implementeringen av grønn økonomi i det globale Sør på forskjellige måter. Felles for dem er likevel en redegjørelse for hvordan aktører finner nye måter å utnytte den grønne økonomien både som agenda og diskurs. Artiklene diskuterer i tillegg hvordan implementering av grønn økonomi bærer preg av kapitalismens behov for å ekspandere ('spatial fix'). Videre analyserer de hvordan diskurser påvirker politikk, strategier, retningslinjer og rammeverk, særlig hvordan narrativer og diskurser driver grønn økonomi. Endelig, og sentralt for hele avhandlingen, illustrerer alle tre artiklene hvordan inngripen i, og modernisering av, naturressursforvaltning er grunnleggende for hvordan grønn økonomi implementeres i det globale Sør. Avhandlingen utfyller eksisterende forskning på hovedsakelig tre måter. For det første demonstrerer den hvordan diskursive krefter og narrativer påvirker politiske strategier og retningslinjer for grønn økonomi. For det andre utforsker den hvordan den grønne økonomien og den nye, grønne revolusjonen i Afrika har blitt sammenblandet under felles mål og retorikk. For det tredje utforsker den et empirisk eksempel av hvordan grønn økonomi implementeres i det globale sør, gjennom Tanzanias jordbrukskorridor The Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). Denne avhandlingen argumenterer for at ulike initiativer under grønn økonomi er dypt formet av utvalgte elementer som politiske aktører velger å inkludere eller ekskludere i sine tilnærminger og politiske rammeverk. På bakgrunn av funnene i denne studien, er det grunn til å tro at grønn økonomi så langt ikke har lyktes i å innfri sine ambisiøse mål, men snarere ført til to distinkte prosesser når den har blitt implementert i det globale Sør. Disse er, for det første, en «kapring» av den grønne diskursen og «grønnvasking» som en konsekvens av interne motsetninger og dynamikker i det kapitalistiske systemet, og for det andre, modernisering av naturressursforvaltning, som kan føre til endret kontroll over tilgang til og bruken av naturressurser.

The increase in the number of natural disasters that has been observed in recent decades around the world under the influence of increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, not only often causes significant damage to the economy and infrastructure of the territories, but also causes people to die and their mass migrations. In the light of these trends, the environmental situation is increasingly becoming the subject of scientific interest of researchers of various specialties: not only climatologists, but also economists and demographers. However, despite the increasing publication activity, in particular, on problems of population migration caused by climate change and environmental problems, there are significant gaps in the theoretical and methodological aspect. Our analysis of the scientific discourse (mostly English-speaking) showed that the discrepancies concern not only the question of which immigrants should be classified as environmental or climate migrants, but also the very term "environmental migrants", as well as the legal issue of the necessity and legality of providing such persons of refugee status. It has been established that at the moment "environmentalrefugees" do not actually have and never had refugee status, either in accordance with the relevant UN Convention or in accordance with the national legislation of any country. The article attempts to systematize and analyze the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to this problem and, on its basis, gives recommendations regarding their application. The features of statistical accounting for environmental migrants are established. The main difficulties of identifying and identifying those migration processes that resulted from changes in the environment are identified, since along with natural factors, a combination of other socio-economic factors, such as low living standards or poverty, often influence decision-making on resettlement. The principles that should be followed when organizing environmental migration statistics at the national level are given. Two groups of existing international sources of quantitative data on environmental migration are described: a bibliographic database containing materials and publications on environmental migration, as well as a database of quantitative data that provide information on the number of displaced persons. The relationship between climate change and the impact on the quality of life of the population has been identified. The negative impact of climate change on the level and quality of life of the population was identified primarily in rural areas, which led to an increase in the scale and deepening of poverty, and also caused the migration of the rural population. ; El aumento en el número de desastres naturales que se ha observado en las últimas décadas en todo el mundo bajo la influencia del creciente impacto antropogénico en el medio ambiente, no solo a menudo causa daños significativos a la economía y la infraestructura de los territorios, sino que también causa la muerte de personas. y sus migraciones masivas. A la luz de estas tendencias, la situación ambiental se está convirtiendo cada vez más en tema de interés científico de investigadores de diversas especialidades: no solo climatólogos, sino también economistas y demógrafos. Sin embargo, a pesar de la creciente actividad de publicación, en particular sobre los problemas de migración de la población causados por el cambio climático y los problemas ambientales, existen importantes lagunas en el aspecto teórico y metodológico. Nuestro análisis del discurso científico (en su mayoría de habla inglesa) mostró que las discrepancias se refieren no solo a la cuestión de qué inmigrantes deben clasificarse como migrantes ambientales o climáticos, sino también al término "migrantes ambientales", así como a la cuestión legal de la necesidad y legalidad de proporcionar a talespersonas con estatus de refugiado. Se ha establecido que en este momento los "refugiados ambientales" en realidad no tienen y nunca han tenido el estatus de refugiado, ya sea de acuerdo con la Convención de la ONU pertinente o de acuerdo con la legislación nacional de cualquier país. El artículo intenta sistematizar y analizar los enfoques teóricos y metodológicos existentes para este problema y, sobre su base, ofrece recomendaciones sobre su aplicación. Se establecen las características de la contabilidad estadística de los migrantes ambientales. Las principales dificultades para identificar e identificar aquellos procesos de migración que resultaron de cambios en el medio ambiente se identifican, ya que junto con factores naturales, una combinación de otros factores socioeconómicos, como bajos niveles de vida o pobreza, a menudo influyen en la toma de decisiones sobre el reasentamiento. . Se dan los principios que deben seguirse cuando se organizan estadísticas de migración ambiental a nivel nacional. Se describen dos grupos de fuentes internacionales existentes de datos cuantitativos sobre migración ambiental: una base de datos bibliográfica que contiene materiales y publicaciones sobre migración ambiental, así como una base de datos de datos cuantitativos que proporcionan información sobre el número de personas desplazadas. Se ha identificado la relación entre el cambio climático y el impacto en la calidad de vida de la población. El impacto negativo del cambio climático en el nivel y la calidad de vida de la población se identificó principalmente en las áreas rurales, lo que llevó a un aumento en la escala y la profundización de la pobreza, y también causó la migración de la población rural. ; O aumento do número de desastres naturais que tem sido observado nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo sob a influência do crescente impacto antrópico sobre o meio ambiente, não só causa danos significativos à economia e infra-estrutura dos territórios, mas também faz com que as pessoas morram e suas migrações em massa. À luz dessas tendências, a situação ambiental é cada vez mais tema de interesse científico de pesquisadores de várias especialidades: não apenas climatologistas, mas também economistas e demógrafos. No entanto, apesar da crescente atividade de publicação, em particular, nos problemas de migração populacional causados pelas mudanças climáticas e problemas ambientais, existem lacunas significativas no aspecto teórico e metodológico. Nossa análise do discurso científico (principalmente em inglês) mostrou que as discrepâncias dizem respeito não apenas à questão de quais imigrantes devem ser classificados como migrantes ambientais ou climáticos, mas também ao próprio termo "migrantes ambientais", bem como à questão legal de migrantes. a necessidade e a legalidade de fornecer a essas pessoas o status de refugiado. Ficou estabelecido que, no momento, os "refugiados ambientais" não têm e nunca tiveram status de refugiado, seja de acordo com a Convenção da ONU ou de acordo com a legislação nacional de qualquer país. O artigo procura sistematizar e analisar as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas existentes para esse problema e, com base nisso, dá recomendações sobre sua aplicação. As características da contabilidade estatística para os migrantes ambientais são estabelecidas. As principais dificuldades de identificar e identificar os processos de migração que resultaram de mudanças no meio ambiente são identificadas, pois juntamente com fatores naturais, uma combinação de outros fatores socioeconômicos, como baixos padrões de vida ou pobreza, muitas vezes influenciam a tomada de decisões sobre o reassentamento. . Os princípios que devem ser seguidos ao organizar as estatísticas de migração ambiental em nível nacional são fornecidos. Dois grupos de fontes internacionais existentes de dados quantitativos sobre a migração ambiental são descritos: uma base de dados bibliográfica contendo materiais e publicações sobre migração ambiental, bem como uma base de dados quantitativos que fornecem informações sobre o número de pessoas deslocadas. A relação entre as mudanças climáticas e o impacto na qualidade de vida da população foi identificada. O impacto negativo da mudança climática no nível e na qualidade de vida da população foi identificado principalmente nas áreas rurais, o que levou a um aumento na escala e aprofundamento da pobreza, e também causou a migração da população rural. ; Увеличение числа стихийных бедствий, которое наблюдается в последние десятилетия во всем мире под влиянием усиливающегося антропогенного воздействия на окружающую среду, не только часто наносит значительный ущерб экономике и инфраструктуре территорий, но и приводит к гибели людей и их массовой миграции. В свете этих тенденций, экологическая ситуация все чаще становится предметом научного интереса исследователей различных специальностей: не только климатологи, но и экономистов и демографов. Однако, несмотря на растущую публикационную активность, в частности, по проблемам миграции населения, вызванной изменением климата и экологическими проблемами, в теоретико-методологическом аспекте имеются значительные пробелы. Проведенный нами анализ научного дискурса (в основном англоязычного) показал, что расхождения касаются не только вопроса о том, какие иммигранты должны быть классифицированы как экологические или климатические мигранты, но и самого термина "экологические мигранты", а также юридического вопроса о необходимости и законности предоставления таким лицам статуса беженцев. Установлено, что в настоящее время "экологические беженцы" фактически не имеют и никогда не имели статуса беженца ни всоответствии с соответствующей конвенцией ООН, ни в соответствии с национальным законодательством какой-либо страны. В статье предпринята попытка систематизации и анализа существующих теоретико-методологических подходов к данной проблеме и на ее основе даны рекомендации по их применению. Установлены особенности статистического учета экологических мигрантов. Выявлены основные трудности выявления и идентификации тех миграционных процессов, которые обусловлены изменениями в окружающей среде, поскольку наряду с природными факторами на принятие решений о переселении зачастую влияет сочетание других социально-экономических факторов, таких как низкий уровень жизни или нищета. Принципы, которые следует соблюдать при организации статистики экологической миграции на национальном уровне. Описаны две группы существующих международных источников количественных данных об экологической миграции: библиографическая база данных, содержащая материалы и публикации по экологической миграции, а также база количественных данных, содержащая информацию о числе перемещенных лиц. Выявлена взаимосвязь между изменением климата и воздействием на качество жизни населения. Негативное влияние изменения климата на уровень и качество жизни населения было выявлено прежде всего в сельской местности, что привело к увеличению масштабов и углублению бедности, а также вызвало миграцию сельского населения.

