Suchergebnisse

Some of the articles are in French, some in English. ; "Publié avec le concours financier de l'U.N.E.S.C.O. par l'intermédiaire du C.I.P.S.H." ; At head of title: Comité international des sciences politiques [i.e. historiques] International Committee of Historical Sciences. ; Bibliographical footnotes. ; 1. Rapports.--2. Actes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Collection : Documents diplomatiques (Livres jaunes) ; Collection : Documents diplomatiques (Livres jaunes) ; Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : MAEDIGen0 ; Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : MAEDI010 ; Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : MAEDI015 ; Contient une table des matières ; Avec mode texte

Origine et signification idéologiques de la scission communiste dans le parti ouvrier belge (1921) ; Doctorat en sciences politiques ; Vol.2 :TH-000220 ; info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Variante(s) de titre : Rapport annuel de la zone franc ; Variante(s) de titre : Rapport annuel du Comité monétaire de la zone franc ; Périodicité : Annuel ; Avec mode texte

International audience ; La psychologie semble devoir rester perpétuellement en état de crise, constamment sollicitée et divisée par le tentation biologique et la tentation sociologique. Sans cesse, à mesure que se précise la connaissance des structures nerveuses et des conditions hormonales de l'équilibre du vivant, le psychologue découvre que les conduites qu'il a décrites ont un substrat physiologique profond: de plus en plus profond. [.] D'un autre côté n'est-il pas évident que les conduites humaines sont permises par l'ensemble culturel qui leur donne du sens? Elles visent parole, travail, jeu, création artistiques ou scientifiques, entreprises économiques ou politiques, le maintien ou l'édification d'une civilisation.

International audience ; La psychologie semble devoir rester perpétuellement en état de crise, constamment sollicitée et divisée par le tentation biologique et la tentation sociologique. Sans cesse, à mesure que se précise la connaissance des structures nerveuses et des conditions hormonales de l'équilibre du vivant, le psychologue découvre que les conduites qu'il a décrites ont un substrat physiologique profond: de plus en plus profond. [.] D'un autre côté n'est-il pas évident que les conduites humaines sont permises par l'ensemble culturel qui leur donne du sens? Elles visent parole, travail, jeu, création artistiques ou scientifiques, entreprises économiques ou politiques, le maintien ou l'édification d'une civilisation.

International audience ; SUMMARY. The inwortance of tree-breeding research programs in Danmarkand Sweden during the last twenty years justify the trip performedin these countries ivith the following purpose: study of recentadvances of tree breeding methods, with particular attention drawnto the details of the technics concerning grafting, hybridization andestablishment of progeny tests and seed plantations.The tree breeding work is focused, in Danmark, on Beech andexotic species (Larch, Douglas fir) and in Sweden, on Scot Pine,Norway Spruce and Aspen.An accurate selection of parent individuals, followed by intra--specific hybridization in seed plantations, takes the first place inthe breeding programs. Several thousands of plus trees were selectedand multiplicated by graft. While the greenhouse technics givehighly successful grafts, important studies lead to good outdoorgrafting- technics during the recent years. The first seed orchardsfront an important program are planted in these years.If ybrid Larch and hybrid Aspen are bred by interspecific hybridization; they are used already in reforestation practice.Induced polyploidy or spontaneous polyploids used as mothertrees open new ways for investigations,• and hope for valuable improvements,especially with broadleaved trees.These both breeding technics — interspecific hybridization andpolyploidy --- are dealt with selected plus trees as mother trees.Progeny tests established and judged with the help of statisticalanalysis, take more and more place in the breeding work.in the both countries, governments, forests owners associations,timber and pulp industries, give their financial support to foresttree breeding research. The people interested in forest activitiespay the greatest attention to the advancement of the research programs.

