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International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which consists of military forces from more than 40 NATO and non-NATO countries, is now officially history. In combination with the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), the international intervention in Afghanistan has been one of the most lengthy operations in modern times. Such overwhelming effort requires reflection and evaluation. What have we learned from being part of this intervention? In this focus article I will go into one of the most important and demanding elements of this intervention - the civil-military space. The civil-military interaction played a significant role and received much attention, theoretical and practical. The question was about how various actors can contribute to a successful, holistic effort. I should say something about the term 'civil-military coordination' which focuses on the relationship between different actors, and then look into the Norwegian approach to civil-military relations. I would argue that the Norwegian approach was based on important principles, but could appear as immature and inflexible. I justify my claim by lifting some challenges and contradictions that have emerged, either because of - or despite - the introduction of the model. The newly appointed Afghan committee will give us considerable insight and several lessons and will be useful in future policies and practices. Already, however, two things for sure; firstly, that we will be asked to contribute in future military operations without being able to predict what these will contain (we have other words prepare us for many different contingencies). Secondly, under virtually all military operations be civilians present, with greater or lesser degree of contact between them. This civil-military dynamics often understood within the concept of civil-military cooperation (Rietje & Bollen 2008; Hoogensen Gjorv 2014 Hoogensen Gjorv & Gjorv 2014). Adapted from the source document.

Gjensidig rettslig bistand mellom stater er ikke noe nytt fenomen, men de senere årenes internasjonalisering har medført at samarbeid mellom statene er nødvendig i stadig flere straffesaker. I ?Internasjonalt strafferettslig samarbeid? omtales den praktiske fremgangsmåten for slikt samarbeid, samt de konvensjoner og regelverk som er av størst betydning for samarbeidet. Bokens hovedtema er bevisinnhenting i utlandet til bruk i norske straffesaker og bevissikring i Norge til bruk i utenlandske straffesaker. Videre behandles blant annet overføring av saker og enkelte spørsmål knyttet til saker om overføring av fullbyrding av straffereaksjoner. Det gis dessuten en oversikt over gangen i saker om utlevering og overlevering av personer. Internasjonalt strafferettslig samarbeid har en praktisk tilnærming, og er særlig rettet mot domstolene, påtalemyndigheten og advokater som behandler saker om rettslig bistand i straffesaker

A theoretical discussion on the relationship between globalization and international norms and whether the economy could be reformed into a just and stable system. According to the neoliberal and structuralist rational choice theory, states try to maximize their own benefit, which in turn determines international norms. The constructivist model flags for a socially conditional rationality where these norms are based on ideas, values and cultures alone. A possible path to international institutional reform could be the United Nations whose economist and sociologists disused the market crisis as a system crisis. However, a real reform cannot take place before more powerful multinational institutions have been developed. L. Pitkaniemi

It is well established in International Relations that the modem state & the state system originated at the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In this article, the author argues that there is little evidence to support such an understanding, neither in the texts of the treaties nor in the political situation before or in the wake of 1648. Rather, the Peace of Westphalia can in many ways be understood to be a step backwards from a modem understanding of sovereignty (cuius regio, eius religio: whose region it is, his religion it is), which to some extent was represented in the Peace of Augsburg (1555). International Relations' understanding of the Peace of Westphalia is based on a mythical understanding of historical processes. Furthermore, the author argues, International Relations should abandon the mythical watershed which 1648 represents. However, instead of searching for another myth to explain the origin of its main object of study, one should instead re-conceptualise the discipline in a new & more dynamic way, taking into account the heterogeneous character of the international system. 60 References. Adapted from the source document.

2014 marked important milestones for Afghanistan. It gained a new political leadership by a democratic election, the NATO International Stabilisation Force (ISAF) was withdrawn, and the country took the initiative to a wider and more trusting cooperation with its neighbor Pakistan (RFE/RL 2014). 2015 is a crucial year. We will get an indication of whether Afghanistan can stand on its own and if the (partial) military extraction was wise, and to what extent the new administration is viable. Adapted from the source document.

Kollstad, P.: Groenlandssaken i dansk og norsk politikk 1945-1965. - S.5-17. Tveteras, I. E.: Kirkenes - Enare - Prosjektet: et nordisk samarbeidsprosjekt i internasjonal "istid". - S.18-27. Akselsen, R. M.: Trondheimsleden: den svenske olje- og forsyningsbasen i Trondheimsfjorden 1950-1970. - S.28-40. Hansen, S. O.: Markedssamarbeid: et ufullendt nordisk instrument. - S.41-51