Does a man who knits demonstrate courage? The question refers to the meanings attributed to knitting, which has traditionally been perceived as a female occupation performed in private space. In this article, referring to the past and the analysis of contemporary craft practice, I describe the process of deconstruction in this area. I am particularly interested in men knitting in public. The aim of my considerations is to analyze the difference between the meaning of what is male and female in knitting, and between hegemonic practice and subversive acts of deconstruction. ; Czy mężczyzna, który robi na drutach, wykazuje się dziś odwagą? Tak sformułowane pytanie odsyła do znaczeń przypisywanych dzierganiu, tradycyjnie postrzeganemu jako zajęcie kobiece, wykonywane w przestrzeni prywatnej. W ramach prezentowanego artykułu, odwołując się do przeszłości oraz w oparciu o analizę współczesnych praktyk rękodzielniczych, opisuję proces dekonstrukcji dokonujący się w tym obszarze. Szczególną uwagę poświęcam analizie aktywności mężczyzn, którzy robią na drutach publicznie, naruszając tym samym stabilność znaczeń rozpiętych pomiędzy tym, co męskie i niemęskie, pomiędzy praktyką hegemoniczną i subwersywnymi aktami jej kwestionowania. ; e.kepa@uwb.edu.pl ; Instytut Studiów Kulturowych, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Anderson Eric (2015), Teoria męskości inkluzywnej, transl. Piotr Sobolczyk, "Teksty Drugie", no. 2, pp. 431–444. ; Anderson Eric, McGuire Rhidian (2010), Inclusive Masculinity Theory and the Gendered Politics of Men's Rugby, "Journal of Gender Studies", vol. 19, issue 3, pp. 249–261. ; Arcimowicz Krzysztof (2015), Współczesny ideał męskiego ciała – wybrane aspekty problematyki, "Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. 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Актуальность. Здоровье – найвысшая ценность не просто в контексте восприятия конкретным лицом, но и общества и государства в целом. Согласно содержания международных документов, утвержденных Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН, ВОЗ, Всемирной медицинской ассоциацией правительства несут ответственность за здоровье населения, обеспечивют реализацию права человека на жизнь и здоровье. Однако, для формирования мощной и действенной системы здравоохранения в Украине для фармацевтического обеспечения льготных категорий граждан полезным является опыт организации обеспечения здравоохранения в экономически развитых странах. Цель работы заключалась в изучении опыта Великобритании по организации организации системы здравоохранения для фармацевтического обеспечения лекарственными средствами льготных категорий населения. Материалы и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели были использованы общепринятые методы нормативно-правового, документального, ретроспективного и сравнительного анализа. Результаты. Система финансирования здравоохранения Великобритании предусматривает поступление преобладающей части средств из государственного бюджета, при этом распределение осуществляется по управленческой вертикали от высшего звена к низшему. Именно галоги, которые составляют около 90% бюджета здравоохранения, являются финансовым основанием национальной системы здравоохранения Великобритании. Для сравнения, только 7,5% средств поступают от работодателей. Поэтому можно утверждать, что система здравоохранения Великобритании фактически полностью обеспечивается за счет финансовых платежей со стороны плательщиков налогов и собственно государственного обеспечения. В мировой практике принято выделять три основные модели финансирования сферы здравоохранения: частная, бюджетная (модель Бевериджа), смешанная (модель Бисмарка). Частная модель финансирования существует за счет создания устойчивой конкуренции между заведениями здравоохранения. Частное страхование составляет около 40% от общих затрат, а остаток стоимости фармацевтического обеспечения покрывает сам пациент. Частная модель финансирования характерна для таких развитых стран как США и Япония. Бюджетная модель финансирования или модель Бевериджа предусматривает покрытие значительной части затрат на фармацевтическое обеспечение государственными учреждениями. Такая модель характерна и для Великобритании. Смешанная модель финансирования или модель Бисмарка базируется на «трех китах»: государство, предприятия и личные средства гражданина. Данная система финансирования на страховой основе характерна для Германии, Австрии и Франции. Частная медицина Великобритании — одна из наиболее передовых и наиболее дорогих в мире. В этой стране около 300 негосударственных госпиталей, каждый из которых получает лицензию в местном подразделении Национальной системы здравохранения и проходит проверку дважды в год. Здесь отсутствуют очереди, а медицинскую помошь предоставляют в полном и необходимом объеме. Платные услуги врачей и кабинетов оплачивают или страховые компании, или пациенты самостоятельно. В крупных компаниях Великобритании распространено медицинское страхование как дополнительный бонус к зарплате. Выводы. Опыт Великобритании по обязательному мединскому страхованию распространен в странах с преимущественным государственным финансированием. Модель Бевериджа распространена во многих странах, в которых государство обеспечивает компенсацию 80% и более затрат на здравоохранение (Канада, Австралия, Греция, Швеция, Испания). Значительные подвижки в системе здравоохранения Великобритании, возможность выбрать вид страхования и воспользоваться льготами на получение лекарственных средств позволила искусственно повысить конкуренцию между учреждениями здравоохранения, а соответственно – улучшить качество и скорость фармацевтического обеспечения пациентов. Таким образом, бюджетная медицина Великобритании – приоритет для многих стран мира и залог государственного финансирования фармацевтического обеспечения льготных категорий населения, независимо от уровня доходов и социального статуса. ; Background. Health is the highest value not only in the context of the perception of a person, but also society and the state as a whole. According to the content of international documents approved by the UN General Assembly, the WHO, the World Medical Association, governments should be responsible for the health of the population, ensure the implementation of the human right to life and health. Previously, the state of affairs in Ukraine regarding the pharmaceutical provision of privileged categories of citizens was studied. However, for forming a powerful and effective health care system in Ukraine for the pharmaceutical provision of privileged categories of citizens, it is useful to analyze the experience of providing health care in economically developed countries. The purpose of the research was to study the Great Britain experience with the organization of a healthcare system for the pharmaceutical provision of medicines to privileged population groups. Materials and methods. Common methods of normative legal, documentary, retrospective and comparative analysis used to gain that purpose. Results. The system of financing health care in the Great Britain provides getting finances mainly from the state budget, while the division takes place on the management vertical from the highest level to the lower one. The taxes that make up about 90% of the health care system budget are the financial basis of the national health system of the Great Britain. For comparison, only 7.5% comes from employers. Therefore, can argue that the healthcare system of the Great Britain in fact completely financed by financial contributions from taxpayers and by the government. There are three main models of financing health care allocated in the world practice: private, budget (model Beveridge), mixed (Bismarck model). A private financing model exists through the creation of sustainable competition between healthcare facilities. The part of private insurance is about 40% of total costs, and the patient himself covers the cost of pharmaceutical provision. A private financing model is typical for such developed countries as the United States of America and Japan. The budget model of funding or the Beveridge model means covering a large part of the costs of pharmaceutical provision by state institutions. This model is also typical for Great Britain. A mixed financing model or Bismarck model based on the three foundations: the state, enterprises and personal funds of a citizen. This system of insurance financing is typical for Germany, Austria and France. Private medicine in the Great Britain is one of the most advanced and most expensive in the world. There are about 300 non-state hospitals in the country, that receive a license at a local the National Health Service unit and tested twice a year. There are no queues here and medical care provided in full and to the extent necessary. The services of pay-doctors and cabinets paid either by insurance companies or by patients themselves. Large companies in Britain have health insurance as an additional paycheck bonus. Conclusions. According to the Great Britain experience, compulsory medical insurance takes place in countries with predominantly state funding. The Beveridge model is widespread in many countries where the state provides coverage of 80% or more of health care costs (Canada, Australia, Greece, Sweden, and Spain). Despite significant changes in the health care system of the Great Britain, the opportunity to choose the type of insurance and to take advantage of the benefits for the purchase of medicines and medical products, that allowed to increase competition between health facilities and, accordingly, to improve the quality and speed of pharmaceutical provision of patients. Thus, budget medicine of Great Britain is a priority for many world countries and a guarantee of state financing of pharmaceutical provision for privileged categories of citizens, regardless of income level and social status. ; Актуальність. Здоров'я – найвища цінність не просто в контексті сприйняття певної особи, але й суспільства та держави загалом. Згідно до змісту міжнародних документів, затверджених Генеральною Асамблеєю ООН, ВООЗ, Всесвітньою медичною асоціацією уряди мають нести відповідальність за здоров'я населення, забезпечити реалізацію права людини на життя і здоров'я. Однак, для формування потужної та дієвої системи охорони здоров'я в Україні для фармацевтичного забезпечення пільгових категорій громадян корисним є аналіз досвіду організації забезпечення охорони здоров'я в економічно розвинених країнах. Мета роботи полягала у вивченні досвіду Великої Британії щодо організації системи охорони здоров'я для фармацевтичного забезпечення лікарськими засобами пільгових категорій населення. Матеріали та методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети було використано загальноприйняті методи нормативно-правового, документального, ретроспективного та порівняльного аналізу. Результати. Система фінансування охорони здоров'я у Великій Британії передбачає надходження переважної частини коштів з державного бюджету, при цьому розподіл відбувається по управлінській вертикалі від вищої ланки до нижчої. Саме податки, які складають близько 90% бюджету охорони здоров'я, є фінансовим підґрунтям національної системи охорони здоров'я Великої Британії. Для порівняння, лише 7,5% коштів надходять від роботодавців. Тому можна стверджувати, що система охорони здоров'я Великої Британії фактично повністю забезпечується за рахунок фінансових внесків із боку платників податків та власне державного забезпечення. У світовій практиці прийнято виділяти три головні моделі фінансування сфери охорони здоров'я: приватна, бюджетна (модель Беверіджа), змішана (модель Бісмарка). Приватна модель фінансування існує за рахунок створення стійкої конкуренції між закладами охорони здоров'я. Частка приватного страхування складає близько 40% від загальних видатків, а залишок вартості фармацевтичного забезпечення покриває сам пацієнт. Приватна модель фінансування характерна для таких розвинених країн як США та Японія. Бюджетна модель фінансування або модель Беверіджа передбачає покриття значної частини витрат на фармацевтичне забезпечення державними установами. Така модель характерна і для Великої Британії. Змішана модель фінансування або модель Бісмарка базується на «трьох китах»: держава, підприємства та особисті кошти громадянина. Дана система фінансування на страхових засадах характерна для Німеччини, Австрії та Франції. Приватна медицина у Великій Британії — одна з найбільш передових і найдорожчих у світі. У цій країні близько 300 недержавних госпіталів, кожен з яких отримує ліцензію в місцевому підрозділі Національної системи охорони здоров'я Великої Британії і проходить перевірку два рази на рік. Тут немає ніяких черг, а медичну допомогу надають у повному та необхідному обсязі. Послуги платних лікарів і кабінетів оплачують або страхові компанії, або пацієнти самостійно. У великих компаніях Британії поширено медичне страхування як додатковий бонус до зарплати. Висновки. За досвідом Великої Британії обов'язкове медичне страхування має місце у країнах із переважним державним фінансуванням. Модель Беверіджа поширена у багатьох країнах, де держава забезпечує компенсацію 80% і більше витрат на охорону здоров'я (Канада, Австралія, Греція, Швеція, Іспанія). Значні зрушення у системі охорони здоров'я Великої Британії, можливість обрати вид страхування та скористатися пільгами на придбання лікарських засобів дозволила штучно підвищити конкуренцію між закладами охорони здоров'я, а відповідно – і покращити якість та швидкість фармацевтичного забезпечення пацієнтів. Отож, бюджетна медицина Великої Британії – пріоритет для багатьох країн світу та запорука державного фінансування фармацевтичного забезпечення пільгових категорій населення, незалежно від рівня доходів та соціального статусу.