International audience ; SUMMARY. The inwortance of tree-breeding research programs in Danmarkand Sweden during the last twenty years justify the trip performedin these countries ivith the following purpose: study of recentadvances of tree breeding methods, with particular attention drawnto the details of the technics concerning grafting, hybridization andestablishment of progeny tests and seed plantations.The tree breeding work is focused, in Danmark, on Beech andexotic species (Larch, Douglas fir) and in Sweden, on Scot Pine,Norway Spruce and Aspen.An accurate selection of parent individuals, followed by intra--specific hybridization in seed plantations, takes the first place inthe breeding programs. Several thousands of plus trees were selectedand multiplicated by graft. While the greenhouse technics givehighly successful grafts, important studies lead to good outdoorgrafting- technics during the recent years. The first seed orchardsfront an important program are planted in these years.If ybrid Larch and hybrid Aspen are bred by interspecific hybridization; they are used already in reforestation practice.Induced polyploidy or spontaneous polyploids used as mothertrees open new ways for investigations,• and hope for valuable improvements,especially with broadleaved trees.These both breeding technics — interspecific hybridization andpolyploidy --- are dealt with selected plus trees as mother trees.Progeny tests established and judged with the help of statisticalanalysis, take more and more place in the breeding work.in the both countries, governments, forests owners associations,timber and pulp industries, give their financial support to foresttree breeding research. The people interested in forest activitiespay the greatest attention to the advancement of the research programs.

referring to the basic work of Professor JEANNEL, the author is studying Anaauropsini (Col. Pselaphidae) in the south-east of France, and in particular the species (the Maures and Estérel, where the Paraniaurops genera and, above all, Am anropidinsinsinsinses, which are part of the soil fauna of these former siliceous forest massifs. The systematic and variability of the species are specified and analysed. Two new, well-characterised species (Amauropidius collobrierensis and A. aberrans) are described and depicted. Given the current state of research, the complexity of which has been highlighted, a systematic survey of the departments of the South-East (and more particularly the Maures region) should still give rise to surprises, since it is reasonable to assume that not all species and forms are yet known. These systematic and faunistic clarifications and remarks are supplemented by a catalogue in which species and forms are grouped based essentially on the copulating organ of males, the importance of which is paramount here. The study concludes with considerations of the place occupied by the beetles endogged in the soil fauna, where they should be classified separately as 'noble ELEMENTS' of this fauna. ; International audience With reference to Professor Jeannel's basic work, the author examines the Amauropsini (Col. Pselaphidae) of Southeastern France and especially the species of the Maures and Esterel among which can be found the Paramaurops and chiefly A niauropidius genera which form a part of the soil fauna of these old siliceous ranges destined to forestry. Systematics and variability of these species are specified andanalysed. Two well-defined new species (Aunauropidius collobrierensis and A. aberrans) are described and illustrated. In the present state of research, the complexity of which isunderlined, a systematic prospection of Souteastern departements (and especially of the Maures region) should hold in store some surprises, for we have good cause for presuming that all species and all forms are ...

International audience ; Cuba is a tropical island lying 1 50 kilometres on a straight linefrom the South of the United States. It extends over an area onefifth of that of France and its population is about one sixth ofthat of France. Up to now it has lived almost exclusively on itssugar exports, more than half of which were accepted by the UnitedStates at a specially favourable rate. The lack of economic balancecaused by this sugar-cane single crop and this over-specializedtrade, was such that Cuba, instead ofproducing the mostelementary goods (viz, vegetables, fruit, meat, cigarettes), withouteven mentioning industrial and forest products, had to import them.Besides, this single culture and sugar trade were in the hands ofa small minority of owners, half of which were of foreign origin.More than 50 fir, of the land belonged to less than 1 % of the populationand 894 holdings covered 36,1 % of the land.The forests of Cuba formerly large and rich, had suffered morethan any other natural resource from this sugar-cane single culture.Most of them had been cleared up with a view to cultivation whilethe remainder growing on rather poor soil, had been depleted withoutany regard to its conservation. As a matter of fact, exportingsugar and importing forest products, even at prohibitive prices, wasdeemed preferable. Therefore, Cuba imported 80 Jo of the forestproducts it consumed (firewood and charcoal excepted).As a result of these abuses, forests in Cuba, serve but imperfectlythe double purpose of production and protection which shouldnormally fall to it.Dr Fidel Castro's regime which was settled on January 1st 1959,is aware of the seriousness of forest problems in Cuba. Its forestpolicy is part of its general economic policy which aims at diversifyingthe production in every field and industrializing the country.The basic political or economic means used to reach that aim are:an agrarian reform, the organization of production on a colectivebasis, under strict state supervision.As far as forestry is concerned, in ...

