Protectionism is a system of measures used for the purpose of protecting domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. It has emerged simultaneously with the international exchange of goods. The contemporary protectionist policy and practice imposes the necessity of studying this phenomenon in the light of the current situation and conditions. Agricultural protectionism seems to be a particularly significant issue in the international exchange of commodities. ; Protekcionizam označava sustav mjera ekonomske države sa ciljem zaštite domaće proizvodnje u odnosu na konkurenciju inozemnih proizvođača. Javlja se nakon pojave međunarodne razmjene. Međutim, suvremena protekcionistička politika i praksa obavezuje da se istražuje fenomen protekcionizma u suvremenim uvjetima. Posebno je u suvremenoj teoriji za međunarodnu razmjenu značajan agrarni protekcionizam.
Роботу виконано на кафедрі міжнародної інформації ВДУ ім. Лесі Українки ; Розглядається вплив програми єдиного внутрішнього ринку на міжнародну торгівлю, інвестиції, зайнятість та споживання у країнах - членах Європейського Союзу, а також на регіональну структуру європейського ринку. Порівнюються позитивні та негативні ефекти регіональної економічної інтеграції.
Thesis for a Candidate of Sciences degree in Law (PhD), speciality 12.00.03 – Civil Law and Civil Procedure; Family Law; International Private Law. – National Law Academy of Ukraine named after Yaroslav Mudry, Kharkiv, 2004. The thesis is dedicated to researching of the Bill of lading. The manuscript gives the legal characteristic on the Civil law of the Bill of lading in the doctrine, its notion, the requisits of the Bill of lading and the classification of its kind is done as well. Special attention is paid to the problems of Bill of lading relations. The question of issuing, distributing and cashing is considered in details. The functional meaning of the Bill of lading is formulated. The drawbacks in lawful regulating of the relation of the Bill of lading are pointed out. The proposals on their clearing and improving of the present Civil legislation, are moved.
Raspravljajući o porijeklu hrvatske nacije, autor u prvom dijelu odbacuje tvrdnju da se ona razvijala kao tzv. "jezična nacija". Također osporava gledište da je u tome bitnu ulogu imalo jugoslavenstvo. Zatim pokazuje da je hrvatska nacija nastala u procesu međusobnih interakcija socijalnih i povijesnih vrijednosti, koje su napokon odredile njezinu individualnost spram svake druge zajednice na cjelokupnom prostoru Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe. Sve je to autor dokazao u drugom dijelu rasprave, gdje analizira hrvatski nacionalno-politički program, koji je nastao za revolucije 1848/49. godine. U njemu su hrvatski liberali i demokrati jasno odredili individualnost hrvatske nacije i hrvatske države (ujedinjene Trojedne Kraljevine Hrvatske), i to kao jedinstvene, samostalne i autonomne moderne države u sklopu konfederalnog političkoga i društvenog sustava Srednje Europe (austrijske konfederacije). ; In the present paper the author deals with the origin and development of Croatian nation, and creation of the modern Croatian state (Tripartite Kingdom of Croatia) in the first half of the 19th century, especially during the 1848/49 revolution, at several levels: idea about nation, ideology, political and social programmes, political actions, institutions, and political community. If considered from the point of view of new socio-political processes, when transformation of a people into a modern national-political community takes place, we can see that Slavic peoples in the middle and south-eastern Europe formed multinational states, but followed some quite clear courses: formation of individual ethnic and national communities within a plural social system. Being aware of these historical processes, at the time of formation of their own national communities, these Slavic peoples (according to the level of their social and political organizations), especially in 1848, asked for a change of traditional societies and reorganization of the existing empires, not only by the language national principle, but also by the principle of sovereignty, policy of federalism and confederalism and the principles of international law and international agreement. All this should have made possible formation of essentially new political communities: individual national states within equal and democratic multinational communities, but within a new middle-class society. However, considered from the point of view of formation of the identity and individuality of Croatian nation, which is the subject of this paper, it is indisputable that Croatian national political programme and programme of confederalism as well as legal principles compatible with them (like natural and national laws, Croatian historical and constitutional laws, international law and international agreements), which were the values Croatian politicians based their national policy on since 1848, had the essential influence on the explicit quality of Croatian national-political individuality, and thus, looking historically, on the integration of Croatian nation and creation of Croatian political and state community (the united State of Croatia). The subject and vey complex structure of that political programme had an impact onto clear definition of Croatian national-political community (the united Tripartite Kingdom of Croatia) in relation to other political communities in such a multinational state as it was the Habsburg Monarchy. And that state, in their eyes should have been formed (within the new middle-class society, and a democratic and parliamentary system) on confederal basis, by means of international agreements between quite equal ethnic/national states: within the middle European Austrian confederation. In any case, Croatian nation (if we consider its national integrative processes in terms of events, in terms of idea and ideology and/or in terms of ethnic identity) was not formed nor developed as solely the so-called "language nation", as historiography would like it. For, neither is ethnos (not even ethnic community, or people, or nation, or ethnic identity) only a language-cultural category, nor the Croatian politicians and reformers took only language and culture to determine Croatian people and nation. On the contrary, Croatian nation was formed in the process of interactions of social and historical values which defined its individuality in relation to any other community on the whole area of middle and south-eastern Europe. Also, Croatian nation was not formed only as a natural community (determined by natural conditions of work and society and genealogic structure, i. e. determined by undefined Slavic union and/or undefined Slavic ethnic identity), but, in the course of processes of modernization, it was formed first of all as a historical community, based on group institutions of its own historical community. In other words, Croatian nation was formed on its own cultural, political, state and public-law traditions. It is quite clear that in this process neither Slavism, nor Illyrism, nor Yugoslavism had any role more important that the secondary one, not even for the definition of any particular ethnic identity. Illyrism and Yugoslavism had declarative ideological meaning, expressed through the idea of still non-existing community. On the contrary, Croatianism (as a national principle, as a community and as a legal, state and political system) was an expression of existence of Croatian community as reality. Thus, if we want to discuss the integration of Croatian nation and formation of Croatian political community, i. e. the united State of Croatia, we should realize that these processes were influenced by numerous values and structures, especially spiritual-cultural, political, economic, legal and social. However, the importance of political system and all its substructures – political action, political organization of the community, political programme and formation of a modern national state — should also be noted. Formation of Croatian political and state community, which was clearly stated in the Croatian national and political programme of 1848/49, assumed: 1) associating the segments of Croatian people into one political people, within one integral Croatian political community; 2) uniting of all Croatian provinces into one united Croatian state (Tripartite Kingdom of Croatia, Dreieiniges Koenigreich Kroatien). And these were the most important determinants which led to the political homogeneity and formation of Croatian nation and Croatian modern state.