Актуальность. Здоровье – найвысшая ценность не просто в контексте восприятия конкретным лицом, но и общества и государства в целом. Согласно содержания международных документов, утвержденных Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН, ВОЗ, Всемирной медицинской ассоциацией правительства несут ответственность за здоровье населения, обеспечивют реализацию права человека на жизнь и здоровье. Однако, для формирования мощной и действенной системы здравоохранения в Украине для фармацевтического обеспечения льготных категорий граждан полезным является опыт организации обеспечения здравоохранения в экономически развитых странах. Цель работы заключалась в изучении опыта Великобритании по организации организации системы здравоохранения для фармацевтического обеспечения лекарственными средствами льготных категорий населения. Материалы и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели были использованы общепринятые методы нормативно-правового, документального, ретроспективного и сравнительного анализа. Результаты. Система финансирования здравоохранения Великобритании предусматривает поступление преобладающей части средств из государственного бюджета, при этом распределение осуществляется по управленческой вертикали от высшего звена к низшему. Именно галоги, которые составляют около 90% бюджета здравоохранения, являются финансовым основанием национальной системы здравоохранения Великобритании. Для сравнения, только 7,5% средств поступают от работодателей. Поэтому можно утверждать, что система здравоохранения Великобритании фактически полностью обеспечивается за счет финансовых платежей со стороны плательщиков налогов и собственно государственного обеспечения. В мировой практике принято выделять три основные модели финансирования сферы здравоохранения: частная, бюджетная (модель Бевериджа), смешанная (модель Бисмарка). Частная модель финансирования существует за счет создания устойчивой конкуренции между заведениями здравоохранения. Частное страхование составляет около 40% от общих затрат, а остаток стоимости фармацевтического обеспечения покрывает сам пациент. Частная модель финансирования характерна для таких развитых стран как США и Япония. Бюджетная модель финансирования или модель Бевериджа предусматривает покрытие значительной части затрат на фармацевтическое обеспечение государственными учреждениями. Такая модель характерна и для Великобритании. Смешанная модель финансирования или модель Бисмарка базируется на «трех китах»: государство, предприятия и личные средства гражданина. Данная система финансирования на страховой основе характерна для Германии, Австрии и Франции. Частная медицина Великобритании — одна из наиболее передовых и наиболее дорогих в мире. В этой стране около 300 негосударственных госпиталей, каждый из которых получает лицензию в местном подразделении Национальной системы здравохранения и проходит проверку дважды в год. Здесь отсутствуют очереди, а медицинскую помошь предоставляют в полном и необходимом объеме. Платные услуги врачей и кабинетов оплачивают или страховые компании, или пациенты самостоятельно. В крупных компаниях Великобритании распространено медицинское страхование как дополнительный бонус к зарплате. Выводы. Опыт Великобритании по обязательному мединскому страхованию распространен в странах с преимущественным государственным финансированием. Модель Бевериджа распространена во многих странах, в которых государство обеспечивает компенсацию 80% и более затрат на здравоохранение (Канада, Австралия, Греция, Швеция, Испания). Значительные подвижки в системе здравоохранения Великобритании, возможность выбрать вид страхования и воспользоваться льготами на получение лекарственных средств позволила искусственно повысить конкуренцию между учреждениями здравоохранения, а соответственно – улучшить качество и скорость фармацевтического обеспечения пациентов. Таким образом, бюджетная медицина Великобритании – приоритет для многих стран мира и залог государственного финансирования фармацевтического обеспечения льготных категорий населения, независимо от уровня доходов и социального статуса. ; Background. Health is the highest value not only in the context of the perception of a person, but also society and the state as a whole. According to the content of international documents approved by the UN General Assembly, the WHO, the World Medical Association, governments should be responsible for the health of the population, ensure the implementation of the human right to life and health. Previously, the state of affairs in Ukraine regarding the pharmaceutical provision of privileged categories of citizens was studied. However, for forming a powerful and effective health care system in Ukraine for the pharmaceutical provision of privileged categories of citizens, it is useful to analyze the experience of providing health care in economically developed countries. The purpose of the research was to study the Great Britain experience with the organization of a healthcare system for the pharmaceutical provision of medicines to privileged population groups. Materials and methods. Common methods of normative legal, documentary, retrospective and comparative analysis used to gain that purpose. Results. The system of financing health care in the Great Britain provides getting finances mainly from the state budget, while the division takes place on the management vertical from the highest level to the lower one. The taxes that make up about 90% of the health care system budget are the financial basis of the national health system of the Great Britain. For comparison, only 7.5% comes from employers. Therefore, can argue that the healthcare system of the Great Britain in fact completely financed by financial contributions from taxpayers and by the government. There are three main models of financing health care allocated in the world practice: private, budget (model Beveridge), mixed (Bismarck model). A private financing model exists through the creation of sustainable competition between healthcare facilities. The part of private insurance is about 40% of total costs, and the patient himself covers the cost of pharmaceutical provision. A private financing model is typical for such developed countries as the United States of America and Japan. The budget model of funding or the Beveridge model means covering a large part of the costs of pharmaceutical provision by state institutions. This model is also typical for Great Britain. A mixed financing model or Bismarck model based on the three foundations: the state, enterprises and personal funds of a citizen. This system of insurance financing is typical for Germany, Austria and France. Private medicine in the Great Britain is one of the most advanced and most expensive in the world. There are about 300 non-state hospitals in the country, that receive a license at a local the National Health Service unit and tested twice a year. There are no queues here and medical care provided in full and to the extent necessary. The services of pay-doctors and cabinets paid either by insurance companies or by patients themselves. Large companies in Britain have health insurance as an additional paycheck bonus. Conclusions. According to the Great Britain experience, compulsory medical insurance takes place in countries with predominantly state funding. The Beveridge model is widespread in many countries where the state provides coverage of 80% or more of health care costs (Canada, Australia, Greece, Sweden, and Spain). Despite significant changes in the health care system of the Great Britain, the opportunity to choose the type of insurance and to take advantage of the benefits for the purchase of medicines and medical products, that allowed to increase competition between health facilities and, accordingly, to improve the quality and speed of pharmaceutical provision of patients. Thus, budget medicine of Great Britain is a priority for many world countries and a guarantee of state financing of pharmaceutical provision for privileged categories of citizens, regardless of income level and social status. ; Актуальність. Здоров'я – найвища цінність не просто в контексті сприйняття певної особи, але й суспільства та держави загалом. Згідно до змісту міжнародних документів, затверджених Генеральною Асамблеєю ООН, ВООЗ, Всесвітньою медичною асоціацією уряди мають нести відповідальність за здоров'я населення, забезпечити реалізацію права людини на життя і здоров'я. Однак, для формування потужної та дієвої системи охорони здоров'я в Україні для фармацевтичного забезпечення пільгових категорій громадян корисним є аналіз досвіду організації забезпечення охорони здоров'я в економічно розвинених країнах. Мета роботи полягала у вивченні досвіду Великої Британії щодо організації системи охорони здоров'я для фармацевтичного забезпечення лікарськими засобами пільгових категорій населення. Матеріали та методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети було використано загальноприйняті методи нормативно-правового, документального, ретроспективного та порівняльного аналізу. Результати. Система фінансування охорони здоров'я у Великій Британії передбачає надходження переважної частини коштів з державного бюджету, при цьому розподіл відбувається по управлінській вертикалі від вищої ланки до нижчої. Саме податки, які складають близько 90% бюджету охорони здоров'я, є фінансовим підґрунтям національної системи охорони здоров'я Великої Британії. Для порівняння, лише 7,5% коштів надходять від роботодавців. Тому можна стверджувати, що система охорони здоров'я Великої Британії фактично повністю забезпечується за рахунок фінансових внесків із боку платників податків та власне державного забезпечення. У світовій практиці прийнято виділяти три головні моделі фінансування сфери охорони здоров'я: приватна, бюджетна (модель Беверіджа), змішана (модель Бісмарка). Приватна модель фінансування існує за рахунок створення стійкої конкуренції між закладами охорони здоров'я. Частка приватного страхування складає близько 40% від загальних видатків, а залишок вартості фармацевтичного забезпечення покриває сам пацієнт. Приватна модель фінансування характерна для таких розвинених країн як США та Японія. Бюджетна модель фінансування або модель Беверіджа передбачає покриття значної частини витрат на фармацевтичне забезпечення державними установами. Така модель характерна і для Великої Британії. Змішана модель фінансування або модель Бісмарка базується на «трьох китах»: держава, підприємства та особисті кошти громадянина. Дана система фінансування на страхових засадах характерна для Німеччини, Австрії та Франції. Приватна медицина у Великій Британії — одна з найбільш передових і найдорожчих у світі. У цій країні близько 300 недержавних госпіталів, кожен з яких отримує ліцензію в місцевому підрозділі Національної системи охорони здоров'я Великої Британії і проходить перевірку два рази на рік. Тут немає ніяких черг, а медичну допомогу надають у повному та необхідному обсязі. Послуги платних лікарів і кабінетів оплачують або страхові компанії, або пацієнти самостійно. У великих компаніях Британії поширено медичне страхування як додатковий бонус до зарплати. Висновки. За досвідом Великої Британії обов'язкове медичне страхування має місце у країнах із переважним державним фінансуванням. Модель Беверіджа поширена у багатьох країнах, де держава забезпечує компенсацію 80% і більше витрат на охорону здоров'я (Канада, Австралія, Греція, Швеція, Іспанія). Значні зрушення у системі охорони здоров'я Великої Британії, можливість обрати вид страхування та скористатися пільгами на придбання лікарських засобів дозволила штучно підвищити конкуренцію між закладами охорони здоров'я, а відповідно – і покращити якість та швидкість фармацевтичного забезпечення пацієнтів. Отож, бюджетна медицина Великої Британії – пріоритет для багатьох країн світу та запорука державного фінансування фармацевтичного забезпечення пільгових категорій населення, незалежно від рівня доходів та соціального статусу.

Many research studies for civil society development see enormous potential for the use of public discourse by civil society as a means to help transitional nations get important issues onto the public agenda. For transitional countries, it is essential to have an active, effective and responsive civil society. There are great challenges to post-conflict countries, and for Kosovo as a new emerging independent state, many years of political uncertainty have contributed to these challenges. The challenges of Kosovo's fragile society vary from healing ethnic conflicts, political conflicts, building infrastructure and economy. The development of sustainable civil society is necessary for Kosovo's society in order to tackle efficiently social, economic and political problems. The role of civil society and public discussion should increase in this regard, in order to build new and strong institutions. In the case of Kosovo, limited research has been conducted on the role of the civic organizations regarding their democratic participation and impact for developing the political system. By using comprehensive qualitative research methods this study analyses the role of the civil society for developing a democratic system of governance in Kosovo, set as one of the central objectives of both international community and of the Kosovo institutions. The development of civil society is analyzed thoroughly. The study concludes how important is the role and engagement of the civil society as one of the key factors in impacting the development of the democratic system of governance by assisting in state capacity built and increasing the role of active citizens in public decision making. ; Proces uspostave održivog i aktivnog civilnog društva koje djelotvorno i odgovorno sudjeluje u demokratskom sustavu upravljanja ključno je za tranzicijske zemlje. Nakon godina sukoba i političke neizvjesnosti, neovisni status Kosova predstavlja velike izazove. Krhko društvo Kosova suočava se s mnogim izazovima, a razvoj civilnog društva samo je jedan od njih. Problemi političke, društvene i gospodarske naravi zahtijevaju povećanje uloge civilnog društva. U slučaju Kosova, provedena su ograničena istraživanja o ulozi različitih građanskih organizacija u pogledu njihovog demokratskog sudjelovanja i utjecaja na razvoj politi čkog sustava. Djelovanje organizacija civilnog društva čiji je fokus politički aktivizam koji nastoji proširiti praksu građanstva i povećati zahtjeve za pravom javnom raspravom i pokrivenost svih strana važnih pitanja - elemenata ključnih za funkcioniranje demokracije - otežava se ako se ne spriječi. Stoga, civilno društvo Kosova još nije u činkovit i utjecajan partner u donošenju javnih odluka. Korištenjem sveobuhvatnih kvalitativnih metoda istraživanja ova studija analizira ulogu civilnog društva za razvoj demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu postavljenim kao jedan od glavnih ciljeva međunarodne zajednice i institucija Kosova. Razvoj civilnog društva temeljito se analizira. Početkom devedesetih godina na Kosovu uspostavljeno je niz organizacija civilnog društva. U početku, osnovni cilj kosovskih