International audience ; Cuba is a tropical island lying 1 50 kilometres on a straight linefrom the South of the United States. It extends over an area onefifth of that of France and its population is about one sixth ofthat of France. Up to now it has lived almost exclusively on itssugar exports, more than half of which were accepted by the UnitedStates at a specially favourable rate. The lack of economic balancecaused by this sugar-cane single crop and this over-specializedtrade, was such that Cuba, instead ofproducing the mostelementary goods (viz, vegetables, fruit, meat, cigarettes), withouteven mentioning industrial and forest products, had to import them.Besides, this single culture and sugar trade were in the hands ofa small minority of owners, half of which were of foreign origin.More than 50 fir, of the land belonged to less than 1 % of the populationand 894 holdings covered 36,1 % of the land.The forests of Cuba formerly large and rich, had suffered morethan any other natural resource from this sugar-cane single culture.Most of them had been cleared up with a view to cultivation whilethe remainder growing on rather poor soil, had been depleted withoutany regard to its conservation. As a matter of fact, exportingsugar and importing forest products, even at prohibitive prices, wasdeemed preferable. Therefore, Cuba imported 80 Jo of the forestproducts it consumed (firewood and charcoal excepted).As a result of these abuses, forests in Cuba, serve but imperfectlythe double purpose of production and protection which shouldnormally fall to it.Dr Fidel Castro's regime which was settled on January 1st 1959,is aware of the seriousness of forest problems in Cuba. Its forestpolicy is part of its general economic policy which aims at diversifyingthe production in every field and industrializing the country.The basic political or economic means used to reach that aim are:an agrarian reform, the organization of production on a colectivebasis, under strict state supervision.As far as forestry is concerned, in particular, everything is atpresent carried out by the State on land expropriated in compliancewith the agrarian reform.To meet the requirements of an ambitious economic .program andowing to the scarcity of foreign exchange stock, the Cuban Government is unfortunately on its way towards the depletion of its.few remaining forests. Here is the negative aspect of this forestpolicy, which must be deplored, but cannot perhaps be avoided. Butit has also its positive aspect, represented by an extensive and spectacularprogram of artificial plantations considered in a way as treeculture.In 1960, for example, more than 12 000 ha have been planted witheucalypts, after preliminary ploughing and fertilization, and it is likelythat in 1961 an area twice as large will be planted. Though upto now the main species has been Eucalyptus saligna, there is atendency to ;plant Pinos caribaea, more and more, because it is muchmore suitable.As a matter of fact, Cuba, with its rich soil, its warm and moistclimate, offers conditions extremely favourable to tropical and subtropicalcultures and to forests.If the policy outlined here is carried into effect systematically andaccording to a coordinated plan, in 10 to 20 years hence, Cuba islikely to be able to produce a large portion of the forest raw materialsnecessary to its consumption and to the manufacture of sawn timber,pulp. and paper, artificial silk, fiber and particle boards, etc.At the same time, it would spare a large amount of foreign exchangestock and would provide work for a population, most ofwhich has no activity beyond the 100 clays per year which correspondto the period of sugar-cane crop, and would derive profits fromnow unproductive land. ; Cuba est une île tropicale située à 150 kilomètres en ligne droiteau Sud des