International audience ; The thesis is dedicated to researching of the Bill of lading. The manuscript gives the legal characteristic on the Civil law of the Bill of lading in the doctrine, its notion, the requisits of the Bill of lading and the classification of its kind is done as well. Special attention is paid to the problems of Bill of lading relations. The question of issuing, distributing and cashing is considered in details. The functional meaning of the Bill of lading is formulated. The drawbacks in lawful regulating of the relation of the Bill of lading are pointed out. The proposals on their clearing and improving of the present Civil legislation, are moved ; Диссертация посвящена исследованию коносамента как ценной бумаги. В диссертации дается его правовая характеристика в цивилистической доктрине, выводится научно обоснованное понятие, пересмотрен перечень его реквизитов, с учетом его значения как ценной бумаги, предложена классификация видов коносамента. Особое внимание уделяется исследованию правового значения вносимых в его текст оговорок. Существенное внимание уделено рассмотрению проблемы гражданско-правового регулирования отношений, связанных с оборотом коносамента. Детально рассмотрены вопросы его выпуска, размещения и погашения, определено его функциональное назначение в гражданском обороте. Выявлены пробелы в правовом регулировании отношений, связанных с оборотом коносамента, и на их основе вносятся предложения по усовершенствованию действующего гражданского законодательства Украины.
The term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is not new and has already been present in the world for quite a long time. President Clinton's Executive Order 12906 from April 1994 played a crucial role and was an initiative in establishing National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). This Order induced briskly the building of NSDI and also of all additional counterparts in the USA and around the whole world. Besides NSDI, various other initiatives at regional (EUROGI, PCGIAP, …) and global level (GSDI) were also launched.In this paper, an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Croatia will be presented. State bodies such as the Government and State Geodetic Administration have the main role in it in collaboration with public and commercial sector and also with academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. The arrangement and modernization of spatial records and the establishment of NSDI make the key factors for sustainable physical planning and land development at local and national level.In the next few years Croatia must solve numerous duties to arrange spatial records. These duties must be solved very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Croatian prosperity and for the fulfilment of the conditions set in the process of entering European and international integrations. ; Pojam infrastrukture prostornih podataka (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI) već je dulje vrijeme prisutan u svijetu. Presudnu ulogu i poticaj ka stvara-nju nacionalnih infrastruktura prostornih podataka imala je izvršna naredba 12906 američkog predsjed-nika Clintona iz 1994. godine. Donošenje ove naredbe potaknulo je ubrzan rad na izgradnji nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka i svih dodatnih mjera u SAD-u, ali i diljem svijeta. Uz nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenute su i različite inicijative na regionalnoj (EUROGI, PCGIAP .) kao i na globalnoj razini (GSDI).U radu će se dati pregled različitih inicijativa i napora koji su pokrenuti u Hrvatskoj po tom pitanju. Najveću ulogu u tome imaju državna tijela, u prvom redu Vlada i Državna geodetska uprava uz potporu i suradnju javnog i privatnog sektora te akademske zajednice. Državna geodetska uprava je kao glavni čimbenik u stvaranju buduće infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenula niz inicijativa koje imaju za cilj uvođenje novih tehnologija, oprema i postupaka pri izradi karata i stvaranju digitalnih i katastarskih baza podataka. Učinkovito upravljanje prostorom uz održivi razvitak zahtijeva uređenje i modernizaciju prostornih evidencija te uspostavu nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka.U idućih nekoliko godina pred Hrvatskom su brojne zadaće i obaveze po pitanju uređenja prostornih evidencija. Tim zadaćama treba savjesno pristupiti i riješiti ih u razumnom roku, a što je od interesa kako za boljitak cijele države tako i za ispunjenje postavljenih uvjeta u procesu pristupanja europskim i svjetskim integracijama.