Albanaca bio je ispuniti barem neke od svojih društvenih potreba kulture, obrazovanja i zajedničkog javnog života kroz civilno društvo i kao reakciju na izolaciju Albanaca iz javnog života uzrokovan iz srpeskog režima. Istovremeno, temelje albanskih političkih stranaka bile su međusobno povezane, ako ne i izravni nastavak nekih od tih civilnih udruga. S raspadom bivše Jugoslavije, te su se političke stranke razvile u nacionalni albanski pokret. To je bio početak razvoja ranog oblika civilnog društva koji se postupno organizirao unutar tzv. Civilnog Otpora osnivanjem paralelnih institucija Kosova. Slijedom toga, razdoblje pod srbijanskom okupacijom dovelo je do stvaranja skromnog civilnog društva. Nakon rata 1998-1999 pod Misije Ujedinjenih Naroda u Kosovskoj upravi (UNMIK), uspostavljen je ogroman broj malih nevladinih organizacija (NGO-a) i lokalnih medija. Imajući u vidu da je odnos civilnog društva i kosovskih institucija prošao kroz dvije vrlo različite faze razvoja, ova se studija usredotočuje na predratnu situaciju pod Miloševićevim režimom i poslijeratnom razdoblju pod međunarodnom upravom i izgradnji demokratskog upravljanja u Nezavisno Kosovo. Kao što ćemo vidjeti, razvoj civilnog društva bio je snažno pogođen represijom srbijanskog režima od 1989 do 1999 i radikalnom promjenom okolnosti pod UNMIK upravu koja je pratila rat 1999. godine. Međutim, nakon proglašenja neovisnosti civilno društvo se smatra važnim faktorom kako bi ispunio različite uloge, dok se gospodarske i političke institucije Kosova zrele; od služenja kao 'watchdog' do davanje uloga na javnim politikama. Ova će studija istražiti proces razvitka civilnog društva na Kosovu, od dana njihovog nastanka, kroz složene političke situacije devedesetih, do njihovih potencijalnih uloga i doprinosa za razvoj demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu. Studija je podijeljena u šest poglavlja, a na kraju slijedi glavni zaključak U prvom ću se poglavlju usredotočiti na različita značenja i potencijalne definicije civilnog društva, kao i na razne postoje će diskurse civilnog društva, dok će se u drugom poglavlju uvesti kratka povijest Kosova. U trećem poglavlju opisat ću povijesne korijene razvoja civilnog društva na Kosovu prije rata 1999. godine. Uključivat će razdoblje pod komunističkom Jugoslavijom i godine represije pod Miloševićevim režimom. Glavni fokus četvrtog poglavlja bit će proces uspostave i razvoja nevladinog sektora u sklopu civilnog društva, pod upravom UNMIK-a i na Kosovu. Razlog zašto je razvitak sektora nevladinih organizacija biti posebno elaborilan je da ovaj sektor predstavlja onaj dio civilnog društva na Kosovu koji je najviše primio podrsku iz međunarodnih agencija usmjerene na razvoj civilnog društva, a financiranje donatora posebno je bio usmjereno na nevladine organizacije. Slijedom toga, nevladine udruge bile su vrlo relevantne za politi čke agende međunarodnih donatora, a pojam "nevladina organizacija" postala je tako prevladavajuća da je na Kosovu, kao i u mnogim drugim postsocijalističkim kontekstima, gotovo zamjenjiv s pojmom civilnog društva. U petom poglavlju analizirat će se uloga i doprinos odgajatelja i vjerskih vođa u njihovim sposobnostima kao predstavnici civilnog društva. Ovo je važno uzevši u obzir da organizacije civilnog društva (CSO) predstavljaju više od nevladine udruge (osobito u usporedbi sa zapadnim vrstama nevladinih organizacija koje su uveliko podržale mnogi međunarodni donatori na Kosovu), kao što su organizacije civilnog društva među ostalima CBO ( community based-organizacija u zajednici ), sindikate, saveze, obiteljske udruge, obrazovne organizacije, vjerske zajednice itd. Neuspjeh demokratizacije na Kosovu među ostalim razlozima može se pripisati sustavu obrazovanja s puno kontradikcija gdje prevladava snaga etničkog identiteta. Tijekom procesa obrazovanja i informiranja nastavnici mogu dati značajan doprinos stvaranju identiteta među kosovskim Albancima i Srbima na temelju koncepta državljanstva, dok vjerske vođe mogu djelovati kao posrednici i moderatori u svojim zajednicama i uključiti se u svoje napore za poticanje demokracije. Završit ću peto poglavlje analizirajući da li je moguće omekšavanje autoritarnih tendencija nekih od važnih islamskih vjerskih vođa i aktera na Kosovu kroz mogućnosti njihove konvergencije među civilnim društvom ispitivanjem u kojoj mjeri su kosovski islamske vjerske vođe uključeni u svoje napore za poticanje demokratije. Poglavlje šest će ponuditi sintezu analiza o razvoju civilnog društva prije i poslije rata na Kosovu ukazujući na izazove koje predstavnici civilnog društva moraju prevladati kako bi značajno pridonijeli razvoju demokratskog društva. Zaključit ću naglasivši važnost uspostave održivog civilnog društva koje bi moglo igrati pozitivnu ulogu i utjecaj na utvrđivanje parametara i kvalitete upravljanja na Kosovu i rizika koje mogu predstavljati kada odluče ne postati snage za demokratiju. Studija zaključuje koliko je važna uloga i angažman civilnog društva kao jednog od ključnih faktora koji utječe na razvoj demokratskog sustava upravljanja pomažući u izgradnji državnih kapaciteta i povećanju uloge aktivnih građana u javnom odlu čivanju. Postoji mnogo načina, instrumenata i mehanizama koje civilno društvo i kosovske institucije mogu koristiti kako bi mogli dati značajan doprinos razvoju demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu. Potrebna su konkretna poboljšanja u mnogim područjima, počevši od: provedbe zakona, poboljšanja suradnje između institucija i civilnog društva, jasnije orijentacije donatorskih politika, financijske održivosti, aktivniju ulogu nevladinih organizacija u procesu integracije u EU i unapređenje kapaciteta civilnog društva. U bliskoj budu ćnosti, sva ta poboljšanja uz paralelni progres demokratske kulture kosovskog društva, mogu pozitivno utjecati na rast civilnog društva kako bi postali važan faktor koji bih dao doprinos razvoju demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu. U tom kontekstu, kako bi se dao konkretan i jasan odgovor na hipotezu u ovoj studiji, kosovske institucije i predstavnici civilnog društva bi trebalo da se intenzivno bave svim gore navedenim pitanjima. To bi mogao biti tzv proces "ponovnog rađanja" civilnog društva na Kosovu. Demokratija je proces i trebat će neko vrijeme za civilno društvo Kosova, a posebno za organizacije civilnog društva da razviju svoj politički aktivizam. Međutim, da bi razumjeli društveno-političke promjene u "New-Born" Kosovu, neophodno je da se civilno društvo uzme u obzir kako bi se odgovorilo na mnoga etička pitanja vezana za političku i institucionalnu praksu na Kosovu. Predstavnici civilnog društva koji dolaze iz nevladinog sektora ili većih organizacija civilnog društva, bilo odgajatelja ili vjerskih vođa, trebaju biti svjesni koliko mogu pomoći Kosovu u ovim krhkim političkim okolnostima i koje rizike mogu predstavljati kada odluče ne postati snaga za demokraciju. Iako to može biti previše idealistično, ako ne i utopijsko, samo kada se shvate ove uloge, nove generacije nevladinih organizacija Kosova shvaćaju će državu kao svojeg zaštitnika, a politički čelnici će vidjeti predstavnike civilnog društva kao svoje pristaše, a ne kao prijetnju za sebe, tek tada će se stvarno živopno civilno društvo moći razvijati i podržavati demokratski sustav upravljanja na Kosovu. Ovo je fantazija kreativnog, fluidnog i slobodnog civilnog društva. To je koncept civilnog društva koji nije negativno definiran kao suprotnost državi, ali pozitivno, u kontekstu ideja i praksi kroz koje se uspostavlja suradnja i povjerenje između državnih institucija i civilnog društva, čime se pridonosi razvoju doista demokratskog sustava upravljanja postajući "postmoderni" lijek za kosovsko društvo.

Many research studies for civil society development see enormous potential for the use of public discourse by civil society as a means to help transitional nations get important issues onto the public agenda. For transitional countries, it is essential to have an active, effective and responsive civil society. There are great challenges to post-conflict countries, and for Kosovo as a new emerging independent state, many years of political uncertainty have contributed to these challenges. The challenges of Kosovo's fragile society vary from healing ethnic conflicts, political conflicts, building infrastructure and economy. The development of sustainable civil society is necessary for Kosovo's society in order to tackle efficiently social, economic and political problems. The role of civil society and public discussion should increase in this regard, in order to build new and strong institutions. In the case of Kosovo, limited research has been conducted on the role of the civic organizations regarding their democratic participation and impact for developing the political system. By using comprehensive qualitative research methods this study analyses the role of the civil society for developing a democratic system of governance in Kosovo, set as one of the central objectives of both international community and of the Kosovo institutions. The development of civil society is analyzed thoroughly. The study concludes how important is the role and engagement of the civil society as one of the key factors in impacting the development of the democratic system of governance by assisting in state capacity built and increasing the role of active citizens in public decision making. ; Proces uspostave održivog i aktivnog civilnog društva koje djelotvorno i odgovorno sudjeluje u demokratskom sustavu upravljanja ključno je za tranzicijske zemlje. Nakon godina sukoba i političke neizvjesnosti, neovisni status Kosova predstavlja velike izazove. Krhko društvo Kosova suočava se s mnogim izazovima, a razvoj civilnog društva samo je jedan od njih. Problemi političke, društvene i gospodarske naravi zahtijevaju povećanje uloge civilnog društva. U slučaju Kosova, provedena su ograničena istraživanja o ulozi različitih građanskih organizacija u pogledu njihovog demokratskog sudjelovanja i utjecaja na razvoj politi čkog sustava. Djelovanje organizacija civilnog društva čiji je fokus politički aktivizam koji nastoji proširiti praksu građanstva i povećati zahtjeve za pravom javnom raspravom i pokrivenost svih strana važnih pitanja - elemenata ključnih za funkcioniranje demokracije - otežava se ako se ne spriječi. Stoga, civilno društvo Kosova još nije u činkovit i utjecajan partner u donošenju javnih odluka. Korištenjem sveobuhvatnih kvalitativnih metoda istraživanja ova studija analizira ulogu civilnog društva za razvoj demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu postavljenim kao jedan od glavnih ciljeva međunarodne zajednice i institucija Kosova. Razvoj civilnog društva temeljito se analizira. Početkom devedesetih godina na Kosovu uspostavljeno je niz organizacija civilnog društva. U početku, osnovni cilj kosovskih Albanaca bio je ispuniti barem neke od svojih društvenih potreba kulture, obrazovanja i zajedničkog javnog života kroz civilno društvo i kao reakciju na izolaciju Albanaca iz javnog života uzrokovan iz srpeskog režima. Istovremeno, temelje albanskih političkih stranaka bile su međusobno povezane, ako ne i izravni nastavak nekih od tih civilnih udruga. S raspadom bivše Jugoslavije, te su se političke stranke razvile u nacionalni albanski pokret. To je bio početak razvoja ranog oblika civilnog društva koji se postupno organizirao unutar tzv. Civilnog Otpora osnivanjem paralelnih institucija Kosova. Slijedom toga, razdoblje pod srbijanskom okupacijom dovelo je do stvaranja skromnog civilnog društva. Nakon rata 1998-1999 pod Misije Ujedinjenih Naroda u Kosovskoj upravi (UNMIK), uspostavljen je ogroman broj malih nevladinih organizacija (NGO-a) i lokalnih medija. Imajući u vidu da je odnos civilnog društva i kosovskih institucija prošao kroz dvije vrlo različite faze razvoja, ova se studija usredotočuje na predratnu situaciju pod Miloševićevim režimom i poslijeratnom razdoblju pod međunarodnom upravom i izgradnji demokratskog upravljanja u Nezavisno Kosovo. Kao što ćemo vidjeti, razvoj civilnog društva bio je snažno pogođen represijom srbijanskog režima od 1989 do 1999 i radikalnom promjenom okolnosti pod UNMIK upravu koja je pratila rat 1999. godine. Međutim, nakon proglašenja neovisnosti civilno društvo se smatra važnim faktorom kako bi ispunio različite uloge, dok se gospodarske i političke institucije Kosova zrele; od služenja kao 'watchdog' do davanje uloga na javnim politikama. Ova će studija istražiti proces razvitka civilnog društva na Kosovu, od dana njihovog nastanka, kroz složene političke situacije devedesetih, do njihovih potencijalnih uloga i doprinosa za razvoj demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu. Studija je podijeljena u šest poglavlja, a na kraju slijedi glavni zaključak U prvom ću se poglavlju usredotočiti na različita značenja i potencijalne definicije civilnog društva, kao i na razne postoje će diskurse civilnog društva, dok će se u drugom poglavlju uvesti kratka povijest Kosova. U trećem poglavlju opisat ću povijesne korijene razvoja civilnog društva na Kosovu prije rata 1999. godine. Uključivat će razdoblje pod komunističkom Jugoslavijom i godine represije pod Miloševićevim režimom. Glavni fokus četvrtog poglavlja bit će proces uspostave i razvoja nevladinog sektora u sklopu civilnog društva, pod upravom UNMIK-a i na Kosovu. Razlog zašto je razvitak sektora nevladinih organizacija biti posebno elaborilan je da ovaj sektor predstavlja onaj dio civilnog društva na Kosovu koji je najviše primio podrsku iz međunarodnih agencija usmjerene na razvoj civilnog društva, a financiranje donatora posebno je bio usmjereno na nevladine organizacije. Slijedom toga, nevladine udruge bile su vrlo relevantne za politi čke agende međunarodnih donatora, a pojam "nevladina organizacija" postala je tako prevladavajuća da je na Kosovu, kao i u mnogim drugim postsocijalističkim kontekstima, gotovo zamjenjiv s pojmom civilnog društva. U petom poglavlju analizirat će se uloga i doprinos odgajatelja i vjerskih vođa u njihovim sposobnostima kao predstavnici civilnog društva. Ovo je važno uzevši u obzir da organizacije civilnog društva (CSO) predstavljaju više od nevladine udruge (osobito u usporedbi sa zapadnim vrstama nevladinih organizacija koje su uveliko podržale mnogi međunarodni donatori na Kosovu), kao što su organizacije civilnog društva među ostalima CBO ( community based-organizacija u zajednici ), sindikate, saveze, obiteljske udruge, obrazovne organizacije, vjerske zajednice itd. Neuspjeh demokratizacije na Kosovu među ostalim razlozima može se pripisati sustavu obrazovanja s puno kontradikcija gdje prevladava snaga etničkog identiteta. Tijekom procesa obrazovanja i informiranja nastavnici mogu dati značajan doprinos stvaranju identiteta među kosovskim Albancima i Srbima na temelju koncepta državljanstva, dok vjerske vođe mogu djelovati kao posrednici i moderatori u svojim zajednicama i uključiti se u svoje napore za poticanje demokracije. Završit ću peto poglavlje analizirajući da li je moguće omekšavanje autoritarnih tendencija