États-Unis. Sa surface est environ le 1/5 (le celle dela France et sa population, environ le 1/6. Jusqu'à ce jour, elle avécu presque exclusivement de ses. exportations de sucre dont plusde la moitié était acceptée à un de faveur par les Etats-Unis.Le déséquilibre entraîné par cette monoculture de la canne à sucreet ce commerce spécialisé à l'extrême, était tel que Cuba importait,alors qu'elle aurait pu les produire, les biens les plus élémentaires(légumes, fruits, viandes, cigarettes) sans parler bien entendit desproduits industriels et forestiers.En outre, cette monoculture et ce commerce du sucre étaiententre les mains d'une très faible minorité dont la moitié était denationalité étrangère. Plus de 50 % de la terre appartenait ft moinsde 1 % de la population et 894 propriétés occupaient 36,1 % de laterre.Autrefois riches et vastes, les forêts de Cuba avaient souffert,plus que toute autre richesse, de la monoculture de la canne à sucre:on en avait défriché une grande partie en vue de la culture,tandis que le reste, dont le sol était peu fertile, avait été épuisé sansqu'on sc préoccupe de sa conservation. On préférait en effet exporterdu sucre et importer, fût-.e à des prix exhorbitants, les produitsforestiers. Cuba importait donc 80 % des produits forestiers qu'elleconsommait (bois de feu et charbon de bois exclus).Le résultat de tous ces abus est qu'actuellement la forêt ne remplità Cuba que de façon très imparfaite les fonctions de production etde protection qui, normalement. devraient lui revenir.Le régime du Docteur Fidel CASTRO qui s'est installé le 1er janvier1959, est conscient de la gravité du problème forestier à Cuba.Sa politique forestière entre dans le cadre de sa politique économiquegénérale qui tend it diversifier la production dans tous lesdomaines et à industrialiser le pays. Les moyens de caractère politiqueou économique employés pour y arriver sont fondamentalement:la réforme agraire et l'organisation de la production sur unebase collectiviste, caractérisée par un étroit contrôle de l'État.Du point de vue forestier, en particulier, tout est actuellementréalisé par l'Etat sur les terres expropriées au titre de la réformeagraire. Pour faire face aux exigences d'un programme économique ambitieuxet en raison de la rareté des devises, le Gouvernement cubains'achemine malheureusement vers l'épuisement des rares forêts quiexistent encore. C'est l'aspect négatif, regrettable mais peut-êtreinévitable, de cette politique forestière. Mais elle a aussi son aspectpositif, représenté par l'énorme et spectaculaire programme de plantationsartificielles considérées un peu comme des cultures d'arbres.En 1960, par exemple, on a planté à Cuba, avec labour préalableet emploi d'engrais, plus de 12 000 hectares d'eucalyptus et il estprobable qu'en 1961 on en aura planté le double.Bien que jusqu'alors on ait principalement utilisé Eucalyptus saligna,on s'oriente de plus en plus vers la plantation de Pijius caribaoaqui présente bien plus d'avantages.En réalité, avec ses bonnes terres, son climat chaud et humide,Cuba présente des conditions extraordinairement favorables pourtoutes les cultures tropicales ou subtropicales et pour la forêt.Si la politique ainsi esquissée est mise en oeuvre de façon méthodiqueet selon un plan coordonné, il est probable que Cuba pourra,d'ici 10 à 20 ans, produire une grande partie des matières premièresforestières qu'elle consomme et qui sont nécessaires, en particulier,à la fabrication de sciages, de pâte et de papier, de rayonne, de»anneaux, etc.En même temps, elle économiserait une grande quantité de deviseset donnerait du travail à une population dont une grandepartie n'est active que durant les 100 jours annuels représentés parla durée de la récolte de la canne à sucre et rendrait productifs desterrains qui, actuellement, ne le sont pas.