nekih od važnih islamskih vjerskih vođa i aktera na Kosovu kroz mogućnosti njihove konvergencije među civilnim društvom ispitivanjem u kojoj mjeri su kosovski islamske vjerske vođe uključeni u svoje napore za poticanje demokratije. Poglavlje šest će ponuditi sintezu analiza o razvoju civilnog društva prije i poslije rata na Kosovu ukazujući na izazove koje predstavnici civilnog društva moraju prevladati kako bi značajno pridonijeli razvoju demokratskog društva. Zaključit ću naglasivši važnost uspostave održivog civilnog društva koje bi moglo igrati pozitivnu ulogu i utjecaj na utvrđivanje parametara i kvalitete upravljanja na Kosovu i rizika koje mogu predstavljati kada odluče ne postati snage za demokratiju. Studija zaključuje koliko je važna uloga i angažman civilnog društva kao jednog od ključnih faktora koji utječe na razvoj demokratskog sustava upravljanja pomažući u izgradnji državnih kapaciteta i povećanju uloge aktivnih građana u javnom odlu čivanju. Postoji mnogo načina, instrumenata i mehanizama koje civilno društvo i kosovske institucije mogu koristiti kako bi mogli dati značajan doprinos razvoju demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu. Potrebna su konkretna poboljšanja u mnogim područjima, počevši od: provedbe zakona, poboljšanja suradnje između institucija i civilnog društva, jasnije orijentacije donatorskih politika, financijske održivosti, aktivniju ulogu nevladinih organizacija u procesu integracije u EU i unapređenje kapaciteta civilnog društva. U bliskoj budu ćnosti, sva ta poboljšanja uz paralelni progres demokratske kulture kosovskog društva, mogu pozitivno utjecati na rast civilnog društva kako bi postali važan faktor koji bih dao doprinos razvoju demokratskog sustava upravljanja na Kosovu. U tom kontekstu, kako bi se dao konkretan i jasan odgovor na hipotezu u ovoj studiji, kosovske institucije i predstavnici civilnog društva bi trebalo da se intenzivno bave svim gore navedenim pitanjima. To bi mogao biti tzv proces "ponovnog rađanja" civilnog društva na Kosovu. Demokratija je proces i trebat će neko vrijeme za civilno društvo Kosova, a posebno za organizacije civilnog društva da razviju svoj politički aktivizam. Međutim, da bi razumjeli društveno-političke promjene u "New-Born" Kosovu, neophodno je da se civilno društvo uzme u obzir kako bi se odgovorilo na mnoga etička pitanja vezana za političku i institucionalnu praksu na Kosovu. Predstavnici civilnog društva koji dolaze iz nevladinog sektora ili većih organizacija civilnog društva, bilo odgajatelja ili vjerskih vođa, trebaju biti svjesni koliko mogu pomoći Kosovu u ovim krhkim političkim okolnostima i koje rizike mogu predstavljati kada odluče ne postati snaga za demokraciju. Iako to može biti previše idealistično, ako ne i utopijsko, samo kada se shvate ove uloge, nove generacije nevladinih organizacija Kosova shvaćaju će državu kao svojeg zaštitnika, a politički čelnici će vidjeti predstavnike civilnog društva kao svoje pristaše, a ne kao prijetnju za sebe, tek tada će se stvarno živopno civilno društvo moći razvijati i podržavati demokratski sustav upravljanja na Kosovu. Ovo je fantazija kreativnog, fluidnog i slobodnog civilnog društva. To je koncept civilnog društva koji nije negativno definiran kao suprotnost državi, ali pozitivno, u kontekstu ideja i praksi kroz koje se uspostavlja suradnja i povjerenje između državnih institucija i civilnog društva, čime se pridonosi razvoju doista demokratskog sustava upravljanja postajući "postmoderni" lijek za kosovsko društvo.

Acknowledgements A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note 4. Co-author A.J.M.d.C. recently passed away while this work was in process. This work was performed under the auspices of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. We acknowledge the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium for encouraging CHARGE studies to participate in this effort and for the contributions of CHARGE members to the analyses conducted for this research. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abelló A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT-2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualità); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Santé; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464-14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6‐4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC-25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du 358 Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Västra Götaland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institutes of Health (NIH); or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

This Thesis has been mainly developed in the laboratories of IMAES research group in the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM). It is a part of a research line dealing with the elimination of emerging contaminants in wastewater using advanced oxidation processes. It has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" (MINECO, Spanish Government) through the project CTM2013-44317-R entitled "Tratamiento en planta piloto de efluentes acuosos industriales mediante sonofotocatálisis UV/solar" and UCLM funding GI20142907. In addition, some parts of this research were carried out at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Bath (United Kingdom), thanks to University of Bath International Research Fund Future Research Leaders Incubator Scheme, and at the School of Engineering of the University of Edinburgh, through a research visit supported by MINECO. Over the past 15 years, increasing numbers of studies have identified numerous different water sources containing trace, but accumulating, toxic chemicals. Many of such chemicals are thought to be recalcitrant, inhibitory or toxic to biological treatment in both wastewater treatment works and in the environment and so may be able to enter our water cycle. Photocatalysis is a promising degradation technology for such compounds, however due to inefficient and costly reactor systems, it has not yet been widely taken up by Industry. This project seeks to rectify this, by comparing a wide range of photocatalytic reactor technologies that have been integrated with further intensification technologies to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the pollutant degradation. This includes: different reactor configurations (falling film photoreactor, solar compound parabolic collectors (CPC), a spinning disc reactor.) and intensifications processes (use of ultrasound (US), ferrioxalate and sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes). This Thesis is focussed on comparing and optimizing the key parameters controlling the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of the reactors to determine the optimal degree of treatment of these types of accumulating toxic biologically recalcitrant chemicals in wastewaters, using antipyrine and carmamazepine as model compounds. The treatment efficiency and effectiveness, neural network optimization as well as technoeconomic analysis were used to determine the optimal intensification technology of photocatalytic process. Finally, real industrial effluents were also tested to prove the validity of studied processes. Overall, the main novelty of this work will be the first extensive study comparing a wide range of photocatalytic process intensification technologies. ANTIPIRINE The removal of antipyrine (AP) was evaluated under a sono-photo-Fenton system (UV/H2O2/Fe/US) in a synthetic wastewater reaching 79% of mineralization in 50 minutes in optimal conditions ([H2O2]0 = 500 mg/L; [Fe2+]0 = 27 mg/L; Amplitude = 20% and Pulse length = 1). The radical reaction in the bulk solution was found be the primary mineralization pathway (94.8%), followed by photolysis (3.65%), direct reaction with H2O2 (0.86%) and reaction by ultrasonically generated oxidative species (0.64%). Complete mineralization of reaction intermediates refractory towards hydroxyl radical was attained using persulfate anions simultaneously activated by heat energy (thermally, ultrasound) and UV-C light. The SO·4-based mineralization process enables another reaction pathway generating more easy degradable derivatives reaching more than 99% of total organic carbon (TOC) removal in 120 min under selected optimal operating conditions ([S2O82-]0 = 1200 mg/L; Temperature = 50 ªC; Amplitude = 10%; pH = 2.8). This demonstrated that activated persulfate-based oxidation system is a potential alternative to degrade intermediate compounds, which are refractory to hydroxyl radicals. The degradation of AP in aqueous solution using UV-A-LED (365 nm) photo-Fenton reaction intensified with ferrioxalate complexes and with the addition of persultate was also studied. A complete degradation of AP and 93% of mineralization of AP solution was reached in 2.5 and 60 min, respectively. In the last step of reaction, different intermediates difficult to be degraded such as 2-butenedioic acid, butanedioic acid, 4-oxo-pentanoic acid, acetate and formate may be generated. Finally, the photodegradation of AP solutions was also studied and optimized in a novel photocatalytic spinning disc reactor (SDR). A heterogeneous process (UV/H2O2/TiO2) was selected. TiO2 was immobilized on the surface of a glass disc using the sol-gel method. AP was completely degraded under the optimal conditions: pH = 4; [H2O2]0 = 1500 mg/L; Disc speed = 500 rpm; Flowrate = 25 mL/s. In addition, regeneration of the disc (up to 10 cycles) was performed with no loss in efficiency. The value of the apparent volumetric rate constant was found to be 6.9·10^4 s-1 with no apparent mass transfer limitation. Based on the main identified intermediates, a reaction mechanism was proposed for antipyrine photodegradation: firstly, cleavage of the N-N bond of penta-heterocycle leads to the formation of two aromatic acids and N-phenylpropanamide. An attack to the C-N bond in the latter compound produced bencenamina. Finally, the phenyl ring of the aromatic intermediates was opened and molecular organic acids were formed. CARBAMAZEPINE Different sytems including UV/H2O2/Fe/US, UV/H2O2/US and UV/H2O2 were used to study the photodegradation process of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ). An important synergistic effect between sonolysis and UV irradiation of 27.7% was quantified using the pseudo-first-order rate constants for carbamazepine degradation. An empirical model that includes the scavenger effect was applied and satisfactorily reproduced both degradation and mineralization of CBZ. It was found that the carbamazepine photodegradation occured mainly through a radical mechanism in two steps: during the first 10–15 min, CBZ was completely degraded, whereas TOC barely changed, confirming that intermediates were not easy to mineralize. From that moment, intermediates were formed and HO· radicals were responsible for increased mineralization rate with a gradual decrease in the scavenger effect (kscv = 0.0004 min^-1 mM^-1). 93% of mineralization in 35 minutes was reached when the initial conditions were [Fe2+]0 = 15 mg/L and [H2O2]0 = 680 mg/L. A study of the flow pattern inside the reactor showed that improvement in mineralization rate with US radiation cannot be attributed to a positive effect in mixing. On the other hand, \textit{in situ} chemical oxidation of CBZ was also performed using persulfate anions simultaneously activated by heat energy (thermal, ultrasound), UV-C light, Fe2+ ions and hydrogen peroxide. Nearly complete mineralization (99%) was reached in 90 min. The mineralization process of carbamazepine solutions can be described using pseudo-second-order kinetics in the studied system. A lab thin film reactor was tested to remove CBZ in a photo-Fenton system assisted with ultrasound radiation (UV/H2O2/Fe/US) achieving 89% of mineralization in 35 min. The synergism between the UV process and the sonolytic one was quantified as 55.2%. The sono-photodegradation of CBZ was also tested in a thin film pilot plant reactor and compared with a 28-L UV-C conventional pilot plant and with a solar Collector Parabolic Compound (CPC). At pilot plant scale, a UV/H2O2/Fe/US process reaching 60% of mineralization would cost 2.1 and 3.8 €/m^3 for the conventional and thin film plant, respectively. In the solar process, electric consumption accounts for a maximum of 33% of total costs. Thus, for 80% TOC removal, the cost of this treatment was about 1.36 €/m^3. However, the efficiency of the solar installation decreases in cloudy days and cannot be used during night, so that a limited flow rate can be treated. REAL WASTEWATER FROM BEVERAGE INDUSTRY Real industrial wastewater from beverage industry was studied during solar photo-Fenton system intensified with ferrioxalates complexes in a CPC plant. 70.6% and 96.6% of TOC was removed after 55 and 125 min, respectively, under optimal conditions (H2O2 flowrate = 460 mL/h}; (COOH)2 flowrate = 2100 mL/h}; [Fe2+]0 = 150 mg/L;} pH = 2.79; Medium solar power = 35.8 Wh). It was found that solar power was the main factor affecting mineralization during the first 60 Wh of accumulated solar energy due to the generation of hydroxyl radicals. However, solar power is unimportant at the end of the process (150 Wh of accumulated energy), when the molecular reaction mechanism between H2O2 and the intermediates was predominant. The overall mineralization process (k = 0.0096 min^-1) occured due to the contributions of the photo-Fenton process (k = 0.0044 min^-1) and the ferrioxalate photochemistry (k = 0.003 min^-1)}. The synergism between both processes was 22.9% based on the pseudo-first-order rate constants for TOC removal. A wastewater with similar characteristics was treated in a conventional UV-C pilot plant using a photo-Fenton process intensified with persulfate. Under optimal conditions (pH = 2.9; [H2O2]0 = 4000 mg/L}; [Fe2+]0 = 375 mg/L), 53% of mineralization was achieved after two hours. The remaining TOC was mainly composed of acetate and formate, whose decarboxylation was limited via hydroxyl radical reactions. Thus, persulfate was added to the system after 2 h to obtain a more efficient decarboxylation by sulfate radicals. The combined treatment with UV-C irradiation and thermally activated persulfate enhanced the mineralization efficiency. Under the best conditions, 76% mineralization was achieved in 4 h: first 2 h under photo-Fenton reaction (UV-C/H2O2/Fe) and UV-C/H2O2/Fe/S2O82-/Thermal process in the second two hours (65 ªC; [S2O82-]0 = 1500 mg/L). WASTEWATER EFFLUENT FROM PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Finally, a ferrioxalate-assited photo-Fenton process was used to treat an industrial wastewater effluent from a pharmaceutical laboratory in a CPC semi-industrial plant. More than 79% of TOC was removed in 2 h when the aquous effluent containing up to 400 mg/L of organic carbon concentration. It could be seen that most of TOC removal occurs early in the first hour of reaction. Then the degradation shows a slower rate due to the generation of acetates which are more difficult to eliminate.

Why should you choose this book? This publication is primarily intended to academia, including post graduate students pursuing research degrees. It explores the core aspects of contemporary corporate strategies, public policies and practices that create value. This publication is a concise and authoritative guide on the business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR). It provides a thorough understanding on the theoretical underpinnings of corporate social responsibility, business ethics, corporate citizenship and creating shared value, among other notions. Moreover, its empirical studies show how stakeholder engagement and sustainability strategies can create synergistic value for both business and society in a global context. It suggests that both academia and business practitioners can employ corporate sustainability and responsibility practices as a guiding principle for their business success. Mark Anthony Camilleri, PhD (Edinburgh) ; Responsible behaviors are increasingly being embedded into new business models and strategies that are designed to meet environmental, societal and governance deficits. Therefore, the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become very popular among academia as this concept has continuously been challenged by those who want corporations to move beyond transparency, business ethics and stakeholder engagement. Back in 1979, Archie B. Carroll affirmed that business have economic responsibilities to provide a decent return on investment to owners and shareholders; by creating jobs and fair pay for workers; discovering new resources; promoting technological advancement, innovation, and the creation of new products and services along with other objectives. Lately, there is a similar discourse in many international fora, conferences, seminars and colloquia about corporate sustainability and responsible behaviors. However, the discussions are usually characterized by the presentation of theories that define the concepts, rather than by being practical workshops (which involve the businesses themselves). In this light, this book clearly identifies the business case for CSR. It attempts to trigger active participation in corporate suites. Inevitably, it contends that there are still some challenging opportunities facing businesses, which will have to be addressed in the foreseeable future; including Stakeholder Relations and Collaborations, Government Regulation for CSR Compliance and the role of Strategic CSR in Education and Training. In this light, this book's theoretical underpinnings and empirical studies suggest that businesses can do well by doing good. It builds on the previous theoretical underpinnings of the CSR agenda, including Business Ethics (Crane and Matten, 2004); Stakeholder Engagement (Freeman, 1984); Corporate Citizenship (Carroll, 1998; Waddock, 2004; Matten and Crane, 2005), Creating Shared Value (Porter and Kramer, 2011; 2006; Crane, Palazzo, Spence & Matten, 2014), as it presents the latest Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (CSR2.0) perspective (Visser, 2011,2014; Camilleri, 2017). This promising notion is being recognized as a concept that offers new ways of thinking and behaving. It has potential to deliver significant benefits to both business and society as it is an easy term that may appeal to business practitioners. CSR2.0 is linked to improvements in economic performance, operational efficiency, higher quality, innovation and competitiveness. At the same time, it raises awareness on responsible behaviors. Therefore, CSR2.0 can be considered as strategic in its intent and purposes, as businesses are capable of being socially and environmentally responsible 'citizens' whilst pursuing their profit-making activities. This latter perspective suggests that responsible behavioral practices may be re-conceived to confer competitive advantage over rival firms. Therefore, this contribution makes reference to laudable investments that could unleash value to business and society. It implies that CSR2.0 demands business to build adaptive approaches with stakeholders for the benefit of the firm and for societal advancement. Chapter 1 presents a thorough literature review on corporate social responsibility and its other related constructs, including corporate citizenship, stakeholder engagement and business ethics. Hence, this chapter reported on how CSR has evolved to reflect the societal realities. Chapter 2 reviews the different definitions of the corporate responsibility paradigms and draws comparisons between related concepts. The author contends that organization studies; economic, institutional, cultural and cognitive perspectives are shaping the corporate responsibility agenda. She cleverly presents the benefits of integrating multiple perspectives and discusses about the possible research avenues in the realms of corporate responsibility. Chapter 3 suggests that the field of CSR is ushering a new era in the relationship between business and society: in the CSR 2.0 era. The author puts forward a Total Responsibility Management (TRM) approach that may be useful for business practitioners who intend adopting CSR behaviors. This chapter posits that CSR strategies including managing relationship with stakeholders will contribute to the companies´ success and will also bring community welfare. Chapter 4 focuses on the national governments' regulatory role of raising awareness on CSR behaviors among businesses. The author suggests that there is scope for the state agencies to promote CSR as a business case for companies. She provides an outline of the current state of "supranational regulative policies on public procurement" within the European Union context. Chapter 5 uses a stakeholder perspective to encapsulate the CSR concept. The authors investigated social value cocreation (SVCC) through a qualitative study among different stakeholders (customers, employees, and managers). They implied that businesses ought to clarify their motives, by opening channels of communication with stakeholders. This way, there will be a higher level of SVCC with increased (stakeholder) loyalty toward the firms. Chapter 6 sheds light on Porter and Kramer's (2011) shared value proposition. The author explains how collaborative stakeholder interactions could lead to significant improvements in the supply chain. Chapter 7 involved a longitudinal study that investigated how four different State Owned Enterprises communicated with Māori communities between 2008 and 2013. This study contributes to the extant research on the legitimacy theory and CSR communication with ethnic minorities in the Aotearoa (New Zealand) context. Chapter 8 links the CSR paradigm with risk management. The author suggests that Serbian businesses ought to adopt corporate sustainable and responsible approaches in terms of their disaster risk reduction prior to environmental emergencies. Chapter 9 involved a quantitative analysis that explored the CSR practices within the hospitality industry. The authors suggested that there were distinct social and environmentally responsible behaviors in different geographical areas. They argued that institutions can take their results into account when drawing up policies that are aimed at fostering responsible tourism practices. Chapter 10 examined how CSR communication of self-serving motives can lead to more trust and credibility among stakeholders as well as corporate reputation. The authors implied that the marketers should be aware of how the public perceive CSR behaviors. Chapter 11 reports that corporate or organizational storytelling, is increasingly being used as a promotional tool to communicate CSR information to stakeholders. The authors present four companies that have used storytelling with the aims of transmitting values, fostering collaboration, leading change and sharing knowledge on responsible practices. Chapter 12 relates corporate sustainability to the construct of emotional capital. The authors maintain that emotional capital enables businesses to attract and retain talent. They maintain that there are significant improvements to the firms' bottom lines If they invest in responsible human resources management. Chapter13 suggests that the transition from the CSR to CSR 2.0 requires the adoption of five new principles - creativity, scalability, responsiveness, glocality and circularity. The authors posit that these principles ought to be embedded within the organizations' management values and culture. The authors propose a new framework that can be used to manage the processes of socially responsible organizations. Chapter 14 investigated the banks' behaviors during the economic crisis in Turkey. The authors reported on the bank's CSR strategies as they supported small and medium sized enterprises, as well as local communities during the financial turmoil. Chapter 15 offers insights on sustainable tourism as the authors investigated the constraints that explain why an attitude–behavior gap exists in responsible tourists' behaviors. Chapter 16 examines three leading networks that are intended to promote corporate sustainability and responsibility. The author explores their growing influence as he reviews their objectives, organizational structures, types of activities, practices and impacts. References Camilleri, M.A. (2017) Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and Environmental Management: An Introduction to Theory and Practice with Case Studies. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319468488 Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of management review, 4(4), 497-505. Carroll, A. B. (1998). The four faces of corporate citizenship. Business and society review, 100(1), 1-7. Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Questioning the domain of the business ethics curriculum. Journal of Business Ethics, 54(4), 357-369. Crane, A., Palazzo, G., Spence, L. J., & Matten, D. (2014). Contesting the value of "creating shared value". California management review, 56(2), 130-153. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman. ISBN 0-273-01913-9. Matten, D., & Crane, A. (2005). Corporate citizenship: Toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Academy of Management review, 30(1), 166-179. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between corporate social responsibility and competitive advantage. Harvard business review, 84(12), 78-92. Porter, M. & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value. Harvard business review, 89(1/2), 62-77. Visser, W. (2011). The age of responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the new DNA of business. John Wiley & Sons. Visser, W. (2014). CSR 2.0: Transforming corporate sustainability and responsibility. Heidelberg^ eBerlin Berlin: Springer. Waddock, S. (2004). Parallel universes: Companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship. Business and society Review, 109(1), 5-42. ; peer-reviewed

The art of medical writing and science of scientific publishing has made tremendous progress during the last two decades. The revolution in information technology while on one hand has brought lot of ease and benefits, it has also created tremendous pressure and problems for the medial editors who are trying to come up to the expectations of authors who are very keen to see their manuscript published soon after submission.1,2 One can be a good physician or a good surgeon but it does not mean that he/she can also be a good Editor as one has to learn this art. That is why starting with the International Committee of Medial Journal Editors (ICMJE)3,4 which was formed in 1978 and later World Association of Medical Editors formed in 19955 have been working to improve the professional skills of medial editors by regularly organizing conferences, Hands on Workshops as well as seminars to train the editors. Their websites offer lot of useful information and training material. American Medial Writers Association (AMWA),6 European Medical Writers Association (EMWA)7 and European Association of Science Editors (EASE)8 founded in 1982 have also been doing a commendable job helping the authors and researchers. They too organize their annual conferences and training workshops on regular basis. Then came the various regional bodies like Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors (EMAME) and Asia – Pacific Association of Medial Editors (APAME) which have been busy in promoting the discipline of medical journalism in their respective regions.9,10 Numerous countries in these regions have also formed their own associations of medical journal editors to improve the professional capacity of their member editors in their respective countries. Pakistan which had taken an active part in establishing the EMAME in 2003 did not lag behind and established Pakistan Association of Medial Editors (PAME) in 2010. Since then it has not only hosted EMMJ5 Medical Journals Conference in 2010 which was attended by thirty four foreign delegates and guest speakers from eighteen countries but has also organized three national conferences and a large number of Hands on Workshops all over the country.11 PAME organized training course for medical journal editors at Karachi on July 14, 2012, at PIMS Islamabad on September 15, 2012, at Khyber Medical University at Peshawar in Khyber KPK on September 16, 2012 and at University of Health Sciences Lahore on April 25, 2013. PAME organized yet another training course for medical journal editors at University of Health Sciences Lahore on March 4-5th 2016. All this was aimed at to build up the professional capacity of editors of biomedical journals published from Pakistan. Journalology has now emerged as an important discipline with numerous subspecialties. Publishing a good quality peer reviewed journal is an uphill task which requires a team work. Publishing a medical journal is not economically viable for many institutions and organizations. The problems are further compounded with the non-availability of good Peer Reviewers, willing and interested Editorial Board Members which play a vital role in improving the contents and quality of a journal. If this was not all, the issues like plagiarism, scientific misconduct and upholding professional ethics has made the job of the editors more difficult. Institutions like Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) UK has come up with very informative Flow Charts to guide the editors on dealing with scientific misconduct including plagiarism, duplicate and redundant publication etc., but it has not made the life of medical journal editors easy.12 It is extremely important that one should opt for professionalism, seeks help and assistance from the respective government institutions, organizations to find a solution to the various problems with the medical journal editors are facing. It was in this context that PAME in its Third National Conference held at UHS Lahore from April 1 – 2, 2016 had devoted a special session to "Professionalism and Medical Journal Editors†where representatives of Higher Education Commission (HEC) and Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PM&DC) were also invited. However, it was unfortunate that none of them came to attend the meeting thus deprived themselves to update on latest developments and problems faced by Editors. Some of the issues concerning both these institutions which were highlighted during the conference were as under: Pakistan Medical and Dental CouncilIts website is not updated regularly.List of PM&DC recognized journals is not update and lacks lot of information and there is no mention of Publication Ethics.There is a communication gap between the PM& DC and the Editors. Not enough time is given when asking for some documents or holding meeting of Journals Evaluation Committee.Communications sent to the PM&DC remain unanswered and it makes no differentiation between those journals who fulfill all the requirements, are published regularly and those who do not follow the laid down criteria.Communications received from the Journals Committee of PM&DC from time to time have a threatening tone and they need to show respect to the Editors.PM&DC wants the journals to submit plagiarism report but provides no help or assistance to the journals in this regard. Higher Education CommissionCommunications received from Quality Assurance Department regarding meeting of Journal Evaluation Committee does not give enough time.In the past HEC used to provide the facility of checking manuscripts for plagiarism using the Turnitin software but now it has been restricted to medical universities only.HEC website is also not updated regularly.Communication gap between the HEC and Medial Journal Editors also needs improvement. It will be unfair not to mention the generous grant the Higher Education Commission has been providing to its recognized biomedical journals for the last many years but it will be much better if it is replaced by providing much needed services and software facilities. Pakistan Association of Medical Editors with its meager resources has been doing a commendable job to help improve the professional capacity of Editors through various ways. Its website also contains some useful material for the training of the new editors.11 Regulatory bodies like PM&DC and HEC working in close collaboration with PAME can work wonders and go a long way in improving the standard of biomedical journals published from Pakistan. Commission on Iranian Medical Journals based in Ministry of Health in Islamic Republic of Iran apart from providing financial assistance also provides software for checking plagiarism, helps the journal in preparing their websites, helps them provide facilities of XML which has helped a large number of Iranian Medical Journals to go to PubMed Central and has thus increased their visibility and readership manifold. The number of medical journals published from Iran was ninety in 2005 which has now increased to over four hundred. Seventy two of these Iranian Medical Journals are visible on PubMed, PubMed Central and Medline while twenty are covered by ISI Thompson Reuter known for Impact Factor.13 On the contrary only about half a dozen medical journals from Pakistan are covered by Medline, PubMed and PubMed Central and only four medical journals from Pakistan has an Impact Factor.14 Our regulatory bodies can learn from Iran and that is what the HEC should be doing in Pakistan. Instead of offering any financial grants it can better utilize the same resources to provide facilities for checking plagiarism, software to prepare XML files for submission to PubMed Central, organizing training workshops for Editors and support staff on Open Journal System, electronic publishing, peer review, publication ethics etc. PAME has the professional capacity to help PM&DC and HEC to realize these objectives. What is missing is the proper liaison and understanding between Medical Journal Editors and these regulatory bodies like PM& DC and HEC. A study presented at the PAME Third National Conference by the author had also heighted some basic and serious deficiencies in the journals which are recognized by PM&DC as well as HEC because the members of their respective Journal Evaluation Committees are not fully conversant with the latest developments in the field of medical journalism. These committees need to be further strengthened by inducting competent, knowledgeable professional editors and PAME has time and again offered its help and assistance in this regard. Even once the PM&DC had also issued a notification making PAME President an exoffico member of the Journals Evaluation Committee but no meeting was ever held.15 To improve the present situation and find a workable, feasible, practical solution to the various problems being faced by the medical journal editors in Pakistan is not an uphill task. The objective of every one, the editors and regulatory bodies like PM&DC and HEC are the same i.e. improvement in the quality of contents, standard of medical journals so that we can increase our contribution to the world medical literature and promote research culture in Pakistan. Intentions of everyone are good but what is lacking is cooperation, coordination and bridging the communication gap. It is never too late and let us makes a new beginning in our relationship. The role of the regulatory bodies is to facilitate and not to create hurdles and discourage those who are working under difficult circumstances with meager resources and facilities available.

Celem jest stworzenie interdyscyplinarnego forum wymiany myśli na temat partnerstwa międzysektorowego na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów społecznych. Problematyka: 1. Współpraca międzysektorowa w procesie integracji społecznej osób: niepełnosprawnych, chorych psychicznie, ubogich, starszych, uzależnionych, doświadczających przemocy, bezdomnych itd. 2. Partnerstwo międzysektorowe na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów rodziny (rodzina w ponowoczesnym społeczeństwie). Współpraca służb socjalnych z instytucjami edukacyjnymi. 3. Partnerstwo międzysektorowe na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów rynku pracy. 4. Formowaniu partnerstwa pomiędzy podmiotami działającymi na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów społecznych. Partnerska rola władz lokalnych, organizacji pozarządowych oraz sektora prywatnego. Uwarunkowanie współpracy międzysektorowej. 5. Formy współpracy międzysektorowej – perspektywy dla organizacji pozarządowych w kontekście ustawy o działalności pożytku publicznego i wolontariacie. Wolontariusz – sprzymierzeniec czy konkurent? Wolontariat biznesu. 6. Współpraca organizacji pozarządowych z sektorem publicznym oraz prywatnym na przykładzie wybranych projektów współfinansowanych ze środków Unii Europejskiej. 7. Trzeci sektor a ekonomia społeczna. Budowanie współpracy na rzecz rozwoju ekonomii społecznej, a także ukazanie dobrych praktyk w obszarze partnerstwa międzysektorowego. Partnerstwa ponadnarodowe. ; In the countries of the European Union, the idea of partnership has a strong relationship with modernising the traditional models of social policy (Księżopolski 1999). A shifting of the traditional model of the welfare state in the direction of a welfare society is taking place. An important aspect, therefore, is the socialisation and enlargement of the range of shared responsibility of particular individuals, their families and the local community, to ensure dignified living conditions and social cohesion. The cooperation of representatives from the various sectors of social and economic life, defined as cross-sectoral partnership, is becoming more and more popular. The initiators of such partnerships are public institutions, NGOs, and businesses that operate at the local, regional, as well as national levels. J. Wygnański emphasised that: The principle of partnership has, from the axiological and political aspect, another much more crucial (and specifically European) root, namely the principle of subsidiarity. This principle has a long-standing European tradition. (.) The principle of subsidiarity denotes the specific "division of labour" between particular communities. It means, that whenever a smaller (more local or generally speaking, grassroots) community is capable of solving a given problem, the community (institution) located "higher" in the hierarchy can and should support that community in its efforts, but it should not, through its own actions, encroach on its territory and thereby (at least indirectly) incapacitate its citizens (Wygnański 2012: 9). Activating cooperation of the greatest number of diverse entities possible creates an opportunity for the permanent realisation of certain public purposes, among which social integration should be primarily mentioned. The international debate on the topic of cross-sectoral partnerships in terms of solving social problems, allowed for the preparation of a monograph, containing the results of research, analysis, and proposals posed by researchers representing several countries: the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, as well as Poland. Šarka Ulčáková joined the discussion concerning understanding the concept of social entrepreneurship in the context of its development in European countries within the past few decades. Beata Szluz has addressed the topic of partnership for combating social exclusion, using the example of social cooperatives operating in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, which are a specific form of social enterprise. Working in a cooperative creates an opportunity for social integration and raising the professional skills of individuals at risk of social exclusion due to unemployment, disability or mental illness, those having problems finding a job, as well as social integration. Katarzyna Błaszczuk revealed good practices which oppose exclusion through the example of entities engaged in social economy activities in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. Next, Piotr Frączek and Sylwia Drozd presented the operation of the Centre for Social Integration in Sanok (Subcarpathian Voivodeship), as an example of initiatives aimed at social reintegration. Ester Denihelková noted that the priority of the social economy is the employment of individuals who are socially excluded or those at risk of social exclusion. Chronic unemployment and the need to reduce the national budget deficit are factors that cause difficulties in the fields of social policy and social work. She posed the question, to what extent can the social economy help to solve these problems? The aim of her the article is to present the current state of both the Czech social economy and Czech social enterprises. Vendula Gojová emphasised interaction in the context of interdisciplinary social work and social entrepreneurship, which could support the capacity of civil society. She attempted to answer the question of whether social assistance can use the ideas of social entrepreneurship. Polish accession to the European Union has created new opportunities for economic and social development - stressed Paweł Walawender. Cross-sectoral cooperation takes place in different areas and is also realised by the actions undertaken within the framework of projects financed through European Union Funds. Creating a partnership is a difficult task, as it requires close cooperation with representatives of organisations whose priorities, objectives and methods of operation may vary considerably. The article introduces the concept of cross-sectoral partnerships based on the author's experience with projects implemented in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, the aim of which was to assist individuals at risk of social exclusion. Cultural anthropology and its practical dimension in projects which include cross-sectoral partnership, constitutes the focus of considerations by Mateusz Sikora. Tatiana Matulayová, Ilona Pešatová, and Zdenka Michalová took up a discussion on the issues connected with the possibilities of the development of social work in schools. Maria Shved drew attention to trends in the development of higher education and the growing demands in the preparation of social pedagogues (and social workers). She presented the functioning of graduates in the labour market, referring to their professional competence in light of the analysis conducted by American, German and Ukrainian scientists. Monika Łagowska dealt with the subject of the situation of graduates in the labour market and partnership for solving their problems. According to the author, the completion of education and then entering the labour market is a key step in the life of every young person. Cooperation between the various entities seems to be the key in the context of tackling the issue of unemployment among graduates. Then, Dana Rosová presented the results of research on the meaning of life for the unemployed. She attempted to gather recommendations for social work, bearing in mind that more attention should be paid to the long-term unemployed, in order to encourage them to again take up employment. Jitka Reissmannová presented innovations in the field of education aimed toward the prosocial development of students. She put emphasis on activities connected with education and first aid, and now also for instance, in the prevention of ageing. Marie Chrásková presented the perception of health problems in the community, taking into account the views of Czech and Polish students, and drawing attention to the activities of voluntary work with respect to the sick and disabled. Next, Małgorzata Stępa commented on assistance to the terminally ill and the entities tasked with providing assistance to those individuals and their families. Aleksandra Rachwał illustrated institutional support for families caring for a sick person. She presented the issues of communication, cooperation, promotion and information. She emphasised the need for long-term support for the family of an individual with an oncological disease and (re)building trust toward aid institutions in public life. Michaela Hřivnová and Jana Majerová stressed in their articles that within the framework of cooperation between educational institutions in the Czech Republic, optimal solutions in terms of hazardous or pathological behaviour are being sought. Dana Rosová, Oľga Orosová, and Eva Žiaková presented the results of research into the meaning of life, self-esteem and the social support provided to homeless persons, as well as the degree of satisfaction with the social support provided by different entities. Elżbieta Szczygieł presented the results of research into the phenomenon of homelessness among children and adolescents. She made an attempt to portray the cooperation of entities in combatting this social problem. Consideration was given by Helena Kalábová and Jan Jihlavec to the issue of the importance of family and the home. As the authors depict, the so-called eco-friendly way of life which is often discussed nowadays, can also refer to the family and interpersonal relationships. The cooperation of educational institutions and social institutions in solving the problems of the contemporary family became the focus of Svitlana Kohut. Then, Magda Urbańska outlined the topic of cross-sectoral cooperation in solving the problems of working parents. Voluntary activity is the basis for the establishment and development of civil society. Serhiy Troyan and Paweł Troyan pointed out that in the last 10-15 years, the number of people participating (declaring their participation) in volunteerism in Ukraine has increased significantly, reflecting the increasing role and influence of the voluntary movement in the country. In Ukraine, volunteerism appeared in the early 1990s (in 1993). Its aim was to increase the participation of citizens in voluntary work, with a view to solving specific social problems. Agnieszka Belcer and Anna Wojnarowska postulated development of partnerships and cooperation in order to oppose social exclusion. Partnerships are initiated by companies, NGOs, and public institutions operating at the local, regional, national or global level. Each party brings different experiences and skills, whereby cross-sectoral cooperation can become sustainable, efficient and effective. The authors hope that the book will be of interest to sociologists, social workers, educators, as well as representatives of social services that are undertaking activities in terms of counteracting social problems.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made chemicals. Their unique properties make them beneficial for a wide range of industrial and consumer product applications, such as in aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), durable water repellent clothing, hydraulic oils and food packaging materials. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a class of PFASs, are highly persistent in the environment, and long chain PFAAs are bioaccumulative and toxic. International regulation and voluntary actions by the industry have been implemented and led to a recent reduction of primary emissions of PFAAs to the environment. However, point sources such as AFFF training sites as well as diffuse sources continue to contaminate water bodies, soil and biota. Reducing environmental pollution with PFAAs has therefore become a regulatory priority. Designing successful measures to reduce the PFAA contamination requires an understanding of the sources, transport and fate of PFAAs in the environment. Four scientific publications are included in this PhD thesis, which aimed at increasing the holistic understanding of the fate of PFAAs in aquatic systems. This was achieved by chemical trace analysis combined with mass balance modeling. The following topics were covered: Dispersion and fate of PFAAs from an AFFF-impacted site (Paper I), recirculation of PFAAs in the aquatic environment with focus on waste water treatment plants (WWTPs, Paper II), mass balance of PFAAs in the Baltic Sea (Paper III) and transport and fate of PFAAs in two pristine boreal stream catchments (Paper IV). Results from Paper I showed that AFFF-impacted sites at a former military airfield, which was abandoned for more than 30 years, continue to be point sources of PFAAs to recipients. The sum of PFAAs in the ground water and surface waters ranged from 740 to 51000 ng L-1 and <0.5 to 79 ng L-1, respectively. PFOS in muscle tissue of European perch from a nearby lake ranged from 77 to 370 ng g-1 wet weight, representing among the highest values reported worldwide for fish muscle. In Paper II the relative importance of environmental recirculation of PFAAs versus new releases from the technosphere was investigated for PFAAs in WWTP influents. It was shown that tap water can be an important source of PFAAs to WWTPs in areas with elevated environmental levels. This needs to be taken into account when calculating emissions via WWTP effluents. PFAA mass balances over the WWTPs suggested that PFHxA and PFOA were formed from precursor compounds within the plants. Assembled PFAA mass balances for the Baltic Sea (Paper III) showed that river inflow and atmospheric deposition were the dominant input pathways, while wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents discharging directly into the Baltic Sea made a minor contribution. The inputs of PFAAs were estimated to be higher than the outputs, suggesting a current increase of the PFAA inventory in the Baltic Sea. Also the mass balance study of PFAAs in two remote stream catchments presented in Paper IV revealed that inputs dominated over outputs for both catchments, indicating that a considerable portion of the PFAAs deposited from the atmosphere is retained in soil or in deep ground water and may be released to surface and marine water environments in the future ; Perfluoralkilne tvari (PFASs) su umjetne kemikalije. Zbog svojih jedinstvenih svojstava široko su primjenjive u industriji i izradi proizvoda krajnje potrošnje kao što su pjena za gašenje požara (AFFF), vodootporna odjeća, hidraulična ulja i pakiranja za hranu. Perfluoralkilna kiselina (PFAAs) iz skupine perfluoralkilnih tvari iznimno je dugotrajna u okolišu, a dugolančane PFAAs su bioakumulativne i otrovne. Poduzeta međunarodna regulativa i dobrovoljne akcije vodile su nedavno smanjenoj primarnoj emisiji PFAAs u okoliš. Unatoč tome, primarni izvori, kao što su mjesta na kojima se provode treninzi za gašenje požara i difuzni izvori i dalje zagađuju vode, tlo i biotu. Zbog toga, smanjenje onečišćenja okoliša izazvanog PFAAs predstavlja regulatorni prioritet. Stvaranje uspješnih mjera kojima bi se smanjilo onečišćenje izazvano PFAAs zahtjeva razumijevanje izvora, prijenosa i sudbine tih tvari u okolišu. U ovaj doktorat uključena su četiri znanstvena članka kojima je cilj povećati sveukupno razumijevanje sudbine PFAAs u vodenim sustavima. To je postignuto kemijskom analizom elemenata u tragovima u kombinaciji s modeliranjem masene ravnoteže. Obrađene su sljedeće teme: Širenje i sudbina PFAAs na područjima zahvaćenim AFFF (Članak I), ponovna cirkulacija PFAAs u vodenom okolišu s naglaskom na postrojenja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (Članak II), masena ravnoteža PFAAs u Baltičkom moru (Članak III) te prijenos i sudbina PFAAs u dva udaljena sjeverna vodena toka (Članak IV). Rezultati iz Članka I pokazali su da su područja zahvaćena AFFF na bivšem vojnom aerodromu napuštenom prije 30 godina i dalje je glavni izvor PFAA zagadenja okolisa. Zbroj PFAAs u podzemnim i površinskim vodama kreće se u rasponu od 740 do 51000 ng L-1 i <0.5 do 79 ng L-1. PFOS u mišićnom tkivu grgeča iz obližnjeg jezera kreće se od 77 do 370 ng g-1 mokre težine, predstavljajući jednu od najviših vrijednosti u svijetu za riblje mišiće. Članak II istražuje relativnu važnost ponovne cirkulacije PFAAs imajući na umu novu emisiju PFAAs iz tehnosfere u postrojenjima za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda. Cirkulacija/kruženje u okolišu može se pojaviti kada PFAAs iz sustava pitke voda (rijeka, bunara i jezera) odlaze u otpadne vode. Prikazano je kako voda iz slavine može biti važan izvor PFAAs sustavima za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda u područjima s povišenim razinama zaštite okoliša. To se treba uzeti u obzir pri računanju emisije putem strojeva koji se koriste za pročišćenje otpadnih voda. Masena ravnoteža PFAA u postrojenjima za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda upućuje na to da su PFHxA i PFOA stvoreni kao prethodni spojevi unutar postrojenja. Prikupljene masene ravnoteže PFAA za Baltičko more (Članak III) pokazale su da su pritoke rijeka i atmosfersko taloženje dominantni ulazni putovi, dok postrojenja za pročišćenje otpadnih voda pridonose tek u manjoj mjeri. Ulaz PFAAs je procijenjen višim od izlaza, što objašnjava trenutno povećanje sadržaja PFAA u Baltičkom moru. Masena ravnoteža PFAAs u dva udaljena riječna toka predstavljena u Članku IV otkriva da ulaz dominira nad izlazom za oba riječna toka, što upućuje na značajan udio PFAAs koji je iz atmosfere zadržan u tlu ili podzemnim vodama te može biti ispušten u područja površinskih voda i mora. ; Perfluorerade alkylsyror (PFAA) är kemikalier som är producerade av människan. Deras unika egenskaper gör att de kan användas i många olika industriella applikationer. PFAAs används i brandsläckningsskum, vattenavvisande kläder, hydrauliska oljor och matförpackningar. PFAAs har visat sig vara persistenta i miljön, och långkedjiga PFAA-homologer har visat sig vara bioackumulerbara samt ha en toxisk verkan. Reglering på internationell nivå tillsammans med initiativ från industrin har lett till minskning av direkta utsläpp. Punktkällor som brandövningsplatser samt andra diffusa källor fortsätter att förorena omgivande vattendrag, jordlager och fauna. Den utbredda föroreningen av PFAAs har därför blivit prioriterad för reglering. För att förstå utsläppen av PFAAs i miljön, hur de transporteras samt deras öde i miljön, är det viktigt att utföra studier som belyser dessa områden. Denna doktorsavhandling inkluderar fyra vetenskapliga publikationer. Syftet med de underliggande studierna var att öka den holistiska förståelsen av PFAAs rörelse i akvatiska system. Studierna gjordes genom att kombinera kemiska analysmetoder med modellering. Följande studier genomfördes; Transport och spridning av PFAAs från en brandövningsplats (Paper I), recyklering av PFAAs i den akvatiska miljön med fokus på vattenreningsverk (Paper II), massbalans av PFAAs i Östersjön (Paper III), transport och öde av PFAAs i två pristina vattendrag (Paper IV). Resultat från (Paper I) visade att brandövningsplatser vid en flygplats som inte har varit i bruk i mer än 30 år, fortfarande är punktkällor av PFAAs till omgivande vattendrag. Summan av PFAAs koncentrationer i grundvattnet och ytvattnet sträckte sig från 740 till 51000 ng L-1 och <0.5 till 79 ng L-1 i respektive vattendrag. Koncentrationen av PFOS i muskelvävnad från aborre i en av sjöarna var 77 till 370 ng g-1 våtvikt. Dessa värden representerar några av de högsta uppmätta koncentrationerna i världen. I Paper II testades betydelsen av PFAAs från recirkulering i miljön i jämförelse med nya utsläpp från teknosfären. Recirkulering av PFAAs i miljön kan förekomma då PFAAs i inkommande vatten till reningsverk kommer från dricksvatten. Denna studie visar att dricksvatten kan vara en påtaglig källa av PFAAs till vattenreningsverk i områden med förhöjda halter av PFAAs i miljön. Detta måste tas hänsyn till när man beräknar emissioner med utgående vatten från vattenreningsverk. Massbalanser av PFAAs i reningsverken visar att PFHxA och PFOA bildades av prekursorämnen i vattenreningsverken. I Paper III beräknades massbalanserna av PFAAs i Östersjön, beräkningarna visar att floder och atmosfärisk nedebörd var de viktigaste källorna medan utsläppen från vattenreningsverk var markant lägre. Importen av PFAAs estimerades vara högre än exporten, varför vi tror att PFAAs mängden I Östersjön kommer att öka över tid. Vidare gjordes en mass balans av PFAAs i två avlägsna avrinningsområden (Paper IV). Resultaten visar att importen av PFAAs dominerar över exporten från båda avrinningsområdena. Detta indikerar att en stor del av PFAAs som kommer ner via nederbörd kommer att ansamlas i jorden eller i grundvattnet. Dessa PFAAs kan vid senare tillfälle komma att släppas ut till floder som rinner ut i marina vatten. ; At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.